负载型杂多酸催化下N2O5对氯苯的选择性硝化

使用负载型杂多酸为催化剂,N2O5为硝化剂的新型硝化体系,对氯苯的硝化反应进行研究. 分别考察了杂多酸类型、载体种类、杂多酸负载量及催化剂循环使用次数等因素对硝化反应的影响. 结果表明,N2O5硝化反应属于酸催化反应,负载型杂多酸能显著提高N2O5的硝化能力;催化剂回收后可直接重复使用,催化活性没有明显的降低. 在优化条件下,氯苯硝化反应得率为26%,对位选择性达68.8%. 结果表明,N2O5是一种具有应用前景的硝化试剂,可取代传统的硝硫混酸硝化法,减少废酸处理,符合绿色环保要求.     

负载型杂多酸催化下N2O5对氯苯的选择性硝化研究

使用负载型杂多酸为催化剂,N2O5为硝化剂的新型硝化体系,对氯苯的硝化反应进行研究。文章分别考察了杂多酸类型、载体种类、杂多酸负载量及催化剂循环使用次数等因素对硝化反应的影响。结果证明,N2O5硝化反应属于酸催化反应,负载型杂多酸能显著提高N2O5的硝化能力;催化剂回收后可直接重复使用,催化活性没有明显的降低。在优化条件下,氯苯硝化反应得率为26%,对位选择性达到68.8%,表明N2O5是一种具有应用前景的硝化试剂,可取代传统的硝硫混酸硝化法,减少废酸处理,符合绿色环保要求。     

气相硝化制备硝基苯的研究

研究了各种负载型杂多酸及其盐类对苯气相硝化的催化活性 ;探讨了载体、杂多酸类型、杂多酸负载量、反应温度、苯 /硝酸的摩尔比对硝化率的影响 .并用 ESR技术对催化剂进行了表征 .结果表明 ,二氧化硅负载杂多酸 (HPA)对苯气相硝化具有很好的催化活性 .对于 2 0 % H3PW1 2 O40 /Si O2 催化剂 ,苯 /硝酸的摩尔比为 2 ,反应温度为 15 5～ 16 0℃ ,空速 (SV)为 6 82 m L/(g cat.· h) ,硝基苯产率可达 90 .6 % ,硝基苯的时空收率 (STY)为0 .70 kg/(kg cat.· h) .     

H6PMo9V3O40/SiO2催化剂催化酚类化合物选择性硝化

为创建洁净高效的酚类化合物硝化工艺,以杂多酸H6PMo9V3O40(PMAV3)为活性组分,硅胶为载体,浸渍法制备了负载型催化剂PMAV3/SiO2,采用红外光谱、X射线衍射谱、N2吸附-脱附法及TG-DSC分析等测试技术对该催化剂的结构及热稳定性进行了表征;考察了该催化剂对多种酚类化合物硝化反应的催化性能。结果显示,该催化剂对多种酚类化合物的硝化反应具有很强的催化活性和区域选择性,产率为83.7%~94.5%,其中苯酚、邻甲酚、邻氯苯酚和邻氟苯酚以邻位硝化产物居多,水杨酸的对位硝化产物占绝对优势;负载催化剂的织构性质与载体相近,但随负载量增加,比表面积逐渐降低;PMAV3/SiO2的热稳定性好于本体PMAV3。催化剂回收容易,重复使用5次,活性基本不变。     

H5PMo10V2O40/SBA-15催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以Keggin型杂多酸H5PMo10V2O40为主体,SBA-15介孔分子筛为载体,利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同负载量的H5PM10V2O40/SBA-15负载型催化剂,通过XRD、FTIR、TEM、H2-TPR和N2吸脱附法对样品进行了分析和表征,并将制得的负载型催化剂应用于苯氧化苯酚的反应中,研究了不同条件(温度、时间和催化剂用量等)下的催化性能.研究结果表明:H5PMo10V2O40杂多酸能均匀地分散于SBA-15孔道中且SBA-15的六方介孔结构并未发生改变:较好地解决了活性组分大量溶脱的问题;与H5PMo10V2O40杂多酸相比,H5PMo10V2O40/SBA-15催化剂在苯氧化为苯酚的反应中具有更高的转化率和更好的选择性,当反应温度为70℃,催化剂的使用量为0.25 g,反应时间为2 h和H5PMo10V2O40负载量为60%时苯酚的选择性达到了82.53%.     

H4SiW12O40-La2O3/γ-- Al2O3催化甲醇脱水制备二甲醚

用浸渍法制备了负载型复合杂多酸催化剂H4SiW12O40-La2O3/γ-Al2O3,用于甲醇脱水制备二甲醚.用N2吸附、吡啶吸附红外光谱、NH3-TPD、XRD光谱等手段对催化剂进行了表征.考察了杂多酸负载量、浸渍时间、反应温度、质量空速等因素对催化活性的影响.实验结果表明：催化剂中H4SiW12O40负载量为10％～16％时催化剂的活性最好;在常压下反应温度为300℃,质量空速为1.0 h-1时,甲醇转化率达85％,二甲醚的选择性为99.9％;加压可提高催化剂的活性.     

加压条件下负载型杂多酸复合催化剂催化甲醇脱水制备二甲醚

合成了负载型杂多酸复合催化剂HSiW-La2O3/ γ-Al2O3,并用吡啶吸附IR光谱、NH32－TPD、N2吸附、UV－DRS、XPS和XRD等手段,对催化剂进行了表征,该催化剂具有中孔结构,表面上具有L酸和B酸,酸分布以弱酸为主,探讨了杂多酸含量,反应压力,反应温度入质量空速对甲脱水制备二甲醚转化率与选择性的影响,实验表明,当HSiW含量为105－16％时,催化剂活性,反应的最佳条件为压力0．75－0．85MPa(gauge),温度280－320℃,质量空速（MHSV）为1．5－2．5h^1。     

多壁碳纳米管负载铂的甲苯加氢脱芳催化剂

以多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)为载体制备了负载型Pt催化剂Pt/CNTs并将其用于催化甲苯加氢脱芳(HDA)反应.结果表明,在1.0%Pt/CNTs催化剂上,在0.4MPa,373K,PhCH3/H2摩尔比=6/94和GHSV=120L/(h.g)的反应条件下,甲苯转化率可达100%,比反应速率为0.0523mmol/(s.m2),分别是γ-Al2O3和AC负载各自最佳Pt负载量催化剂1.4%Pt/γ-Al2O3和2.4%Pt/AC上相应值的1.17和1.18倍.甲苯加氢产物全部为甲基环己烷,其他可能的加氢产物均在气相色谱检测限以下.催化剂的表征研究揭示,用CNTs代替γ-Al2O3或AC作为载体并不会引起所负载Pt催化剂上甲苯HDA反应的表观活化能发生明显变化.与γ-Al2O3或AC负载的相应催化剂相比,一方面,CNTs负载的Pt催化剂易于在较低温度下还原活化,并且其工作态催化剂表面催化活性Pt物种(Pt0)所占表面Pt摩尔分率有所提高;另一方面,CNTs负载的Pt催化剂对H2具有较高的吸附/活化和储存能力.这些促进效应对催化剂HDA活性的提高都有重要贡献.     

H2SiW12O40—La2O3／γ—Al2O3催化甲醇脱水制备二甲醚

用浸渍法制备了负载型复合杂多酸催化剂H2Si12O40-La2O3/γ-Al2O3,用于甲醇脱水制备二甲醚,用N2吸附、吡啶吸附外光谱、NH3－TPD、XRD光谱等手段对催化剂进行了表征,考察了杂多酸负载量、浸渍时间、反应温度、质量空速等因素对催化活性的影响。实验结果表明,催化剂中H2SiW12O40负载量为10％－16％时催化剂的活性最好,在常压下反应温度为300℃,质量空速为1．6h^-1时,甲醇转化率达85％,二甲醚的选择性为99．9％,加压可提高催化剂的活性。     

硫酸氢钠催化下甲苯的硝化

研究了硫酸氢钠催化下甲苯用硝酸的硝化.结果表明,在醋酐存在条件下,以CCl4为溶剂,以质量分数为95%的硝酸为硝化剂,反应温度控制在45℃,反应进行60 min,选用硫酸氢钠催化剂.对甲苯表现出了强的区域选择性,甲苯硝化产物邻对位比达1.09,较硝酸硫酸混酸的1.67显著降低.硝化产物收率达到99.9%.催化剂可循环使用5次,催化活性基本不变,是一种极具工业化开发价值的硝化反应催化剂.     

活性炭表面杂多酸的稳定性和酸性

活性炭表面杂多酸的稳定性和酸性王新平，叶兴凯，吴越（中国科学院长春应用化学研究所，长春１３００２２）关键词活性炭，杂多酸，固载化，热稳定性，酸性杂多酸是一种新型多功能酸催化剂［１］，近年来，已被应用于许多工业反应过程中［２］．将杂多酸固载化，将更有利...     

A New Method to Prepare Transition Metal Salts of Bulk and Supported Heteropolyacids. Application to the Catalysis of the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Isobutyric Acid

Transition metal salts of heteropolyacids have been prepared taking into account the strong acidic and cation exchanging properties of the solid heteropolyacids. The exchange between protons and the transition metal cation is carried out by stirring a suspension of the hydrated heteropolyacid in a solution of the metal acetylacetonate complex in toluene. The exchange occurs on the surface of the solid particles and diffusion of protons and metal cations into the hydrated lattice leads to the substitution of all the protons. The method can be utilized in order to prepare supported vanadyl and copper molybdophosphates from supported heteropolyacids and they have been studied in the catalysis of the oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutyric acid. The effect of vanadyl counter-ions on the catalytic behavior is the same as observed with bulk catalysts but, on the contrary, copper supported molybdophosphate shows an acid catalytic activity not observed with bulk catalysts.     

多金属氧酸盐催化苯甲醇的选择性氧化：一个绿色可循环的高效催化氧化体系

以Keggin结构的几类杂多酸和三乙胺（TEA）为原料,通过简单的酸碱反应合成了相应杂多酸的TEA盐。 并以它们作为催化剂,30％H2O2作氧化剂,在不使用长链相转移剂的条件下,研究了它们催化苯甲醇选择氧化制备苯甲醛的反应性能。 结果表明,该类催化剂在苯甲醇的选择氧化反应中具有比相应杂多酸更高的催化活性或选择性。 其中[TEAH]H2PW12O40为最佳催化剂,在适宜的反应条件下,该催化剂上苯甲醇转化率可达99.5％以上,苯甲醛选择性达~100％。 催化剂可以被分离和循环使用多次,活性、选择性基本不变。 用水作溶剂,避免了有机溶剂的使用,是一个高效、绿色的苯甲醛选择氧化体系。     

Lacunar Keggin Heteropolyacid Salts: Soluble,Solid and Solid-Supported Catalysts

Polyoxometalates are an important class of environmentally friendly catalysts. The Keggin heteropolyacids containing tungsten or molybdenum addenda atoms have received great attention because they have attractive acid and redox properties, which may be easily tunable through changes in their composition and structure. The replacement of their protons by large radium cations makes insoluble the Keggin heteropolyacids and increases their surface area. On the other hand, the removal of tungsten or molybdenum atoms from the Keggin heteropolyanion generates vacancies, which can activate different organic substrates. Therefore, solid lacunar heteropolyacid salts are potentially active catalysts and selective in a plethora of reactions. These catalysts are used either in homo- or heterogeneous conditions. In this review, we wish would highlight recent advances achieved in the chemistry of lacunar Keggin heteropolyacids. We describe their use as solid, soluble or solid-supported catalysts in reactions of oxidation of alcohols and olefins, oxidative desulfurization and acid-catalyzed reactions such as acetalization, esterification, and transesterification.     

Dehydrogenation activity and structure of polyaniline supported heteropolyacid catalysts

Polyaniline(PAN) supported H₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂(PW) , H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀ (PMo) and H₄PMo₁₁VO₄₀(PMoV) catalysts were prepared and their activities for hexanol conversion were tested. IR, XRD, ICP and SEM measurements proved that the heteropolyacids (HPA) could be supported on this type of polymer. The PAN supported HPA catalysts exhibit higher redox activities and low acid-base activities for the hexanol conversion. The redox activities increase with increasing amount of the heteropolyacid. Substitution of Mo ion by V ion results in an increase of redox activities of the catalysts. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Elucidation of structure and location of V(IV) ions in heteropolyacid catalysts H4PVMo11O40 as studied by hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy and pulsed electron nuclear double resonance at W- and X-band frequencies.

Electron spin resonance, pulsed electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy at W- and X-band frequencies, and hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopy have been employed to determine the location of the V(IV) ions in H4PVMo11O40 heteropolyacid catalysts. In these materials the heteropolyanions have the well-known structure of the Keggin molecule. Interactions of the unpaired electrons of the paramagnetic vanadyl ions (VO(2+)) with all relevant nuclei 1H, 31P, and 51V) could be resolved. The complete analysis of the hyperfine coupling tensor for the phosphorus nucleus in the fourth coordination sphere of the V(IV) ion allowed for the first time a detailed structural analysis of the paramagnetic ions in heteropolyacids in hydrated and dehydrated catalysts. The 31P and 1H ENDOR results show that V(IV) ions are incorporated as vanadyl pentaaqua complexes [VO(H2O)5](2+) in the void space between the heteropolyanions in the hydrated heteropolyacid. For the dehydrated H4PVMo11O40 materials the distance between the V(IV) ion and the central phosphorus atom of the Keggin molecule could be determined with high accuracy on the basis of orientation-selective 31P ENDOR experiments and HYSCORE spectroscopy. The results give a first direct experimental evidence that the paramagnetic vanadium species are not incorporated at molybdenum sites into the Keggin structure of H4PVMo11O40 and also do not act as bridges between two Keggin units after calcination of the catalyst. The vanadyl species are found to be directly attached to the Keggin molecules. The VO(2+) ions are coordinated to four or three outer oxygen atoms from one PVMo11 heteropolyanion in a trigonal-pyramidal or slightly distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry, respectively.     

Aromatic hydrocarbon nitration under tropospheric and combustion conditions. A theoretical mechanistic study

The viability of some nitration pathways is explored for benzene (B), naphthalene (N), and in part pyrene (P). In principle, functionalization can either take place by direct nitration (NO2 or N2O5 attack) or be initiated by more reactive species, as the nitrate and hydroxyl radicals. The direct attack of the NO2 radical on B and N, followed by abstraction of the H geminal to the nitro group (most likely accomplished by 3O2) could yield the final nitro-derivatives. Nevertheless, the initial step (NO2 attack) involves significant free energy barriers. N2O5 proves to be an even worst nitrating agent. These results rule out direct nitration at room temperature. Instead, NO3 and, even more easily, HO can form pi-delocalized nitroxy- or hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals. A subsequent NO2 attack can produce several regio- and diastereoisomers of nitroxy-nitro or hydroxy-nitro cyclohexadienes. In this respect, the competition between NO2 and O2 is considered: the rate ratios are such to indicate that the NO3 and HO initiated pathways are the major source of nitroarenes. Finally, if the two substituents are 1,2-trans, either a HNO3 or a H2O concerted elimination can give the nitro-derivatives. Whereas HNO3 elimination is feasible, H2O elimination presents, by contrast, a high barrier. Under combustion conditions the NO2 direct nitration pathway is more feasible, but remains a minor channel.     

用于苯与分子氧羟基化制苯酚的长链脂肪胺修饰的杂多酸催化剂

 将十二胺或十八胺与磷钼钒杂多酸结合, 制备了有机-无机杂化催化剂, 并在高压釜中考察了它们在苯与分子氧羟基化制苯酚反应中的催化性能. 结果表明, 当十二胺与杂多酸的摩尔比为 4:1 时, 所制备的杂化催化剂上苯酚产率为 11.5%, 大大高于纯杂多酸催化剂上的 3.9%. 结合长链脂肪胺与杂多酸之间的相互作用, 以及杂多酸的“假液相”特性, 初步讨论了长链脂肪胺的促进作用.     

Alkylation of phenol with camphene in the presence of heteropolyacids supported on metal oxides

Alkylation of phenol with camphene in the presence of supported heteropolyacids is studied. The main reaction products are found to be phenyl isobornyl ether, 2-isobornylphenol and 2-isocamphylphenol, the ratio between them being determined by the nature of heteropolyacid and carrier (ZrO₂ or TiO₂).