锂化学试剂中锂同位素丰度及原子量的异常

锂化学试剂中锂同位素丰度及原子量的异常刘卫国，肖应凯，周引民（中国科学院青海盐湖研究所，西宁８１０００８）在１９９３年第３７届国际纯粹与应用化学联会（ＩＵＰＡＣ）上，原子量与同位素丰度委员会（ＣＡＷＩＡ）根据世界上对锂化学试剂中锂同位素丰度异常的报道...     

元素原子量测量及其演进

2019年是门捷列夫发现元素周期表第150周年。本文从原子量概念的提出、原子量测量技术的发展、原子量测量的中国贡献、原子量新的表述形式的出现等方面系统回顾了在过往两百多年里元素原子量的发展历史。     

原子量测定发展史与原子量基准的国际化历程

从古代思辨的原子论到近代科学的原子-分子论,原子量的测定是其从定性到定量发展的关键。原子量为化学家们研究物质提供了新的思路。原子量内涵的相对性,决定了原子量基准的重要性。原子量最终取代了测定与传播都早于它的当量,并走向了国际化,这个过程不仅可让我们认识到科学发展的曲折艰辛,也让人们理解了科学交流的重要性。     

我国新方法测定硒原子量被采纳为新国际标准

记者从中国计量科学研究院获悉,不久前在土耳其召开的国际纯粹与应用化学联合会同位素丰度与原子量委员会会议上,该院化学分析所王军创新团队建立的硒同位素丰度校正质谱法测量工作被评为最佳测量,     

化学元素的原子量

1　引言　　化学元素的原子量是自然科学中的重要常数 ,它在科学技术领域中有广泛的应用 ,尤其在化学领域中是不可缺少的基本数据。如果没有原子量 ,物质的质量将不可能与摩尔量联系起来。在化学发展的进程中 ,原子分子学说与元素周期律均以原子量为基础。　　早在 1 894年 ,美国化学会就发表了Ｆ .Ｗ .Ｃｌａｒｋｅ的极具准确性的原子量标准表 ,几年后德国化学会也开始发表原子量表。鉴于原子量的重要性 ,原子量应有国际一致的公认值 ,并应有一个国际性的机构统一负责定期公布原子量表 ,因此成立了由 3人 (美Ｆ .Ｗ .Ｃｌａｒｋｅ ,英Ｔ .…     

张青莲教授及其原子量新值测定研究

张青莲教授是中国科学院院士,我国同位素化学的奠基人.本文介绍他在90高龄之际在原子量新值测定方面所取得的杰出成就.从1990年代初以来,他主持一个科研小组采用质谱法,实施了测定10项原子量新值的长期计划.至2001年7月已经有In、Ir、Sb、Eu、Ce、Er、Ge、Dy和Zn等9个原子量新值被国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)的原子量与同位素丰度委员会(CAWIA)正式确定为原子量的国际新标准;另外一个Sm原子量新值也于2005年被国际组织确认.     

原子量基准的设定及其教育价值

从以氢为基准到以氧为基准,再到以碳为基准,原子量基准的设定与化学学科的发展紧密相关.运用原子量基准的设定史实,可以帮助学生解决相关的困惑,学习其中蕴含的思想方法和科学态度,认识科学的本质,充分发挥史实的教育价值.     

张青莲先生的原子量新值测定

1　九旬豪情再创辉煌　　 2 0 0 0年 3月 ,人民教育出版社发行的全日制普通高级中学教科书《化学》(第一册 )向全国高中生介绍了我国两位杰出化学家以及他们建树的足以使国人自豪的科学成就。其中之一是我国同位素化学的奠基人、中国科学院资深院士、北京大学化学学院教授张青莲先生。展示的业绩是张青莲先生于 90高龄之际在原子量新值测定方面所取得的举世瞩目的成果。　　 2 0世纪 90年代初以来 ,张青莲先生主持了一个科研小组 ,实施了测定 1 0项原子量新值的长期计划。现在这项在张先生 82岁高龄时正式启动的研究课题经过历时 1 2年的研…     

不断更新的原子量——兼谈现行化学教材存在的问题

介绍了IUPAC元素原子量2007-2017年版的变化情况及我国科学家在原子量测定方面所做的贡献,并指出了现行化学教材中的元素周期表和原子量表存在的问题,以期引起化学教材编写者及出版者的注意.     

THE ATOMIC WEIGHT OF ANTIMONY

With enriched antimony isotopes of 99.224 atom% ~(121)Sb and 99.528 atom% ~(123)Sb, twotracer solutions were prepared, whose antimony content was ascertained by the isotopicdilution analysis utilizing an accurately assayed laboratory standard. Mass spectrometricmeasurements were made on a Finnigan MAT- 261 instrument to find the ratio of masses121 and 123. Five synthetic mixtures formed from the tracers served to determine thecorrection factor of mass discrimination. The isotopic abundances thus found for the anti-mony in the mineral stibnite together with the known nuclidic masses yield an accurateatomic weight of antimony as 121 .7575± 0 .0009.     

铈同位素丰度的精确测定研究

通过用高浓缩同位素１４２Ｃｅ和１４０Ｃｅ配制９种混合样品，精确测定质谱计的系统误差校正系数，来校正用该仪器测定的天然铈的同位素丰度比，从而建立了准确测定铈同位素丰度的质谱分析方法，用这种绝对质谱法测定的铈相对原子质量是１４０１１５７±００００８。该数值已于１９９５年为国际理论与应用化学联合会（ＩＵＰＡＣ）的原子量与同位素丰度委员会所采纳     

Uncertainty of the concentration of a copper calibration solution

The postulated uncertainty of many commercially available standard solutions is estimated on the basis of uncertainties of individual preparation steps. The declared concentration of Cu standard solution (1000 ± 2) mg/L was verified by gravimetric analysis (found (1000.7 ± 0.4) mg/L), isotope dilution with commercial and laboratory-prepared isotope-enriched solutions (found (1000.6 ± 16.8) mg/L and (1002.4 ± 3.6) mg/L, respectively), and by atomic absorption spectrometry (found (1001.4 ± 5.3) mg/L). Uncertainty budgets of all used methods are given and the procedures of uncertainty estimation are fully documented.     

The uncertainty of atomic mass fractions in a molecule

The mass fraction of a certain atom species in a molecule is needed for the calculation of the result of some chemical analyses. Common examples are gravimetric determinations (e.g., the sulfur concentration in a sample that can be obtained from the mass of precipitated barium sulfate). A similar problem is encountered when a reference solution of an ion is prepared by dissolution of a salt. This paper presents how the uncertainty of the mass fraction is calculated from the uncertainties of the atomic weights as published by IUPAC. The value is needed for the determination of the combined standard uncertainty of the analysis. Some calculated examples illustrate the mathematical considerations presented in the paper.     

On the terms mass and weight

A short survey is given on mass units and recommendations on the proper use of the notations mass and weight.Whereas mass is an inertial physical quantity in classical mechanics, weight is a force due to the gravitational field and depending on the geographic situation.     

Isotope pattern deconvolution-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination and confirmation of diclofenac in wastewaters

Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) based on isotope pattern deconvolution (IPD) has been applied here to MS/MS (QqQ) in order to carry out the quantification and confirmation of organic compounds in complex matrix water samples without the use of a methodological IDMS calibration graph. In this alternative approach, the isotope composition of the spiked sample is measured after fragmentation by SRM and deconvoluted into its constituting components (molar fractions of natural abundance and labeled compound) by multiple linear regression (IPD). The procedure has been evaluated for the determination of the pharmaceutical diclofenac in effluent and influent urban wastewaters and fortified surface waters by UHPLC (ESI) MS/MS using diclofenac-d₄ as labeled compound. Calculations were performed acquiring a part and the whole fragment cluster ion, achieving in all cases recoveries within 90–110% and coefficients of variation below 5% for all water samples tested. In addition, potential false negatives arising from the presence of diclofenac-d₂ impurities in the labeled compound were avoided when the proposed approach was used instead of the most usual IDMS calibration procedure. The number of SRM transitions measured was minimized to three to make possible the application of this alternative technique in routine multi-residue analysis.     

从原子量概念的准确性和测定技术的发展看科学进步*

原子量概念的准确性和测定技术的发展一直是化学和物理学科的关注点之一。依据文献系统地阐述了原子量的定义、标准原子量值测定和确定的依据。详述了原子量测定技术发展的3个重要方法,即化学法、质谱法和校准质谱法;分析了测定技术发展的驱动力,指出这一过程对“修订国际单位制(SI)”和化学教育的影响。重点介绍了我国科学家对世界原子量测定工作的贡献。