核心素养视角下人教版新旧教材中“硫及其化合物”的对比分析*

选取人教版新旧必修化学教材中的“硫及其化合物”单元作为研究对象,基于新课标中化学学科核心素养的培养视角,明确了新课标对“硫及其化合物”的素养定位后,对新旧教材中该单元的引言、正文、栏目和插图进行对比分析。对比分析结果显示,新教材“硫及其化合物”的内容侧重“证据推理与模型认知”素养的培养,其次是“宏观辨识与微观探析”“科学态度与社会责任”素养,而在素养水平上则侧重水平1和2维度的培养,符合新课标对该主题单元的学业要求和素养定位。     

基于宏微辨析核心素养分析高中《化学1(必修)》教材*

教材分析是连接教材和课程的桥梁,基于宏观辨识和微观探析核心素养,比较分析了2004年版和2019年版高中《化学1(必修)》教材的特点。通过运用“三序结合”原则,从静态视角对比教材栏目设置、内容组织形式、核心素养呈现方式、学生认知水平以及作业布置形式等5个维度要素在宏微辨析核心素养领域的建构。分析结果显示,2019年版《化学1(必修)》教材在以上要素方面均围绕宏微辨析核心素养,呈现不同水平阶梯型设置。建议在“宏微符”概念形成的过程中增设更为细致的过渡内容,以及更为详尽的与教材配套的辅助内容,便于教材的二次开发。     

日本初中理科教科书中“粒子的存在”内容组织与呈现特征

从“主要观念”“核心内容”“重要问题”“情境活动”等4个方面自上而下对日本的《新科学》教科书中“粒子的存在”相关内容的组织与呈现进行分析，发现其具有注重内容结构化和学生认识进阶性，以科学探究活动引领，“粒子模型”显性化等特征。     

职前化学教师对“科学探究”理解水平的调查研究*

采用美国诺尔曼·莱德曼(Norman G. Lederman)和朱迪斯·莱德曼(Judith S. Lederman)编制的科学探究观(View About Scientific Inquiry, VASI)调查问卷,对38位职前化学教师的科学探究观进行了调查。结果发现,职前化学教师对科学探究的理解水平参差不齐,理解水平最好的是维度三(D3),74%的职前化学教师对该维度持“通晓的(Informed)”观点;理解水平中等的是维度二(D2),66%的职前化学教师对该维度持“混合的(Mixed)”观点;理解水平最差的是维度七(D7),61%的职前化学教师对该维度持“朴素的(Naive)”观点,并且没有人对该维度持“通晓的”观点,针对这种情况,提出3条改进策略:一是“显性化”,在课程标准和教科书中以“显性”的方式呈现有关科学探究理解的内容;二是“活动化”,教师在教学中设计并实施基于理解探究的各种实践活动;三是“反思性”,引导学生积极主动地反思科学探究活动,获取对科学探究的深入理解。     

人教版高中化学必修模块教科书实验活动的分析与比较*——以2019年版教科书“实验”和“实验活动”栏目为例

以人教版高中化学必修模块教科书(2019年版)“实验”和“实验活动”栏目的实验活动为研究对象,采用Herron修正的“实验活动探究层次分类法”(LOLA)和笔者提出的“学生实验行为要求分类法”(RSBLA)对其进行分析,并与2007年版教科书进行对比。研究发现,2019年版教科书的实验活动探究层次处于层次1和层次2,学生行为要求为“观察”“记录实验现象”“回答与实验有关的问题”和“设计实验”。卡方检验表明,2019年版教科书和2007年版教科书“实验”栏目的实验活动探究层次分布比例和学生实验行为要求均存在显著性差异。     

基于核心素养的HPS教学实践——以“甲烷”为例

基于化学核心素养,以“打开第二自然界的大门”开启甲烷的科学探究与体验之旅,在“历史线”“活动线”“知识线”等3条认知与体验路线中,经历科学概念的形成过程,实现对“稻草变黄金”科学本质的理解,有效地将HPS教育与化学核心素养结合起来,使学生体会化学发展的过程与方法,感受化学的学科魅力和发展成就,以提高学生的学习兴趣。     

化学青年教师实验素养的问题表现与提升路径—基于 2020年江苏省高中化学青年教师教学基本功大赛

江苏省高中化学青年教师教学基本功大赛突出了对教师实验素养的考查。大赛中对教师实验素养考查的内容有6个项目。通过观摩大赛,发现部分选手实验素养较弱,表现在化学实验安全知识“口是心非”,化学基础原理知识“似是而非”,化学实验内容设计未能体现“以生为本”,化学实验操作未能“精益求精”。分析青年教师实验素养问题的原因,提出青年教师实验素养提升的路径有:落实教师实验素养提升培训活动,开展实验创新研讨活动,突出基于实验内容的教学设计。     

“素养为本”的化学课堂教学*——以“原子晶体”为例

基于“素养为本”视角,以“原子晶体”的教学为例,对教学主题内容、教学现状及学情进行分析;以发展学生化学学科核心素养为主旨确定教学目标;以“微粒-微粒间的相互作用-物质的聚集状态-物质性质”的认识思路为主线,以“模型认知,建构概念-证据推理,归纳性质-微观探析,探究结构-科学史实,揭示价值”的任务型教学流程,达到落实并发展学生化学学科核心素养的目的。     

高中生“绿色应用”素养的测评研究

基于绿色化学对社会可持续发展的重要性,提出科学教育中“绿色应用”素养的理论框架,结合高中生化学学习特征开发测评工具,实施测量,分析处理测试数据,探查了高中生“绿色应用”素养的行为水平。研究发现,高中生“绿色应用”素养水平与其学科能力水平具有较好的一致性,不存在性别差异。测评结果为绿色化学实践提供借鉴和启发,以促进学生“绿色应用”素养的提升。     

外显学科核心素养促进知识向能力和素养的转化——北京师范大学“新世纪”鲁科版高中化学新教材的特点

简要介绍了北京师范大学“新世纪”山东科技版高中化学新教材的总体特点,从教材结构体系和内容的组织编排、学科认识模型和方法的外显、问题任务和系列微项目的设置、学生必做实验及化学科学实践活动的编排、核心素养学科能力表现评价的设计、学科育人素材的选取等方面,具体阐释教材落实课程标准、诠释学科核心素养和体现立德树人的编写策略。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。