Mechanistic studies of the photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene with visible-light-driven N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts

Visible-light-driven TiO2 photocatalysts doped with nitrogen have been prepared as powders and thin films in a cylindrical tubular furnace under a stream of ammonia gas. The photocatalysts thus obtained were found to have a band-gap energy of 2.95 eV. Electron spin resonance (ESR) under irradiation with visible light (lambda > or = 430 nm) afforded the increase in intensity in the visible-light region. The concentration of trapped holes was about fourfold higher than that of trapped electrons. Nitrogen-doped TiO2 has been used to investigate mechanistically the photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) under irradiation with visible light (lambda > or = 420 nm). Cl and O radicals, which contribute significantly to the generation of dichloroacetyl chloride (DCAC) in the photocatalytic oxidation of TCE under UV irradiation, were found to be deactivated under irradiation with visible light. As the main by-product, only phosgene was detected in the photocatalytic oxidation of TCE under irradiation with visible light. Thus, the reaction mechanism of TCE photooxidation under irradiation with visible light clearly differs markedly from that under UV irradiation. Based on the results of the present study, we propose a new reaction mechanism and adsorbed species for the photocatalytic oxidation of TCE under irradiation with visible light. The energy band for TiO2 by doping with nitrogen may involve an isolated band above the valence band.     

氮-硫共掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化活性

采用研磨煅烧法,以硫脲(TU)作为氮源和硫源,H2TiO3(HT)为TiO2的前驱体,制备了不同TU/HT比例的N,S共掺杂TiO2光催化剂(NS/TiO2);利用X射线衍射仪、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱仪、拉曼光谱仪、紫外-可见吸收光谱仪等分析了NS/TiO2的晶体结构、显微形貌、典型元素的化学状态以及光谱性质;利用BET法测定了NS/TiO2的比表面积,同时测定了其在可见光照下催化降解罗丹明B的活性.结果表明,当TU/HT质量比为0.5时,NS/TiO2的光催化活性最佳,光照70min时的罗丹明B降解率为44.4%.氮元素以NH3形式吸附在TiO2表面,硫元素以S6+形式存在,部分S6+取代Ti 4+的位置.与此同时N,S共掺杂使得TiO2的禁带宽度减小,可见光催化活性提高.     

Fe2O3-TiO2磁性复合材料的制备及可见光催化性能

以FeCl₃和Ti(C₄H₉O)₄为前驱体, 通过复合溶胶法制备了Fe₂O₃-TiO₂磁性复合光催化剂, 并用 XPS, XRD, SEM, EDS及BET进行了表征. 对亚甲基蓝的降解实验证明, Fe₂O₃的引入将复合材料的光响应范围扩展至可见光区, 且掺杂的Fe₂O₃摩尔分数为1.0%时, 样品可见光催化性能最高. 磁强计的测试结果显示, 复合光催化剂具有一定的磁性, 可在反应结束后利用磁场从体系分离, 使催化剂得到回收再利用.     

磁载WO3－TiO2／SiO2／Fe3O4复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性

 用溶胶－凝胶法在表面包覆了SiO2的磁基体Fe3O4上负载TiO2,从而得到了易于磁性固液分离的磁载WO3－TiO2／SiO2／Fe3O4复合光催化剂,并通过IR,XRD,SEM和XPS等测试手段对催化剂进行了表征．研究了磁载WO3－TiO2／SiO2／Fe3O4复合光催化剂对亚甲基蓝溶液脱色的性能,并考察了WO3掺杂量对样品催化活性的影响．结果表明,n（WO3）／n（TiO2）＝0．001时,磁载WO3－TiO2／SiO2／Fe3O4复合光催化剂的催化活性最高,循环使用3次时脱色率仍保持在98％．     

异质结构AgCl/Bi2WO6微米球制备、表征及其光催化性能

首先利用水热法制备了由纳米片组装的粒径为1.5–2μm的Bi2WO6微球,然后在微球表面沉积了不同含量的AgCl (5 wt%,10wt%,20wt%,30wt%),制备了异质结构AgCl/Bi2WO6微球光催化剂.利用X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、红外光谱、紫外-可见漫反射吸收等手段对所制的光催化剂进行表征,并以紫外光和可见光分别为光源,罗丹明B为降解对象测试了其光催化活性,考察复合不同含量的AgCl对Bi2WO6光催化剂的性能影响.结果表明,沉积AgCl对Bi2WO6的晶体结构、表面性能和光吸收性能没有产生明显影响,但大幅度提高了Bi2WO6的紫外和可见光催化活性.当复合20wt%AgCl时, AgCl/Bi2WO6光催化活性最佳,紫外光下比纯Bi2WO6提高了2.2倍,可见光下提高了1倍.这主要是由于形成的AgCl/Bi2WO6异质结能有效抑制光生电子和空穴的复合,从而提了其光催化性能.     

WO3/TiO2 复合纤维的制备及储能光催化性能

以钛酸正丁酯为前驱体, 采用静电纺丝技术制得了纯锐钛矿TiO2纤维, 并以其为基质, 通过水热法制备了具有异质结构的WO3/TiO2复合纤维. 利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 能量色散光谱仪(EDS)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)等对样品的结构和形貌进行了表征. 以罗丹明B的脱色降解为模型反应, 考察了样品的光催化性能和储能光催化性能. 结果表明, 花状WO3微球包裹在TiO2纤维上, 得到了具有异质结构的WO3/TiO2复合纤维光催化剂. WO3与TiO2复合有利于光生载流子的输运和分离, 增强了体系的量子效率, 提高了光催化活性. WO3/TiO2 复合纤维经光照处理后, 在黑暗条件下显示出储能光催化特性.     

石墨烯修饰三氧化钨/二氧化钛S型异质结增强的光催化产氢活性（英文）

太阳光驱动的光催化分解水产氢是利用太阳能解决当前能源危机和环境问题的理想策略.二氧化钛由于其稳定、环境友好和成本低等优点受到广泛研究,在光催化领域具有不可或缺的作用.然而,纯二氧化钛光催化剂具有光生电子-空穴复合率高、太阳能利用率低等缺点,使其在光催化产氢领域的应用受到限制.迄今为止,人们探索了多种改性策略来提高二氧化钛的光催化活性,如贵金属负载、金属或非金属元素掺杂、构建异质结等.通过复合两个具有合适能带排布的半导体来构建异质结可以大大提高光生载流子的分离,被认为是一种有效的解决方案.最近提出了一种新的S型异质结概念,以解释不同半导体异质界面载流子转移分离的问题.S型异质结是在传统Ⅱ型和Z型(液相Z型、全固态Z型、间接Z型、直接Z型)基础上提出的,但又扬长避短,优于传统Ⅱ型和Z型.通常,S型异质结是由功函数较小、费米能级较高的还原型半导体光催化剂和功函数较大、费米能级较低的氧化型半导体光催化剂构建而成.三氧化钨禁带宽度较小(2.4-2.8 eV),功函数较大,是典型的氧化型光催化剂,也是构建S型异质结的理想半导体光催化剂.根据S型电荷转移机制,三氧化钨/二氧化钛复合物在光辐照下,三氧化钨导带上相对无用的电子与二氧化钛价带上相对无用的空穴复合,二氧化钛导带上还原能力较强的电子和三氧化钨价带上氧化能力较强的空穴得以保留,从而在异质界面上实现了氧化还原能力较强的光生电子-空穴对的分离.同时,石墨烯作为一种蜂窝状碳原子二维材料,是理想的电子受体,在异质结光催化剂中能及时转移电子.而且,石墨烯具有较好的导热性和电子迁移率,光吸收强,比表面积大,可为光催化反应提供丰富的吸附和活性位点,已经被认为是一种重要催化剂载体和光电分解水产氢的有效共催化剂.本文采用简便的一步水热法制备石墨烯修饰的三氧化钨/二氧化钛S型异质结光催化剂.光催化产氢性能测试表明,三氧化钨/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的光催化产氢速率显著提高(245.8μmol g^-1 h^-1),约为纯TiO2的3.5倍.高分辨透射电子显微镜、拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱结果证明了TiO2和WO3纳米颗粒的紧密接触,并成功负载在还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)上.X射线光电子能谱中Ti 2p结合能的增加证实TiO2和WO3之间强的相互作用和S型异质结的形成.此外,复合材料中的rGO大大拓展了复合物的光吸收范围(紫外-可见漫反射光谱),增强了光热转换效应,而且rGO与TiO2之间形成肖特基结,促进了TiO2导带电子的转移和分离.总之,WO3和TiO2的S型异质结与TiO2和rGO之间的肖特基异质结的协同效应抑制了相对有用的电子和空穴的复合,有利于氧化还原能力较强的载流子的分离和进一步转移,加速了表面产氢动力学,于是增强了三元复合光催化剂的光催化产氢活性.     

水热法合成多孔Ag_2S敏化二氧化钛催化剂及其可见光催化活性(英文)

Porous Ag2S sensitized TiO2 catalysts were synthesized by the hydrothermal process.The crystallization and porous structure of the Ag2S/TiO2 composite photocatalysts were investigated by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis,UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,and N2 adsorption.The Ag2S/TiO2 composites were mainly composed of anatase TiO2 and acanthite Ag2S.The absorption edge wavelengths of TiO2 and the Ag2S/TiO2 composite prepared with 3 mmol Na2S.5H2O were 400 and 800 nm,respectively,that is,the absorption edge of the composite had a pronounced red shift.The photocatalytic activity under visible light was investigated by the degradation of methylene blue with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer.The photocatalytic activities under visible light of the Ag2S/TiO2 photocatalysts were much higher than that of TiO2.     

Mg-Al 类水滑石/二氧化钛异质复合纳米晶光催化氧化苯的性能

 采用过饱和沉淀法合成 n(Mg)/n(Al) = 2 的 Mg-Al 类水滑石化合物 (Mg-Al-HT), 再用水热法将它与钛胶复合, 制得 Mg-Al-HT/TiO2 异质复合光催化剂. 采用 X 射线粉末衍射、透射电子显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜、低温 N2 吸附-脱附、紫外-可见漫反射光谱和热重等技术对催化剂结构、成分和性质进行了表征. 结果表明, 在波长 365 nm 的紫外光照射降解苯的反应中, Mg-Al-HT/TiO2 异质复合光催化剂表现出优于单一的 TiO2 或 Mg-Al-HT 催化剂的光催化活性, 且稳定性更高; 同时讨论了该复合催化剂性能优异的原因. 另外, 运用电子顺磁共振技术检测到体系中存在羟基自由基等活性物种, 并据此提出了 Mg-Al-HT/TiO2 异质复合纳米晶催化剂光催化降解苯的反应机理.     

圆盘状Bi2WO6-BiPO4异质结的水热合成及光催化性能

采用水热法制备Bi2WO6-BiPO4异质结光催化剂．利用模拟太阳光照射下的罗丹明B降解实验评价了Bi2WO6-BiPO4复合物的光催化性能．结果表明,Bi2WO6-BiPO4光催化活性比Bi2WO6和BiPO4高得多．当Bi2WO6与BiPO4的摩尔比为1：1时复合光催化剂对罗丹明B的降解率最高．Bi2WO6-BiPO4催化活性增强主要归结为两者之间形成了有效的异质结结构,其内建电场能够促进光生载流子的分离．同时,Bi2WO6的加入增强了其对可见光的吸收．研究表明O2^· -和h^＋在光催化降解过程中是主要的活性物种.     

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange over metalloporphyrins supported on TiO2 Degussa P25

The photocatalytic activity of meso-tetraphenylporphyrins with different metal centers (Fe, Co, Mn and Cu) adsorbed on TiO(2) (Degussa P25) surface has been investigated by carrying out the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) under visible and ultraviolet light irradiation. The photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance UV (DRS-UV-vis) and infrared spectra. Copper porphyrin-sensitized TiO(2) photocatalyst (CuP-TiO(2)) showed excellent activity for the photodegradation of MO whether under visible or ultraviolet light irradiation. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) charges analysis showed that methyl orange ion is adsorbed easier by CuP-TiO(2) catalyst due to the increase of induced interactions.     

铜卟啉-TiO_2复合光催化剂制备及降解4-NP的研究

合成了取代基数目不同的3种铜卟啉配合物,并与纯锐钛矿型TiO2作用,得到相应的铜卟啉敏化TiO2复合光催化剂.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)考察了铜卟啉-TiO2复合光催化剂的形貌特征,紫外-可见光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果表明,铜卟啉负载于TiO2表面,未改变TiO2的晶型.可见光降解4-硝基苯酚(4-NP)实验结果表明,复合催化剂性质稳定,可多次重复使用,卟啉环外围极性取代基数目越多,铜卟啉光敏化效果越好.     

乙酸修饰Ag/TiO2复合光催化剂的制备及协同催化性能

利用光化学还原法制备了Ag/TiO₂,然后通过乙酸浸渍制备了HAc-Ag/TiO₂复合光催化剂.利用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis DRS）等手段表征了催化剂的性质.以降解水溶液中的甲基橙（MO）为探针反应,考察了催化剂在可见光下的光催化性能.结果表明,乙酸对TiO₂的修饰在TiO₂禁带中产生了"带尾",使TiO₂的禁带宽度发生了显著的缩减;Ag纳米粒子和乙酸共同修饰的HAc-Ag/TiO₂样品具有更窄的禁带宽度和更正的价带顶位置;Ag和乙酸的协同作用使HAc-Ag/TiO₂具有良好的可见光催化活性：可见光照射2 h后,甲基橙在HAc-Ag/TiO₂上的降解率接近100%.     

Cyclohexane photooxidation under visible light irradiation by WO3–TiO2 mixed catalysts

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Cyclohexane photocatalytic oxidation was performed over WO3 photocatalysts under visible light irradiation with molecular oxygen. Cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol...     

A simple route for the preparation of Eu, N-codoped TiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced visible light-induced photocatalytic activity

A simple route has been developed for the synthesis of europium, nitrogen-codoped titania photocatalysts under mild conditions (i.e., low temperature, < or = 348 K, and ambient pressure). The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) analyses. The results showed that the codoped photocatalyst with a spheroidal shape exhibited a smaller size than the undoped titania. The transformation from anatase to rutile was suppressed by doping with Eu and N atoms. Furthermore, the absorbance spectra of Eu, N-codoped TiO(2) exhibited a significant red shift to the visible region. The photocatalytic activity of Eu, N-codoped TiO(2) was evaluated by photodegradation of the dye reactive brilliant red X-3B under visible light. This codoped sample exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to N-doped TiO(2), pure TiO(2), and P25.     

Facile preparation of micro-mesoporous carbon-doped TiO2 photocatalysts with anatase crystalline walls under template-free condition

A new low-temperature procedure has been used for preparing micro-mesoporous carbon-doped TiO2 photocatalysts, with anatase pore wall and substitutional carbon occupying oxygen sites, which exhibit outstanding photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation.     

Quantitative characterization of hydroxyl radicals produced by various photocatalysts

Hydroxyl radicals ((·)OH) have been deemed to be the major active species during the photocatalytic oxidation reaction. In this study, (·)OH produced on various semiconductor photocatalysts in aqueous solution under Xenon lamp irradiation was quantitatively investigated by the photoluminescence (PL) technique using coumarin (COU) as a probe molecule. The results indicated that the formation rate of (·)OH on the surface of irradiated commercial Degussa P25 (P25) was much higher than that of other semiconductor. The pH values of the solution and phase structure of TiO(2) significantly influenced the production rate of (·)OH. The acidic pH environment of the solutions and bi-phase structure (anatase and rutile) of TiO(2) were beneficial to enhancing the formation rate of (·)OH. In addition, the formation rate of (·)OH on anatase TiO(2) and P25 was much faster than that of (·)OH on the other semiconductors (such as rutile TiO(2), ZnO, WO(3), CdS, Bi(2)WO(4) and BiOCl, etc.). A new concept "OH-index" was first proposed to compare photocatalytic activity of photocatalysts, which would provide new insight into the investigation of semiconductor photocatalysts.     

铽负载介孔二氧化钛的制备、表征和协同效应

以嵌段共聚物P123为模板剂,采用蒸发诱导自组装法制备了铽负载介孔TiO2光催化剂,并利用XRD、N2吸附解吸和UV-Vis吸收光谱等技术手段对样品进行了表征。 制备的样品为锐钛矿和金红石混合晶相,以罗丹明B为模拟有机降解物,样品显示了良好的可见光催化活性。 研究发现0.7%的铽负载和380 ℃的煅烧温度是较佳的制备条件。 介孔结构所具有的高的比表面积、小的晶粒尺寸、铽负载诱导的电荷分离和可见光吸收增强协同提高了光催化活性。 同时,提出了铽负载二氧化钛诱导增强光催化作用的机理。     

Effect of nitrogen-doping temperature on the structure and photocatalytic activity of the B,N-doped TiO2

B,N-TiO₂ photocatalysts were synthesized by boron doping firstly and subsequently nitrogen doping in NH₃ at variable temperatures. The effects of the nitrogen doping temperature on the structure and photocatalytic activity of the B,N-codoped TiO₂ were investigated. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity was evaluated with photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye (MO) under visible light and UV-visible light irradiation. The results suggested that the boron and nitrogen can be incorporated into the TiO₂ lattice either interstitially or substitutionally or both, while the Ti-O-B-N structure plays a vital role in photocatalytic activity in visible light region. The optimal nitrogen doping temperature is 550 °C. Higher temperature may form many oxygen vacancies and Ti³⁺ species, resulting in the decrease of photocatalytic activity in visible light.     

New insights into the origin of visible light photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped and oxygen-deficient anatase TiO2

The spin-polarized plane-wave pseudopotential method, based on density-functional theory, has been used to calculate the electronic band structures and the optical absorption spectra of nitrogen-doped and oxygen-deficient anatase TiO2. The calculated results are in good agreement with our experimental measurements. These ab initio calculations reveal that the optical absorption of nitrogen-doped TiO2 in the visible light region is primarily located between 400 and 500 nm, while that of oxygen-deficient TiO2 is mainly above 500 nm. These results have important implications for the understanding and further development of photocatalytic materials that are active under visible light.