初中化学“水的净化”的项目式教学——以“设计净水系统”为例

以“设计净水系统”为项目主题,介绍了项目教学主题选取、项目目标确定、项目规划、实施与评价策略。项目教学中,关注学生认知与思维发展,随着净水系统的设计、制作、测试和再设计项目学习活动的展开,引导学生综合运用化学、物理、数学等多学科知识方法分析解决问题,促进学生提炼真实情境下“物质分离与提纯”解决思路,发展化学学科核心素养,同时体验和感受完整的工程设计过程。     

基于“教、学、评”一体化的深度学习*——以“气压变化在化学实验中的应用”复习课为例

以气压变化在化学实验中的应用为切入点进行复习。以密室逃脱游戏为情境,通过装置气密性的检查归纳气压改变的原因及其导致的现象,构建处理化学实验中气压变化情况的一般模型;通过改进仪器控制反应发生和停止来强化模型;利用模型分析并改进教材中测定空气中O₂含量的经典实验;利用模型设计实验证明CO₂和NaOH溶液反应的发生。这些学习任务的设计突出了实验探究,促成了模型构建,培养了学生的创新意识,实现了深度教学、发展核心素养的目的。     

“深度学习”视野下高中化学实验教学：问题与对策

"深度学习"视野下化学实验能够促进学生建构知识、培养学生基于实验的化学学科思维、提高学生的科学探究能力。但现行高中化学实验教学中学生的学习大多仍停留在浅层学习层面,通过查阅文献并结合教学案例分析得出造成学生浅层学习的原因。针对这些原因,提出了相应的教学策略并通过案例进行论证,以期促进学生的深度学习。这些教学策略主要包括以下几个方面：确立高阶思维发展的实验教学目标,选择具有挑战性的实验问题,建构真实批判的实验情境,整合意义联接的实验内容,采用流程图、思维导图等工具梳理实验流程,建立持续关注的反馈评价方式。     

基于“大清河盐场”实地观摩考察的初中化学项目式学习*—食盐的“旅程”

食盐的工业生产是一个理想的基于实际问题解决的教学素材。盐场的生产环境安全可考察,学生可以完整地了解所有生产环节,与溶液及粗盐提纯的部分关联较为紧密。本课程以“食盐的旅程—从自然界中的盐到餐桌上的盐”为项目主题,开展初中化学“溶液和粗盐提纯”的教学。通过赴大清河盐场考察,针对食盐生产过程中纳潮、晒盐、收盐、洗盐中的问题展开讨论,解释生产过程的核心环节和关键问题,模拟食盐生产过程,自主建构饱和溶液、溶解度等概念,掌握溶解、过滤、蒸发等基本操作技能,建立物质分离的模型。     

“实验化学”翻转课堂教学案例设计

针对实验化学课程的特点,探讨了实验化学“课前知识传递,课堂知识内化,课后反思提高”的翻转课堂教学设计。以“硫酸亚铁铵的制备”为实验案例,通过翻转课堂在学习目标、活动主体与教学流程上的教学设计,详细阐述了以学生为中心的教学实施,并全面评价了教学实践。     

促进“深度学习”的教学实践与思考——以“基于桃酥烘焙配方的实验探究”为例

以“基于桃酥烘培配方的实验探究”单元课的设计与实施为例,从情境素材的选取、课堂问题的设计、课堂任务的确定、学习活动的设计、持续性评价方案的设计等方面论述了促进“深度学习”教学的生成过程。     

高中化学“乙醛性质”的项目式教学*——解酒药的研制

以“解酒药的研制”为项目主题,开展高中化学“乙醛性质”的教学。学生通过完成“药物研发分析”“探秘致命物质,寻找救治办法”“药物新构想”等3个项目任务,掌握了乙醛的性质及其应用,构建了有机物结构分析和性质预测的思维模型,学会了对陌生有机物的分析与研究。运用手持技术数字化实验测定溶液酸碱性确定反应机理,锻炼了科学探究、合作交流、思维表达的能力。与课外活动有效整合、实验室仪器与试剂的保障、资料查阅、外援专家指导等是顺利完成本项目教学的关键。     

“原子结构与元素性质”主题模型建构教学的探索

从2003年起至今,北京师范大学化学教育研究团队围绕“原子结构与元素性质”主题开展了跨越初中、高中必修、高中选择性必修的模型建构教学探索,涉及原子的构成微粒及空间分布、核外电子的运动状态、核外电子的排布规律以及元素性质等不同子主题。在这些教学探索中,梳理和还原了科学家解决问题的过程,对科学家所做实验进行再现、模拟,依据科学家在基于实验证据建构原子结构模型时的推理论证过程设计并指导学生开展模型建构活动,使学生理解、评价或参与模型建构的过程,促进学生建模能力和科学本质观的形成与发展。     

信息技术与“教学评”一体化深度融合的教学实践*——以“有机合成”为例

以建构有机合成中的顺推法和逆合成分析法思维模型为载体,通过设置驱动任务,将信息技术和“教学评”一体化深度融合,促进学生结构观、发展观和转化观的形成,理解有机化学的社会价值,培养学生的宏微结合、变化观念、科学态度和社会责任等化学学科核心素养。     

指向模型认知的教学实践与探索——以“我们周围的空气”复习为例

在宇宙空间站的情境主题中,推进问题,完善探究,依托证据,构建模型,形成高于知识内容本身的价值取向。发展陶行知创造教育理念,培养和增强学生身上已存的创造力,使其成长,帮助学生在以后解决实际问题的过程中对模型认知产生自觉,提升学生的整合思维和深度学习能力。通过对新情境中复杂化学问题的关键要素进行博观约取与化零为整,掌握模型方法,探索模型结构,培养学生依据模型综合解释或解决复杂的化学问题的能力。     

"Alpha"-, "beta"- and "delta"-anhydrodigitoxigenin

The syntheses of 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-14, 20:22-dienolide (= «β»-anhydro-), 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-8:14, 20:22-dienolide (= «α»-anhydro-) and «δ»-anhydro-digitoxigenin (= probably 3β-hydroxy-5β, 14β-carda-8, 20:22-dienolide) by the best ways known to date, have been described. «δ»-Anhydro-digitoxigenin represents the thermodynamically most stable isomer. In this isomer the double bond in position 8 is unaffected by hydrogenation with Pt in acetic acid; with perbenzoic acid an epoxide results from which, on hydrogenation, the double bond can be regenerated in its original position. Analogous reactions are known to occur in the 8:14-epoxides.     

化“材”为“筑”

Chemistry is a central, practical and creative discipline. The development of chemistry plays an important role in the progress of science and society, as well as the improvement of the quality of human life. This paper introduces the chemical knowledge of stone, concrete, glass and other inorganic nonmetallic building materials by the anthropomorphically story. Taking nanomaterials as an example, the prospect of building materials development in the future is put forward.     

"Decoking" of a "coked" zeolite catalyst in a glow discharge

'Decoking' of a 'coked' zeolite catalyst in a glow discharge in oxygen is investigated. The 'decoking' process involves reactions of atomic oxygen (O atoms) with 'coke' and yields gases such as CO, CO₂ as well as other gaseous products that could be easily pumped out.Three different modes of discharge were investigated including a static mode, a flowing-gas mode, and a periodic-purge mode where the oxygen and other gaseous products of the discharge were replaced by fresh O₂ gas after short but regular intervals of time. In some cases, additional heating was also used to provide base temperatures of the order of 100 °C to facilitate penetration of oxygen atoms into the inner layers and cages of the zeolite catalyst.This paper presents some results of spectroscopic analytical techniques used to monitor the atomization of oxygen, oxidation of 'coke', and to confirm the process of 'decoking'. More specifically, radiation emission on the 3 s ⁵S– 3p ⁵P transitions of O around 777.2–777.5 nm were selected for monitoring the atomization of O₂. On the other hand, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the amount of residual carbon and extent of 'decoking'. Furthermore, evolution of CO and CO₂ gases as a function of time was systematically monitored in real time. For CO, the 451.1 nm band head belonging to the B¹ - A¹ bands of the Angstrom system of the CO spectrum was used, while for CO₂, the band head at 353.4 nm belonging to the CO₂⁺ spectrum was used. The rates of evolution of CO and CO₂ were related to the rate of 'decoking' of the catalyst. It is noted that in the periodic-purge mode, about 63% of the total yield of CO from a given sample of the catalyst appears in the first 3-min exposure to discharge whereas it takes up to 15 min to remove nearly 94% of the removable carbon under our experimental conditions.     

营养化学课程翻转课堂的探索与实践

With its tailored learning content, flexible learning environment and directed teacher guidance, the flipped classroom in "nutrition chemistry" has effectively solved the problems of students' specialty, large number and limited time in the course of elective course. The teaching mode based on the cultivation of students' ability and the core of improving scientific literacy was constructed.     

Making "wheels" and "cubes" from triangles

[Mn(IV)Mn(II)3] triangular units directed by the presence of tripodal alcohols self-assemble in the presence of azide and acetate ligands to form either a [Mn24] "wheel" or a [Mn32] "cube".     

"Turn-on" fluorescent sensing with "reactive" probes

Chemical probes are valuable tools for the investigation of biochemical processes, diagnosis of disease markers, detection of hazardous compounds, and other purposes. Therefore, the development of chemical probes continues to grow through various approaches with different disciplines and design strategies. Fluorescent probes have received much attention because they are sensitive and easy-to-operate, in general. To realize desired selectivity toward a given analyte, the recognition site of a fluorescent probe is designed in such a way to maximize the binding interactions, usually through weak molecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, toward the analyte over other competing ones. In addition to such a supramolecular approach, the development of fluorescent probes that sense analytes through chemical reactions has witnessed its usefulness for achieving high selectivity, in many cases, superior to that obtainable by the supramolecular approach. Creative incorporations of the reactive groups to latent fluorophores have provided novel chemical probes for various analytes. In this feature article, we overview the recent progress in the development of turn-on fluorescent probes that are operating through chemical reactions triggered by target analytes. Various chemical reactions have been implemented in the development of many reactive probes with very high selectivity and sensitivity toward target analytes. A major emphasis has been focused on the type of chemical reactions utilized, with the hope that further explorations can be made with new chemical reactions to develop reactive probes useful for various applications.     

原子量之"变"

原子量是最为基础的科学概念之一,"国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)"之"同位素丰度和原子量委员会(CIAAW)"每两年会修订并发布一次原子量。自2009年起,IUPAC宣布某些元素的原子量不再是常数,这些元素的标准原子量为区间值。为方便使用,对于这些元素,给出一个合理的单一数值,称为常规原子量。何为标准原子量?何为常规原子量?为何某些元素的原子量出现区间值?依据原子量数值的特性,元素可以分为几大类?本文在介绍最新元素周期表中原子量的特点之后,简述原子量测定、标准确定、概念演变的发展历史,讨论原子量的修订与变化等问题。     

Size evolution study of "molecular" and "atom-in-cluster" polarizabilities of medium-size gold clusters

A study on static polarizabilities for a family of gold clusters (Au(n), n = 6, 12, 20, 34, 54) is presented. For each cluster, a density functional theory perturbation theory calculation was performed to compute the cluster polarizability and the polarizability of each atom in the cluster using Bader's "quantum theory of atoms in molecules" formalism. The cluster polarizability tensor, α(cluster), is expressed as a sum of the atom-in-molecule tensors, α(cluster)=∑(Ω)α(Ω). A strong quadratic correlation (R(2) = 0.98) in the isotropic polarizability of atoms in the cluster and their distance to the cluster center of mass was observed. The cluster polarizabilities are in agreement with previous calculations.