IUPAC公布原子最新值

IUPAC 原子量与同位素丰度委员会于1985年8月31日至9月3日在法国里昂召开,主要结果是修订了34种元素的原子量,其新值列于附表,括号内数字指末位数的准确度。另外,对“原子量四位数表”(旧表见本刊1984年,3期,58页)作了32号元素锗 Ge 原子量的修订,新值为72.61(2),又作一项勘误,即41号元素铌 Nb 的原子量应为92.91。     

从原子量概念的准确性和测定技术的发展看科学进步*

原子量概念的准确性和测定技术的发展一直是化学和物理学科的关注点之一。依据文献系统地阐述了原子量的定义、标准原子量值测定和确定的依据。详述了原子量测定技术发展的3个重要方法,即化学法、质谱法和校准质谱法;分析了测定技术发展的驱动力,指出这一过程对“修订国际单位制(SI)”和化学教育的影响。重点介绍了我国科学家对世界原子量测定工作的贡献。     

不断更新的原子量——兼谈现行化学教材存在的问题

介绍了IUPAC元素原子量2007-2017年版的变化情况及我国科学家在原子量测定方面所做的贡献,并指出了现行化学教材中的元素周期表和原子量表存在的问题,以期引起化学教材编写者及出版者的注意。     

张青莲教授及其原子量新值测定研究

张青莲教授是中国科学院院士,我国同位素化学的奠基人.本文介绍他在90高龄之际在原子量新值测定方面所取得的杰出成就.从1990年代初以来,他主持一个科研小组采用质谱法,实施了测定10项原子量新值的长期计划.至2001年7月已经有In、Ir、Sb、Eu、Ce、Er、Ge、Dy和Zn等9个原子量新值被国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)的原子量与同位素丰度委员会(CAWIA)正式确定为原子量的国际新标准;另外一个Sm原子量新值也于2005年被国际组织确认.     

校正质谱法测定原子量

化学元素的原子量是自然科学中的基本常数 ,原子量的概念对化学学科的发展起着基础性的推进作用 .化学发展的两个里程碑 :原子 分子学说和周期率 ,都是以原子量为基础 ,而且一切化学反应、合成、分析以及化学物质的生产 ,都要用原子量计算 .原子量是某元素一个原子的平均质量与一个12 Ｃ原子质量的 1/ 12之比 .原子量的测定已有180多年的历史 .测定原子量主要有化学方法和物理方法 (质谱法 ) .现代原子量几乎都是由质谱法测定的 .它是根据公式 :Ａｒ(Ｅ) =∑ｎｉ=1ｍｉｆｉｏ设元素Ｅ含有ｉ种同位素 ,ｆｉ 为ｉ同位素的摩尔分数 ,Ｍｉ 是其…     

国际原子量表(1971年)

(国际原子量表根据1969年以来的实验结果又作了修订,于1971年发表。本刊译载如下)相对原子质量标准:A_r(~(12)C)=12列示的 A_r(E)值适用于地球物质中存在的元素以及某些人造元素。这些数值的末位准至±1,但若末位印小号字,只准至±3:使用时可参考脚注。     

12种元素的原子量有新的修订

1983年8月,“国际原子量与同位素丰度委员会”在丹麦切lyngby开会,对各元素的原子量,根据科研文献逐一审议,决定对下列12种元素的原子量作出修订,赋予新值(括号内的数值指末位数的准确度):     

元素原子量测量及其演进

2019年是门捷列夫发现元素周期表第150周年。本文从原子量概念的提出、原子量测量技术的发展、原子量测量的中国贡献、原子量新的表述形式的出现等方面系统回顾了在过往两百多年里元素原子量的发展历史。     

铱原子量的标准新值

IUPAC原子量与同位素丰度委员会（简称国际原子量委员会）在今年发表的“1993年元素原子量”（Pure Appl. Chem. 66,1994）报告中,关于审定铱原子量新值的情况,原文如下：     

铱原子量的标准新值

IUPAC原子量与同位素丰度委员会（简称国际原子量委员会）在今年发表的“1993年元素原子量”（Pure Appl. Chem. 66,1994）报告中,关于审定铱原子量新值的情况,原文如下：     

Atomic weights and isotopic abundances of the elements: A future concern for the analytical chemist

Summary The recent evolution and present status of the atomic weights of the elements is reviewed. Attention is drawn upon a number of rather unknown characteristics of these values: the accuracy of a considerable number of atomic weights has been decreased due to lack of justification of the number of significant figures in published values. Furthermore geological and artificial variations in isotopic composition start to influence atomic weights of some elements being circulated in the reagents market; the analytical chemist should be aware of it.The concept of atomic weights and natural isotopic abundances being fundamental constants of nature should be abandoned.

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Atomgewichte und Isotopenhäufigkeiten der Elemente: ein künftiges Problem für den Analytiker

Zusammenfassung Ein Überblick wird gegeben über die jüngste Entwicklung und den gegenwärtigen Stand. Auf eine Anzahl ziemlich unbekannter Charakteristica dieser Daten wird hingewiesen. So hat z.B. die Genauigkeit vieler Atomgewichte abgenommen, da die Angabe der in den Veröffentlichungen angegebenen Dezimalstellen nicht mehr gerechtfertigt ist. Außerdem beginnen geologische und künstliche Veränderungen in der Isotopenzusammensetzung die Atomgewichte einiger Elemente, die in Reagentien verwendet werden, zu beeinflussen. Der Analytiker sollte darauf achten. Die Vorstellung von Atomgewichten und natürlichen Isotopenhäufigkeiten als grundlegenden Naturkonstanten sollte aufgegeben werden.

Associate Member of the IUPAC International Commission on Atomic Weights.     

The uncertainty of atomic mass fractions in a molecule

The mass fraction of a certain atom species in a molecule is needed for the calculation of the result of some chemical analyses. Common examples are gravimetric determinations (e.g., the sulfur concentration in a sample that can be obtained from the mass of precipitated barium sulfate). A similar problem is encountered when a reference solution of an ion is prepared by dissolution of a salt. This paper presents how the uncertainty of the mass fraction is calculated from the uncertainties of the atomic weights as published by IUPAC. The value is needed for the determination of the combined standard uncertainty of the analysis. Some calculated examples illustrate the mathematical considerations presented in the paper.     

A century of progress in the sciences due to atomic weight and isotopic composition measurements

Even before the 20th century, a consistent set of internationally accepted atomic weights was an important objective of the scientific community because of the fundamental importance of these values to science, technology and trade. As the 20th century progressed, physicists, geoscientists, and metrologists collaborated with chemists to revolutionize the science of atomic weights. At the beginning of the century, atomic weights were determined from mass relationships between chemical reactants and products of known stoichiometry. They are now derived from the measured isotopic composition of elements and the atomic masses of the isotopes. Accuracy in measuring atomic weights has improved continually, leading to the revelation of small but significant variations in the isotope abundances of many elements in their normal terrestrial occurrences caused by radioactivity and a variety of physicochemical and biochemical fractionation mechanisms. This atomic-weight variability has now been recognized as providing new scientific insights into and knowledge of the history of materials. Atomic weights, except those of the monoisotopic elements, are thus no longer regarded as "constants of nature". At the beginning of the 20th century, two scales for atomic weights were in common use: that based on the atomic weight of hydrogen being 1 and that based on the atomic weight of oxygen being 16. Atomic weights are now scaled to (12)C, which has the value 12 exactly. Accurate atomic weights of silicon, silver, and argon, have enabled the values of the Avogadro, Faraday and Universal Gas constants, respectively, to be established, with consequent effects on other fundamental constants.     

PE公司AA-200型原子吸收分光光度计常见故障分析

原子吸收分光光度计作为测量痕量金属元素的重要手段,是一种无机化学成分分析仪器．着重分析了PE公司生产的AA-200型原子吸收分光光度计在测定过程中的常见故障及其原因,提出了处理这些故障的相应措施．     

原子吸收光谱和原子发射光谱法测定酸雨中钾、钠、钙、镁方法比较

采用原子吸收光谱法和原子发射光谱法分别测定了酸雨中的钾、钠、钙、镁4种元素的含量,并对两种方法的样品前处理技术、标准曲线、方法检出限、准确度、精密度、干扰及消除等进行了比较研究。结果表明,两种方法无显著性差异,均可用于酸雨中钾、钠、钙、镁4种元素的测定。     

The Table of Standard Atomic Weights—An exercise in consensus

The present Table of Standard Atomic Weights (TSAW) of the elements is perhaps one of the most familiar data sets in science. Unlike most parameters in physical science whose values and uncertainties are evaluated using the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM), the majority of standard atomic-weight values and their uncertainties are consensus values, not GUM-evaluated values. The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) regularly evaluates the literature for new isotopic-abundance measurements that can lead to revised standard atomic-weight values, A_r°(E) for element E. The Commission strives to provide utmost clarity in products it disseminates, namely the TSAW and the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements (TICE). In 2016, the Commission recognized that a guideline recommending the expression of uncertainty listed in parentheses following the standard atomic-weight value, for example, A_r°(Se) = 78.971(8), did not agree with the GUM, which suggests that this parenthetic notation be reserved to express standard uncertainty, not the expanded uncertainty used in the TSAW and TICE. In 2017, to eliminate this noncompliance with the GUM, a new format was adopted in which the uncertainty value is specified by the “±” symbol, for example, A_r°(Se) = 78.971 ± 0.008. To clarify the definition of uncertainty, a new footnote has been added to the TSAW. This footnote emphasizes that an atomic-weight uncertainty is a consensus (decisional) uncertainty. Not only has the Commission shielded users of the TSAW and TICE from unreliable measurements that appear in the literature as a result of unduly small uncertainties, but the aim of IUPAC has been fulfilled by which any scientist, taking any natural sample from commerce or research, can expect the sample atomic weight to lie within A_r°(E) ± its uncertainty almost all of the time.     

从另一个角度处理“原子结构”内容的尝试

从教材内容和课程设计的科学性论证了基础无机化学课程中“原子结构”应分为“原子和原子结构”和“元素与周期律”两章.“原子和原子结构”包括原子结构、核外电子的运动状态和原子核结构,“元素与周期律”包括元素的起源、周期律的建立和元素基本性质的规律性.通过教学实践,说明这样的处理有利于探索教材结构处理对教学效果的影响,符合认识论规律.教法的改革有利于从基础课教学方面提高学生的科学研究意识.     

Multi-element trace analysis of tungsten

Investigations carried out in order to determine traces of 25 elements in tungsten in the lower g/g range are reported on. Atomic absorption spectrometry and plasma atomic emission spectrometry as well as solution photometry and activation analysis were the main techniques used.