单取代侧链液晶聚炔的相结构

侧链液晶聚炔由于具有潜在的导电性能和液晶性能而得到越来越多的关注。本文综述了单取代侧链液晶聚炔主链的立体构型与构象及形成的柱状相结构、近晶相、溶致液晶相及外场中形成的相结构。旨在介绍主链构象、间隔基长度、液晶基元的结构和尾链长度等因素对其相结构的影响。     

钯催化偶联反应合成刚性桥连的苯并菲盘状液晶二聚体

盘状液晶是一类新型有机半导体材料, 盘状二聚体具有新颖的自组织特性. 合成了一系列官能化的盘状液晶单体, 再通过Pd催化端炔自身偶联反应合成了六个二苯基丁二炔桥连的苯并菲盘状液晶二聚体: (RO)₅C₁₈H₆(O₂CC₆H₄C≡C—C≡CC₆H₄CO₂)C₁₈H₆(OR)₅ (R＝C_nH_2n＋1, n＝4～9). 化合物的纯度和结构通过¹H NMR, IR和高分辨质谱表征. 二聚体的热失重分析(TGA)结果显示它们有良好的热稳定性, 在370 ℃才开始分解. 化合物的热致液晶性通过偏光显微镜和差视扫描热量法研究, 结果显示所有单体及二聚体化合物均为柱状相液晶, 在室温及以下仍处于液晶相. 单体清亮点随柔链增长呈下降趋势, 而二聚体呈相反趋势. 苯并菲柔链长度和连接基刚性对液晶性都有重要影响.     

盘状液晶材料的研究进展

盘状液晶分子容易形成柱状堆积的超分子组装体, 由于分子在液晶态具有一定的流动性, 使得组装体具有良好的结构缺陷自修复功能. 因此具有特定芳香共轭结构的盘状液晶分子可以呈现较高的导电特性, 能够有效传输电荷, 具有制备光电器件的潜在应用价值. 本文主要介绍以苯环、苯并菲、六苯并蔻、苝和肽菁为中心核的盘状液晶材料, 其分子结构的化学修饰对液晶性能的影响, 液晶材料在有机发光二极管(OLED)、有机场效应晶体管(OFET)和太阳能电池器件中的应用, 以及盘状液晶材料相关的动力学研究进展.     

盘状液晶材料（1）聚集态结构及分子工程

介绍了盘状液晶材料的相分类和不同聚集态结构的特点，并对盘状液晶体系的分子工程和其它扩展性研究进展了综述。     

三臂九链碟形液晶的合成与相结构表征

碟形液晶的出现使得热致性液晶能够产生“柱状”液晶相的结构.该分子聚集的几何状态,可使液晶具有各向异性的物理性质。由此,许多功能性的液晶的设计,接踵而来ti.刀。对于.*通讯联系人化学通报1992年第,期热致性液晶来讲,分子的形状是决定形成特定液晶相结构的关键因素[3J。迄今,从分子的化学结构来确定其能     

二乙炔桥连苯并菲盘状液晶二聚体的合成及其介晶性

通过桥链将2个盘状介晶基元相连,不仅可以稳定盘状液晶柱状相,还有利于玻璃态柱状相的形成,提高盘状液晶作为有机半导体材料的实用性．为此,通过铜盐催化的Eglinton偶联反应合成了8个二乙炔桥连的苯并菲盘状液晶二聚体化合物[C18H6（OCnH2n＋1）4（OMe）O2C—C8H16-C--C-]2,3（n）,（n=4-8）,[C18H6（OC6H13）5O2C—C8H16-C-C-]2,（6）和[C18H6（oc6H13）5O-（CH2）m-C-=C-]2,8（m）,（m=1,3）．差示扫描量热法（DSC）和热台偏光显微镜（POM）对其介晶性进行研究发现：（1）苯并菲周边柔链长度对液晶二聚体化合物的介品性有影响;（2）二聚体化合物3（n）和6具有玻璃态柱状相,并且所有苯并菲二聚体化合物在降温至-50℃均未出现结晶现象;（3）与二聚体3（6）相比,分子对称性较高的化合物6具有较稳定的柱状相,及较宽的介晶温度范围;（4）连接基、中心桥链的长度和刚性对苯并菲盘状液晶二聚体介晶性有重要影响．     

几类非常规液晶材料的研究进展

本文综述了液晶二聚体、多爪型液晶及香蕉形液晶等几类非常规液晶材料的研究进展。结合笔者近几年的研究积累,着重介绍:(1)液晶二聚体的分子结构与液晶态结构及液晶二聚体所特有的奇偶效应与近晶多形性;(2)多爪型液晶的分子结构与液晶态结构的特点及由于兼有棒状分子与盘状分子的结构特点而具备的特殊的相变性质;(3)香蕉形液晶的分子结构与液晶态结构及香蕉形液晶所特有的手性与极化序。在介绍各类液晶材料的特点及研究热点的同时,围绕分子结构与液晶态结构的关系这一主题,深入讨论了各种液晶材料形成特殊分子排列及表现出特殊物理性质的机理。     

芳烃-氟代芳烃和氢键作用调控的树枝状分子自组装及其液晶性质

通过收敛法合成了母核为亚胺键连接的芳环与氟代芳环,外围为3,4,5-三(正十二烷氧基)苯基亚甲基的第一代树枝状亚胺分子,并对其热致液晶行为和聚集体结构进行了研究.示差扫描量热和热台偏光光学显微镜研究表明该亚胺分子在93?C到118?C的温度范围内为具有双折射的液晶相.X-射线衍射结果表明该亚胺分子的液晶相为斜柱状结构(a=4.90 nm,b=3.51 nm,γ=110?).芳环-氟代芳环的面对面交替堆积和氢键驱动亚胺分子形成了柱状聚集体,分子外围的柔性十二烷氧基链的无序伸展,与母核聚集体发生微相分离,促使了亚胺分子斜柱状液晶相的形成.     

点击化学合成盘-棒-盘状液晶三聚体

本文设计并合成了一系列盘-棒-盘状液晶三聚体.此类三聚体由两个相同的苯并菲盘状介晶基元和一个联苯棒状介晶基元通过CuI-NEt3体系催化端基炔和端基叠氮化合物的点击反应连接形成.该三聚体结构通过核磁、红外和高分辨质谱表征;介晶性通过偏光显微镜(POM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和X射线衍射(XRD)进行了研究.结果显示:此类液晶三聚体均为室温液晶,呈现四方柱状相(Colr).连接3个介晶基元的柔性间隔基的长度对化合物的相转变温度具有明显影响.     

含氟链不对称苯并菲盘状液晶的合成及疏氟效应对介晶性的影响

盘状液晶分子中引入氟代烃链并利用疏氟效应（fluorophobic effect）能有效稳定分子的柱状堆积;低对称性的盘状分子有较低的熔点和宽的介晶相温度范围．基于此,本文设计并合成了一系列半氟酯链的不对称苯并菲化合物C18H6（OCnH2n＋1）4（OCH3）（O2CC2H4C6F13）（1）,及相对应的不含氟化合物C18H6（OCnH2n＋1）4（OCH3）（O2CC8H17）（2）,n=4—8．化合物结构通过核磁和质谱表征．介晶性通过差示扫描量热法和偏光显微镜进行了研究．结果显示：化合物均为柱状互变热致液晶．含氟链化合物1a—1e与相对应的化合物2a-2e比较,有更高的熔点和清亮点．合成的多数化合物为室温液晶．     

液晶二聚体

液晶二聚体作为半柔性主链型液晶聚合物的简化模型, 通过对其液晶性质的研究, 有助于理解更复杂聚合物体系的液晶行为. 另外, 液晶二聚体作为一类特殊的液晶也有其自身的相结构和相行为. 以分子结构与液晶态的相互关系为主线, 系统介绍了目前文献报道的对称及非对称棒状液晶二聚体(线形、H形、U形、T形)、盘状液晶二聚体(对称的盘-盘状液晶二聚体和非对称的盘-棒状液晶二聚体)和香蕉形液晶二聚体(对称的香蕉-香蕉形液晶二聚体和非对称的香蕉-棒状液晶二聚体)等各种不同类型的液晶二聚体的研究进展, 以期为新型液晶二聚体的分子设计提供一些借鉴.     

Playing with discs

The hierarchical self-assembly of disc-shaped molecules leads to the formation of discotic liquid crystals. These intriguing materials are of fundamental importance not only as models for the study of energy and charge migration in self-organised systems, but also as functional materials for various device applications. This has fostered numerous developments in this field. In this article, we have summarised the author's and the collaborators' research work on discotic liquid crystals.     

氮杂苯并菲类n-型有机半导体材料研究进展

苯并菲盘状液晶是一类新型的有机电子学材料.该类材料多数以空穴传输功能为主,能传输电子的n-型材料较少.氮杂苯并菲是与苯并菲衍生物非常相似的一种杂环化合物,材料结构中引入了氮原子,吸电子能力得到增强,是潜在的n-型有机半导体材料,具有重要的应用价值.本文系统回顾了氮杂苯并菲类盘状液晶材料的研究进展,分类讨论了材料的分子结构,其中包括二、四、六氮杂苯并菲,以及它们的合成方法和物理化学性能,论述了材料在光电子领域的最新使用进展,并在此基础上,对该类液晶材料作为n-型有机半导体在光电子器件领域的应用前景进行了展望.     

Self-assembled discotic nematic liquid crystals formed by simple hydrogen bonding between phenol and pyridine moieties

New discotic nematic liquid crystals have been prepared through intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the core of 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene (phloroglucinol, PG) or 1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzene (THPB) and the peripheral molecules of stilbazole derivatives. The various nematic phases formed by new hydrogen bonding building blocks were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarising optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The first discotic complexes of PG and trans-4-alkoxy-4′-stilbazoles exhibited nematic columnar (N_C) and hexagonal columnar phases depending on the length of alkyl chains, which were considered as the basic discotic structure. Several structural variations on the building blocks were attempted to examine their effects on the liquid crystalline properties of discotic complexes. The nematic lateral phase (N_L) with enhanced intercolumnar order was observed for the complexes of PG and trans-4-cyanoalkoxy-4′ stilbazoles due probably to the strong dipole interactions between cyano groups at the end of alkoxy chains. By introducing the nonlinear structure in three arms of supramolecular discotic mesogen, a discotic nematic phase (N_D) was observed for the complex of THPB and trans-4-octyloxy-4 -stilbazole. The single hydrogen bonding between phenol and pyridine moieties in this study provides a simple and effective method for preparing the rarely found discotic nematic liquid crystals.     

Orientation control and fixation of discotic liquid crystal

We established hybrid, horizontal, vertical, and vertical-twisted alignment of discotic liquid crystals on web-coating thin film. Newly developed materials are the photopolymerizable discotic liquid crystals, in order to fix desired novel alignment, the alignment promoters that deposit toward air surface during web coating, followed by drying of solvent, and then accomplish desired alignment of liquid crystals, the alignment layers that promote desired alignment of liquid crystals from the substrate side and the chiral agents, which have strong chiral powers in small amounts. Hybrid aligned discotic liquid crystal thin film has proven quite effective in expanding the viewing angle of thin film transistor liquid crystal displays.     

Incorporation of liquid crystalline triphenylene derivative in bulk heterojunction solar cell with molybdenum oxide as buffer layer for improved efficiency

We report efficient bulk heterojunction solar cells fabricated by inserting a discotic triphenylene derivative into poly (3-hexylthiophene): [6, 6]- phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. A layer of molybdenum oxide was inserted between anode and active layer. Power conversion efficiency of 2.0% was achieved for these photovoltaic solar cells containing self-organised discotic liquid crystals in the active layer under one sun condition. The influence of varying the thickness of liquid crystal layer and annealing on these solar cells was also studied. Post annealing the bulk heterojunction devices with discotic liquid crystal layer of thickness 20 nm in them yielded an open circuit voltage of 0.41 V, short circuit current density of 17.0 mA cm^?2, a Fill factor of 0.35 and power conversion efficiency of 2.5%.     

Substrate-induced phases: transition from a liquid-crystalline to a plastic crystalline phase via nucleation initiated by the substrate

The presence of substrate-induced phases in thin films is an intriguing phenomenon with the physical and chemical factors responsible for their formation are not yet clearly understood. In this article, we present the structure and morphological changes associated with a substrate-induced phase in a discotic liquid crystal. The thin films of the discotic molecule are characterised by a combination of various X-ray diffraction methods to investigate the structural properties. Atomic force microscopy and polarised optical microscopy are used to determine the thin film morphologies. This is the first experimental proof of the presence of a substrate-induced phase in discotic liquid crystal, although they are known in thin films of molecular crystals. Moreover, we sought to decipher how the substrate-induced phase behaves with the evolution of time, temperature and changes at the interfaces. This work gives a unique example where the two-dimensional liquid-crystalline phase converts to a three-dimensional crystal plastic phase because of nucleation caused by the solid substrate over a time scale of a month or longer.     

Evidence for the non-uniform distribution of polymer networks formed in liquid crystal devices

The electro-optic properties of liquid crystal devices are modified by the presence of a polymer network formed by the exposure to UV light of reactive mesogen molecules dissolved within the liquid crystal host. The effect of the polymer network depends on its density, and knowledge of this through the liquid crystal layer is necessary to understand qualitatively, and to model quantitatively, the electro-optic properties of liquid crystal devices containing polymer networks. Various techniques have been used to study the distribution of the polymer network and these show an increased concentration of the network near the surface closest to the UV light. Evidence is presented that the polymer network distribution becomes more uniform when non-UV absorbing liquid crystals are used.     

Mesomorphic properties of linear and branched new triphenylene-based poly(ester-ether)s

A series of main chain discotic liquid crystal polymers, synthesized following a new approach based on the incorporation of triphenylene units in both comonomers, show ordered columnar mesophases in a very wide thermal range, including room temperature. The introduction of branching points based on the same kind of triphenylene units increases their thermal range and gives rise to glassy low-temperature phases. Room temperature extrusion of these polymers yields fibers with molecules oriented perpendicular to the mechanical stress, and an orientational order parameter close to 0.5, which slightly increases for branched polymers.