生活境脉促体验 实验创新助探究—指向核心素养发展的“铁及其化合物的应用”教学实践

有机融合学生生活中的经验与体验和化学学习中的认知与思维,可优化课堂进程,提高学习效率,让化学知识建构的过程同时成为化学学科核心素养发展提升的过程。在“铁及其化合物的应用”的教学中,以“笔·墨”为情境生成真实问题,在互动、探究、体验中整合物质性质,建构思维模型,并应用模型解决问题,发展科学探究、证据推理、模型认知等化学学科核心素养。     

基于学科交叉融合的通识选修课程建设实践——以“化学与文物考古”课程为例

在“双一流”建设背景下,如何通过课程实施来培养具有跨学科素养的复合型人才已成为一流本科专业人才培养的目标问题。以“化学与文物考古”课程为例,归纳出了基于学科交叉融合的通识选修课程建设的基本做法和实践经验,特别是此课程使不同专业的学生接触到了跨学科素养形成所依赖的跨学科内容,从而为高校培养具备综合创新能力的跨学科人才提供重要抓手。因此,本课程的实践探索可为高校交叉学科融合的通识选修课程的建设提供经验启示。     

化学课堂教学中的观念建构及实践研究--评《基于学科核心素养的化学教学课例研究》

核心素养的培养是现代教育思想和实践的重要变革,是新课程改革背景下中国教育由应试向素质转变的重要理念,对于课堂教学活动有着深刻的影响。在化学教学改革过程中,教师的教学观念无疑起着非常重要的作用,是化学核心素养理念得以在课堂教学实践中予以充分体现的保障,也是促进学生综合素能提升的根本。     

核心素养视域下化学与生活深度融合的教学*——以“碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠的性质及应用”为例

当前“碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠”的教学中,注重2者性质的分析比较,缺少对2者在生活应用的关注和亲身实践,学生无法切身感受碳酸钠与碳酸氢钠的实用价值。在核心素养视域下,化学教学应注意与生活深度融合。通过课前设置项目式学习和实践;课中汇报实践成果、进行实验探究、解决真实情境问题,使化学与生活深度融合,帮助学生深刻理解“碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠的性质及应用”,发展学生的学科核心素养,落实教、学、评一致性的要求。     

提升化学学科核心素养的高中化学教学——以“金属的防护”为例

针对人教版选修1《化学反应原理》第4章第3节“金属的腐蚀与防护”课时2“金属的防护”进行教学实践探索,融合STEM教育理念促进知识与社会生活结合。选用任务情境“家用电热水器碳钢内胆防腐”,通过实验探究构建起电化学防护的认知模型,再将模型应用于实际生产生活问题的解决,进行热水器内胆的防腐设计。在真实情境问题的解决中,将知识、方法、应用等3者融合,培养学生的问题意识和创新思维,逐步内化并表现出化学学科核心素养。     

“电离与离子反应”的单元教学设计与实施*——食盐精制:从微观角度看粗盐中可溶性杂质的去除

在“食盐精制:从微观角度看粗盐中可溶性杂质的去除”的单元教学中,通过初识粗盐中的杂质、微观角度看氯化钠、微观角度看粗盐溶液、微观角度认识除杂方法、设计除杂方案并实施等活动,促进学生理解与应用电离、离子反应等核心概念,引领学生解决真实问题,形成解决除杂实验问题的基本思路,实现能力素养的发展。经过多轮次教学改进,结合教学实践及其教学效果抽提出“聚焦核心概念和学生必做实验,实现认识能力的进阶与实际问题解决过程高度融合”“通过学科实践及实验探究,建立宏观、微观、符号关联,突出证据推理,构建思维模型”“通过持续性评价活动,外显学生的前概念,促进概念转变,形成化学学科思维方式”等教学策略。     

“绿色化学”的项目式教学*——环氧乙烷制备工艺中的绿色化学

以“环氧乙烷制备工艺中的绿色化学”为项目式学习主题,以绿色化学概念学习、化学工艺中绿色化学的设计评价等为项目学习活动,探究绿色化学理念的教学设计。培养学生绿色化学意识,提升科学态度和社会责任的化学学科核心素养。     

信息技术与“教学评”一体化深度融合的教学实践*——以“有机合成”为例

以建构有机合成中的顺推法和逆合成分析法思维模型为载体,通过设置驱动任务,将信息技术和“教学评”一体化深度融合,促进学生结构观、发展观和转化观的形成,理解有机化学的社会价值,培养学生的宏微结合、变化观念、科学态度和社会责任等化学学科核心素养。     

《义务教育化学课程标准(2022年版)》解读——化学与社会·跨学科实践

分析了《义务教育化学课程标准(2022年版)》学习主题5“化学与社会·跨学科实践”的核心素养发展定位,阐述了该学习主题的内容要求及主要变化,说明了素养导向学业要求的制订思路、具体要求及应用建议,在阐述教学提示的基础上,提出了该学习主题的教学建议,促进教师转变观念,积极实施和探索学习主题5的教学,促进学生核心素养的融合发展。     

新工科背景下环境化学实验教学的改革与实践

新工科背景下,实验教学改革旨在培养学生解决复杂工程问题及实践创新的能力。以环境化学实验为例,通过构建课题制的实验项目,并对其实施教学过程进行了改革与探索。实践表明,课题制实验可提升学生的自主参与学习和实践创新能力,促进学生理论知识、综合能力及综合素养的有机融合,是新工科理念在实验教学中的积极探索。     

Determination of the enthalpy of fusion of K<Subscript>3</Subscript>TaO<Subscript>2</Subscript>F<Subscript>4</Subscript> and KTaF<Subscript>6</Subscript>

Areas of fusion and crystallization peaks of K₃TaO₂F₄ and KTaF₆ were measured using the DSC mode of a high-temperature calorimeter (SETARAM 1800 K). On the basis of these quantities, considering the temperature dependence of the calorimeter sensitivity, values of the fusion enthalpy of K₃TaO₂F₄ at the fusion temperature of 1181 K of (43 ± 4) kJ mol⁻¹ and of KTaF₆ at the fusion temperature of 760 K of (8 ± 1) kJ mol⁻¹ were determined.     

Physicochemical foundations of synthesis of new ferromagnets from chalcopyrites A<Superscript>II</Superscript>B<Superscript>IV</Superscript>C<Stack><Subscript>2</Subscript><Superscript>V</Superscript></Stack>

The results of studying phase equilibria of ternary A^IIB^IVC^V systems have been reported. Physicochemical foundations have been developed for the synthesis of new ferromagnets with Curie temperatures above room temperature structurally compatible with basic semiconducting materials. Methods of synthesis and physicochemical properties of manganese-doped A^IIB^IVC₂^V ferromagnets have been described. The results of theoretical simulation of magnetic properties have been considered and basic approaches to the explanation of the emergence of ferromagnetism in A^IIB^IVC₂^V doped with 3d metals have been surveyed. The most promising ways to produce and study dilute magnetic semiconductors as spintronics materials have been presented.     

Determination of the enthalpy of fusion of K<Subscript>3</Subscript>NbO<Subscript>2</Subscript>F<Subscript>4</Subscript>

Areas of fusion and crystallization peaks of K₃NbO₂F₄ were measured using the DCS mode of a high-temperature calorimeter (SETARAM 1800 K). On the basis of these quantities, considering the temperature dependence of the calorimeter sensitivity, the value of the fusion enthalpy of K₃NbO₂F₄ of (98 ± 6) kJ mol⁻¹ was determined at the fusion temperature of 1257 K.     

Structure of Zn<Subscript>3</Subscript>P<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The structure of Z_n3P₂ (P 4₂/nmc, a = b = 8. 0785 Å, c = 11. 3966 Å) was solved and refined to R = 3. 2% in a precision X-ray diffraction experiment (λ-MoK _a, graphite monochromator on a primary beam, 27,496 reflections) . Interatomic distances and bond angles have been determined. The fcc lattice of the structure is built from phosphorus atoms, and the zinc atoms occupy 3/4 of all tetrahedral voids; the structure is described by two equivalent models where 1/4 occupied (by zinc atoms) and 1/4 vacant voids change places. The zinc atoms that occupy the voids following the diamond principle do not change places.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by I. E. Zanin, K. B. Aleinikova, M. M. Afanasiev, and M. Yu. Antipin__________Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 889–892, September–October, 2004.     

Coefficients of thermal expansion of KPb<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cl<Subscript>5</Subscript> and RbPb<Subscript>2</Subscript>Br<Subscript>5</Subscript> crystals

The temperature dependence of unit cell parameters for monoclinic KPb₂Cl₅ and tetragonal RbPb₂Br₅ crystals was studied in the range of 100–298 K. Linear and volume thermal expansion coefficients were determined.     

Effect of SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on chlorination of Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> + Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> mixtures

The reaction of Bi₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃ mixtures with chlorine and SO₂ at 250–700°C is studied. At 300–500°C, the degree of bismuth chloride sublimation from the oxide mixture increases in the presence of SO₂. Chemical sublimation of FeCl₃ occurs after BiCl₃ is virtually completely recovered from the solid phase.     

“蒸馏酒”还是“发酵酒”——对《科学史导论》中“spirits” 和“distillation”的再思考

科学史奠基者乔治·萨顿在《科学史导论》第二卷的第一部分对我国宋代酿酒著作《北山酒经》予以了简要描述,出现了“spirits”“distillation”等字样;而《北山酒经》被众多学者认为其描述对象是发酵酒(黄酒)。本文从东西方蒸馏技术和相关著作的文本分析对《科学史导论》中提及的蒸馏技术和蒸馏酒存在的可能性提出了质疑。     

2,4‐Di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazones of 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benz­aldehyde, 2,4‐di­hydroxy­aceto­phenone and 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benzo­phenone

In 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benz­aldehyde 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate {or 4‐[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)­hydrazono­methyl]­benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate}, C₁₃H₁₀N₄O₆·C₃H₇NO, (X), 2,4‐di­hydroxy­aceto­phenone 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­form­am­ide solvate (or 4‐{1‐[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]ethyl}benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate), C₁₄H₁₂N₄O₆·C₃H₇NO, (XI), and 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benzo­phenone 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­acet­amide solvate (or 4‐­{[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]phenyl­methyl}benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­acet­amide solvate), C₁₉H₁₄N₄O₆·C₄H₉NO, (XII), the molecules all lack a center of symmetry, crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups and have been observed to exhibit non‐linear optical activity. In each case, the hydrazone skeleton is fairly planar, facilitated by the presence of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds and some partial N—N double‐bond character. Each molecule is hydrogen bonded to one solvent mol­ecule.