TiO2纳米晶光催化降解铬酸根离子的研究

以二氧化钛为光催化剂,研究了溶液的ｐＨ值、铬酸根离子的初始浓度、通入的气体种类、氧化钛的载量等因素对铬酸根离子降解率的影响。同时合成了粒径小于１０ｎｍ的锐钛矿相和金红石相氧化钛纳米晶来考察晶相和尺寸效应对降解率的影响。结果表明,锐钛矿的催化活性高于金红石相,两者的催化活性均大大高于市售的氧化钛微粉。     

具有多通道载流子分离功能的 ZnO/P25异质结构光催化氧化甲苯

甲苯是一种最常见的室内有毒挥发性有机物(VOCs),目前消除方法主要有吸附、催化燃烧和光催化氧化,其中光催化是一种最高效和经济可行的方法,能在较温和条件下将甲苯完全矿化为 CO2.作为研究最广泛的光催化剂, TiO2在应用中通常有锐钛矿(ATiO2)和金红石(RTiO2)两种物相,但单物相 TiO2的低量子产率和光生电子-空穴对的快速复合严重限制了它的应用.本文选择兼具锐钛矿和金红石两种物相的 P25为催化剂载体,通过负载少量 ZnO和构建多组分并具备多通道载流子分离功能的异质结以提高 TiO2基光催化剂的性能.
　　利用一步浸渍法制备了一系列 ZnO/P25复合光催化剂,考察了其光催化降解气相甲苯性能. X射线粉末衍射结果表明, ZnO/P25异质光催化剂是由 ATiO2, RTiO2和红锌矿三种物相结构组成.高分辨透射电镜结果表明, ZnO/P25具备三相异质结 ZnO(002)/ATiO2(101)/RTiO2(110).紫外可见光谱、荧光光谱和光电流表征结果表明, ZnO/P25所形成的三相异质结不但增强了光吸收能力,还实现了多通道电子/空穴分离.催化降解实验表明, ZnO/P25异质光催化剂能在室温紫外光辐射下将甲苯完全矿化为 CO2和 H2O.基于三相异质结和多通道光生电子-空穴对分离的形成及促进作用, ZnO/P25光催化活性和速率均明显高于 P25.本文报道的多通道载流子分离理念可为高效光催化剂设计和应用提供一种新思路.     

WO3-TiO2薄膜型复合光催化剂的制备和性能

 采用溶胶－凝胶法在多孔钛片上制备了WO3－TiO2薄膜型复合光催化剂,并用甲基橙的光催化降解反应对所得薄膜型催化剂的活性进行了评价．实验结果表明：x（W）＝0．5％,涂覆层数为3层,在500℃焙烧1h的WO3－TiO2薄膜型光催化剂的活性最高,比纯TiO2薄膜高出96．7％．此时多孔钛片上负载的TiO2以锐钛矿和金红石两种晶形存在,表明适量W的掺入可使TiO2的相转变温度显著降低．     

Rutile TiO2 nanowires on anatase TiO2 nanofibers: a branched heterostructured photocatalysts via interface-assisted fabrication approach

A water-dichloromethane interface-assisted hydrothermal method was employed to grow rutile TiO(2) nanowires (NWs) on electrospun anatase TiO(2) nanofibers (NFs), using highly reactive TiCl(4) as precursor. The water-dichloromethane interface inhibited the formation of rutile NWs in water phase, but promoted the selective radial growth of densely packed rutile NWs on anatase NFs to form a branched heterojunction. The density and length of rutile NWs could be readily controlled by varying reaction parameters. A formation mechanism for the branched heterojunction was proposed which involved (1) the entrapment of rutile precursor nanoparticles at water-dichloromethane interface, (2) the growth of rutile NWs on anatase NFs via Ostwald ripening through the scavengering of interface-entrapped rutile nanoparticles. The heterojunction formed at anatase NF and rutile NW enhanced the charge separation of both under ultraviolet excitation, as evidenced by photoluminescence and surface photovoltage spectra. The branched TiO(2) heterostructures showed higher photocatalytic activity in degradation of rodamine B dye solution than anatase NFs, and the mixture of anatase NFs, and P25 powders, which was discussed in terms of the synergistic effect of enhanced charge separation by anatase-rutile heterojunction, high activity of rutile NWs, and increased specific area of branched heterostructures.     

表面相结结构在促进光催化电荷分离中的应用

二十世纪八十年代以来,特别是近十年,光催化研究在利用可再生能源太阳能的道路上飞速发展。越来越多的研究表明,相结结构的构筑是有效提高半导体光催化剂性能的重要策略。其中, TiO2作为重要的模型光催化剂,其相关研究成果呈现出指数增长的趋势。本综述围绕TiO2模型光催化剂,主要介绍TiO2表面相结的研究成果,包括TiO2表面相的表征、锐钛矿：金红石TiO2相结用于光催化产氢研究、TiO2相结在光催化中作用的最新认识等。在表征方面,通过表面灵敏的紫外拉曼光谱研究了TiO2相变过程中表面相结构的变化,结合可见拉曼以及XRD表征揭示了TiO2独特的相变过程,即相变始于锐钛矿粒子的界面处,小粒子逐渐团聚为大粒子,致其相变从大粒子体相开始最终扩展到整个粒子。使用CO, CO2探针红外光谱,根据锐钛矿和金红石表面吸附物种的差异,进一步证实了锐钛矿：金红石表面相结结构,为紫外拉曼光谱的表面表征特性提供坚实证据。同时,利用发光光谱观察到锐钛矿晶相的可见发光带和金红石晶相的近红外发光带,并基于此给出了TiO2材料表面相结结构的荧光表征新方法。此外荧光光谱还提供了锐钛矿、金红石相中载流子动力学信息,揭示了束缚态在光催化中的作用。在光催化应用方面,观察到混相结构TiO2较单独锐钛矿及金红石相具有更高的光催化产氢活性,通过在较大金红石颗粒上担载纳米锐钛矿粒子,证明了相结结构在提高光催化活性中的核心作用,并首次提出了锐钛矿：金红石表面异相结结构概念,推断其对电荷分离的促进作用是最终提高反应活性的原因。之后将此概念应用到改善商品TiO2(P25)光催化活性中,通过可控热处理精细调控P25的表面相结构,在光催化重整生物质衍生物产氢实验中,成功将P25光催化产氢活性提高3?5倍。之后发展了新的TiO2表面控制方法,通过加入Na2SO4等相变控制剂,延缓了TiO2从锐钛矿向金红石的相变过程,在较高温度下实现TiO2相结结构的调控,最终可将P25光催化重整甲醇制氢的活性提高6倍,同时通过高分辨电镜清晰观察到锐钛矿：金红石相结的原子层生长接触。在相结作用机理方面,多种时间分辨光谱技术以及理论计算被用作探索锐钛矿：金红石相结处的电子转移机理。通过时间分辨红外光谱对TiO2表面相结结构作用的研究,特别是利用锐钛矿、金红石不同的瞬态吸收光谱特征,证明了锐钛矿：金红石相结处的载流子转移过程,存在锐钛矿向金红石的电子转移过程。模型光催化剂TiO2相结的研究成果,加深了对光催化机理的认识,促进新型高效光催化体系的设计合成。     

C–Cl共掺杂TiO2/凹凸棒复合催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

TiO2光催化剂具有无毒、物理化学性质稳定及光催化活性较高等优点,因而在能源及环境净化等领域备受关注.但是,TiO2纳米颗粒作为催化剂仍存在以下不足:(1)TiO2带隙较宽,只能吸收利用太阳光能的紫外光部分,而照射到地球表面的太阳光大部分为可见光;(2)光生载流子(电子/空穴)的复合使得光催化活性不高;(3)纳米催化剂的回收利用困难;(4)单独使用TiO2,成本较高;(5)针对低浓度有机污染,常见TiO2催化剂比表面积较小,吸附富集能力较差,导致光催化降解效率较低.TiO2自身这些缺陷大大限制了其进一步的实际应用.针对上述这些问题,我们在本研究中设计了一种简便易行的溶胶凝胶法,在较低的温度(70℃)下合成了非金属C–Cl共掺杂的TiO2/凹凸棒(TiO2/ATT)复合催化剂.XRD及HRTEM分析证明,通过调节反应溶液的pH可以分别合成含锐钛矿/金红石、锐钛矿/金红石/板钛矿的两相和三相的混合相TiO2,且锐钛矿/金红石比例可以通过改变pH而进行调节.XPS分析证明,C和Cl同时成功掺进TiO2/ATT复合催化剂.UV-Vis漫反射结果显示,非金属C和Cl的掺杂使得所合成复合催化剂的光吸收性能明显拓展到可见光区,因而可以充分利用可见光能进行有机污染物催化降解,而ATT作为TiO2的载体,减少了TiO2使用量,改善了TiO2的表面特性和孔结构,且有利于光催化剂的回收利用.以酸性红G为目标有机污染物,在可见光照射下对复合催化剂的可见光催化活性进行了测试.结果表明,当合成反应体系的pH值为3.0时,所获得的锐钛矿/金红石/板钛矿三相TiO2/ATT复合催化剂具有良好的可见光吸收特性,其可见光催化活性远远高于市售P25型TiO2,对难降解的酸性红溶液G具有优异的脱色效果和良好的TOC去除性能.循环光催化实验和FTIR表征结果表明,在5次循环利用后,TiO2/ATT复合催化剂仍表现出很高的催化活性,表明其稳定性优异.荧光分析和自由基捕获实验表明,光催化降解反应中的主要活性物种是羟基自由基、空穴和超氧自由基.TiO2/ATT复合催化剂高效稳定的可见光催化性能主要归因于:(1)非金属C和Cl的共掺杂改善了其可见光吸收性能;(2)催化剂中的TiO2由金红石、锐钛矿和板钛矿混合相组成,有利于抑制光生载流子的复合;(3)多孔结构的ATT作为载体提高了TiO2的比表面积,增加了反应活性位,同时改善了孔结构,从而有利于模拟有机污染物(酸性红G)分子的吸附和降解,有利于反应产物扩散,从而提高了催化剂的可见光催化效率.     

A simple route for the preparation of Eu, N-codoped TiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced visible light-induced photocatalytic activity

A simple route has been developed for the synthesis of europium, nitrogen-codoped titania photocatalysts under mild conditions (i.e., low temperature, < or = 348 K, and ambient pressure). The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) analyses. The results showed that the codoped photocatalyst with a spheroidal shape exhibited a smaller size than the undoped titania. The transformation from anatase to rutile was suppressed by doping with Eu and N atoms. Furthermore, the absorbance spectra of Eu, N-codoped TiO(2) exhibited a significant red shift to the visible region. The photocatalytic activity of Eu, N-codoped TiO(2) was evaluated by photodegradation of the dye reactive brilliant red X-3B under visible light. This codoped sample exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to N-doped TiO(2), pure TiO(2), and P25.     

NH3处理温度对N掺杂P25-TiO2的可见光催化活性的影响

研究了NH3处理温度对N掺杂P25-TiO2可见光催化活性的影响以及可见光催化活性与表面组成和结构的关系．实验结果表明：NH3处理温度在600℃时,有最高活性;在700℃,P25-TiO2转变为以金红石相为主,表面未发生N掺杂,这与700℃时NH3分解有关;N掺杂浓度、可见光吸收两者与可见光催化活性之间均不存在顺变关系．讨论揭示：N掺杂P25-TiO2的可见光催化活性是由三个要素协同作用产生：（i）表面生成大量束缚单电子氧空位（Vo）,（ii）表面有N掺入,（iii）晶型以锐态矿为主,三者缺一不可．     

硝酸根接枝诱导组装金红石相TiO2纳米束以增强光催化产氢（英文）

化石燃料的快速消耗加速了全球能源危机和环境污染等问题.光催化产氢直接利用清洁和可持续的太阳能实现向化学燃料的转化,因而成为一种有前景的技术.众多半导体光催化剂中,二氧化钛因其高光催化活性、稳定的化学性质、低成本和无毒等优势而被广泛用作分解水产氢的光催化剂.最近,金红石相TiO2纳米晶体在某些情况下被证明具有光催化的潜力,然而其光生电子-空穴对的快速复合显著抑制了光催化效率.表面修饰、构建异质结和负载助催化剂等策略被用来提高光生载流子的分离效率以减少复合损失,从而提升光催化活性.由于光催化反应通常发生在光催化剂的表面活性位点上,因此通过改善表面性质改变电荷转移途径对光催化活性具有重要影响.磷酸、硫酸、硼酸和盐酸等无机酸的修饰可以改变光催化剂的表面基团,分别通过促进表面羟基的形成和氧气的吸附以及改变表面电荷性质更有效地捕获空穴,实现光生电子和空穴的分离,有助于光催化降解有机污染物.然而,这种影响机制显然不适用于光催化产氢体系,目前对无机酸修饰用于分解水产氢的研究鲜有报道.因此,通过酸改性策略制备高效产氢的光催化剂仍然是一个相当大的挑战.本文利用硝酸诱导策略合成纺锤状金红石相二氧化钛纳米束(R-TiO2).首先,制备层状质子化钛酸盐(LPT)作为TiO2的前体,随后,加入浓硝酸以诱导向金红石相TiO2的转变,并组装形成纺锤状纳米束.对照实验显示,硝酸的酸化可以诱导LPT向金红石相TiO2的转变,而相同条件下浓硝酸后处理不会引起晶相的转变.纺锤形纳米束的形成源于,硝酸诱导R-TiO2沿(110)方向生长并彼此粘附,硝酸诱导组装过程成功在TiO2表面修饰上硝酸根,同时扩大了光吸收范围,有效减少了电荷复合损失.光催化产氢测试证明了R-TiO2光催化剂具有高效的产氢性能,产氢速率为402.4μmol h-1,是Degussa P25的3.1倍,并且显著高于未经浓硝酸处理的锐钛矿(52.0μmol h^-1)或金红石相(110.8μmol h^-1)光催化剂.为了说明表面硝酸根的影响,分别从晶体和化学结构、形态以及表面电荷性质方面比较了光催化反应前后的变化,结果表明,R-TiO2增强的光催化效率可归因于硝酸根基团的负场效应,有利于在表面上捕获带正电的质子以促进载流子分离,提高光催化产氢的效率.总之,本工作不仅对于发展表面修饰策略制备高效产氢光催化剂的研究具有重要意义,而且提出了一种不同于文献报道的无机酸影响机制.     

Photocatalytic mineralisation of aniline derivatives in aquatic systems using semiconductor oxides

Photocatalytic degradation of aqueous solution of aniline derivatives such as ortho-nitroaniline (ONA), meta-nitroaniline (MNA), para-nitroaniline (PNA), 4-bromoaniline (4-BrA) and 2-chloroaniline (2-ClA) were carried out over ZnO or TiO2 (anatase and rutile) in a photocatalytic reactor. The observed results revealed that the order of photocatalytic activity for degradation of selected compound was ZnO > TiO2 (rutile) > TiO2 (anatase) with the ratio of the rate constants to the surface area of 3.2 x 10(-3), 1.9 x 10(-3) and 1.0 x 10(-3) respectively. The effect of some physical and chemical parameters such as amount of photocatalyst, pH, time of irradiation and solvent were studied. Degradation kinetic was according to Longmuir behaviour. Spectrophotometric methods and TOC analysis supported that aniline derivatives almost completely mineralized.     

Molecular‐Level Understanding of the Photocatalytic Activity Difference between Anatase and Rutile Nanoparticles

The generation of oxidants on illuminated photocatalysts and their participation in subsequent reactions are the main basis of the widely investigated photocatalytic processes for environmental remediation and selective oxidation. Here, the generation and the subsequent diffusion of ^.OH from the illuminated TiO₂ surface to the solution bulk were directly observed using a single‐molecule detection method and this molecular phenomenon could explain the different macroscopic behavior of anatase and rutile in photocatalysis. The mobile ^.OH is generated on anatase but not on rutile. Therefore, the photocatalytic oxidation on rutile is limited to adsorbed substrates whereas that on anatase is more facile and versatile owing to the presence of mobile ^.OH. The ability of anatase to generate mobile ^.OH is proposed as a previously unrecognized key factor that explains the common observations that anatase has higher activity than rutile for many photooxidative reactions.     

Great enhancement of photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped titania by coupling with tungsten oxide

The TiO2-N-x%WO3 composite photocatalysts were prepared by introducing WO3 into nitrogen-doped TiO2. The composite catalysts present much higher photocatalytic activity than TiO2 and nitrogen-doped TiO2 under both ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. Diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectra, XPS analysis, and IR spectra show that the coordinated nitrogen species (or N-metal-O linkages) may contribute to the visible light photocatalytic activity. WO3 coupling increases the active nitrogen species and thus enhances the visible light activity of the composite photocatalysts. The superior activity of TiO2-N-x%WO3 composite photocatalysts upon UV light irradiation can be rationalized in terms of efficient charge separation and high adsorption affinity of WO3.     

Study on the formation of H2O2 on TiO2 photocatalysts and their activity for the photocatalytic degradation of X-GL dye

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles of both anatase and rutile phases were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of microemulsions, and their photocatalytic activity for the degradation of X-GL dye was investigated. The only difference between the two methods used was that different acids were added to the microemulsions to make a direct comparison of the photocatalytic activity of the polymorphs possible. UV — Vis reflectance and XRD spectroscopic investigations of these titanium dioxides indicated that a rutile structure could be formed (PR) when hydrochloric acid was used, and anatase formed (PA) when nitric acid was used. The activity of the two polymorphs and P-25 for the photocatalytic degradation of dye in water was also examined. It was found that P-25 consisting of anatase and rutile has the highest activity, and PR consisting of rutile has the lowest. Photodegradation of X-GL in the presence of these different TiO₂ particles under air-equilibrated controlled conditions led to the formation of hydrogen peroxide. The formation rate of H₂O₂ depended on the difference in crystalloid phase. These results indicate that the observed differences in the photocatalytic activity for the three TiO₂ photocatalysts are directly related to the formation rate of H₂O₂.     

炭气凝胶孔结构对其负载的TiO2光催化降解甲基橙性能的影响

选用两种孔径不同的炭气凝胶CA125和CA500制备了碳含量为20%的TiO2/CA光催化剂,采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和N2吸附-脱附对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了其光催化降解甲基橙反应性能.结果表明,TiO2/CA样品中TiO2主要以锐钛矿相存在,伴随有少量的金红石相,且均匀分散于炭气凝胶的表面.催化剂的孔隙率分析表明,孔结构直接影响到催化剂的光催化活性,以中孔为主的TiO2/CA125活性要远高于TiO2/CA500.这主要源于中孔良好的吸附性能及其合适的空间限域效应.     

碘掺杂对纳米TiO2催化剂光催化活性的影响

用溶胶-凝胶法制得了碘掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂, 考察了诸因素对相结构的影响, 这对深入揭示I-TiO2光催化降解有机物的本质具有重要意义.     

模拟太阳光下稀土Gd掺杂TiO2纳米晶的光催化性能研究

以甲基橙的光催化降解为探针反应,采用氙灯模拟自然条件下的太阳光,评价了通过酸催化的溶胶-凝胶法制备的稀土Gd掺杂改性TiO₂纳米晶的光催化活性及对甲基橙水溶液TOC的去除效果.运用XRD和UV-Vis DRS表征技术考察了Gd掺杂对纳米TiO₂的微晶尺寸、晶体结构与光学性能的影响.结果表明,Gd掺杂可以抑制TiO₂由锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变,阻碍TiO₂晶粒增长,使TiO₂的光吸收带边发生蓝移且有利于对可见光的吸收,从而使Gd掺杂TiO₂在模拟太阳光下光催化降解甲基橙的能力得到明显提高,但样品对甲基橙水溶液TOC的去除效果要滞后于其对色度的去除.     

Gold nanoparticles located at the interface of anatase/rutile TiO2 particles as active plasmonic photocatalysts for aerobic oxidation

Visible-light irradiation (λ > 450 nm) of gold nanoparticles loaded on a mixture of anatase/rutile TiO(2) particles (Degussa, P25) promotes efficient aerobic oxidation at room temperature. The photocatalytic activity critically depends on the catalyst architecture: Au particles with <5 nm diameter located at the interface of anatase/rutile TiO(2) particles behave as the active sites for reaction. This photocatalysis is promoted via plasmon activation of the Au particles by visible light followed by consecutive electron transfer in the Au/rutile/anatase contact site. The activated Au particles transfer their conduction electrons to rutile and then to adjacent anatase TiO(2). This catalyzes the oxidation of substrates by the positively charged Au particles along with reduction of O(2) by the conduction band electrons on the surface of anatase TiO(2). This plasmonic photocatalysis is successfully promoted by sunlight exposure and enables efficient and selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols at ambient temperature.     

Photochemical reduction of oxygen adsorbed to nanocrystalline TiO(2) films: a transient absorption and oxygen scavenging study of different TiO(2) preparations

Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) has been used to study the interfacial electron-transfer reaction between photogenerated electrons in nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) films and molecular oxygen. TiO(2) films from three different starting materials (TiO(2) anatase colloidal paste and commercial anatase/rutile powders Degussa TiO(2) P25 and VP TiO(2) P90) have been investigated in the presence of ethanol as a hole scavenger. Separate investigations on the photocatalytic oxygen consumption by the films have also been performed with an oxygen membrane polarographic detector. Results show that a correlation exists between the electron dynamics of oxygen consumption observed by TAS and the rate of oxygen consumption through the photocatalytic process. The highest activity and the fastest oxygen reduction dynamics were observed with films fabricated from anatase TiO(2) colloidal paste. The use of TAS as a tool for the prediction of the photocatalytic activities of the materials is discussed. TAS studies indicate that the rate of reduction of molecular oxygen is limited by interfacial electron-transfer kinetics rather than by the electron trapping/detrapping dynamics within the TiO(2) particles.     

Preparation of highly photocatalytic active nano-sized TiO2 particles via ultrasonic irradiation

A novel method for preparing highly photoactive nano-sized TiO2 photocatalysts with anatase and brookite phases has been developed by hydrolysis of titanium tetraisoproproxide in pure water or a 1:1 EtOH-H2O solution under ultrasonic irradiation; the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 particles prepared by this method exceeded that of Degussa P25.     

The role of crystal phase in determining photocatalytic activity of nitrogen doped TiO2

Two series of nitrogen doped TiO(2) samples with different ratios of anatase to rutile phases were prepared by milling the mixture of P25 TiO(2) and C(6)H(12)N(4) in air and gaseous NH(3) atmosphere, respectively. Compared to air, NH(3) atmosphere plays an important role in delaying the crystallite transformation from anatase to rutile in the mechanochemical reaction of TiO(2) and C(6)H(12)N(4). In contrast to the previously reported results for pure TiO(2), it is found that nitrogen doped TiO(2) with higher content of rutile phase demonstrates higher photocatalytic activity in photodegrading pollutant Rhodamine B under both UV light and visible light irradiation (lambda>420 nm), and the amount of the surface-adsorbed water and hydroxyl groups on nitrogen doped TiO(2) have little correlations with their crystallite phases (anatase or rutile) and photocatalytic activity. The more abundant surface states characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopy together with the lowered valence band maximum of rutile TiO(2) by nitrogen doping are considered as the key factors for the higher activity of nitrogen doped TiO(2) with higher content of rutile phase.