原位电离与小型质谱在公共安全领域的应用

质谱作为一种具有高准确度、高灵敏度、高选择性的检测仪器,在公共安全领域有着重要的应用前景。公共安全领域的需求主要涉及毒品、毒物、爆炸物等化学物质的现场快速检测,因其影响广泛,检测结果需非常准确。作为实验室分析仪器,质谱的准确性和速度能满足公共安全的应用需求,但作为现场快速检测的仪器仍需要一定改进。现场快速检测一方面要求检测仪器的小型化,另一方面要求样品前处理的简单化,以使整个检测流程可以无需专业人员来完成。对于检测仪器的小型化,小型质谱的开发在近20年得到了充分发展;对于样品前处理的简单化,研究者发明了原位电离技术,使得基质复杂的被分析物无需前处理即可进行质谱检测。该文首先介绍了原位电离技术的发展及其在公共安全领域的应用,特别是对解吸附电喷雾电离、实时直接分析电离、激光烧蚀电喷雾电离、纸喷雾电离与纸毛细管喷雾电离等典型原位电离技术的原理、性能及在公共安全领域的应用进行了详细介绍,并讨论了几种原位电离现场定量方法。然后,对原位电离小型质谱的发展进行了综述,从最初的小型化离子阱,到仅能检测可挥发有机物的小型质谱,再到可检测非挥发性物质的常规大气压电离源小型质谱,最后发展成为有原位电离源的小型质谱,历经20年的发展使得原位电离小型质谱得以出现和提升。并列举了原位电离小型质谱在毒品现场检测与吸毒人员排查、爆炸物现场侦察、食品安全之农用化学品检测、药物质量检查等公共安全领域的应用。最后,对原位电离小型质谱的发展进行了展望,指出原位电离与小型质谱相结合是小型质谱发展的必然趋势,未来需使用更加智能化的原位电离小型质谱,结合云数据平台,实现更方便广泛的应用。     

快速蒸发电离质谱技术及其应用研究进展

近年来,原位电离质谱技术成为质谱分析领域的研究前沿和热点。快速蒸发电离质谱技术源于外科手术中的手术烟雾现象,自2009年报道以来,作为一种新型原位电离质谱技术已被广泛应用于医学、微生物鉴定、食品真伪鉴别、代谢物研究、药用植物成分鉴定等领域。该技术通过电离切割组织或其他生物样品产生的含丰富特定区域生物特征的气溶胶,对其进行原位、在线、实时、快速质谱分析。该文阐述了快速蒸发电离质谱技术的发展历程、电离机制及工作原理,并对其在不同领域的应用研究进展进行了综述,可为相关领域研究人员提供科研思路和技术参考。     

质谱在高通量快速检测技术中的应用研究进展

质谱是现代分析测试技术中同时具备了灵敏度高、特异性好、分析速度快等特性的普适性方法,现已被广泛应用于食品检验、环境监测、药物筛选、临床医学等众多领域的高通量快速检测技术中。该文针对近年来低分辨质谱、高分辨质谱以及原位电离质谱技术在高通量快速检测,特别是小分子化合物的高通量快速检测中的应用研究进展进行了综述,并对质谱技术用于高通量快速检测的发展趋势及应用前景进行了展望,以期为相关领域的科技人员提供理论支持和技术参考。     

实时直接分析质谱在农药检测中的应用

实时直接分析(Direct analysis in real time,DART)作为一种原位电离技术发展迅猛,其与质谱联用已成为热门的分析技术并广泛应用于法庭科学领域,如食品安全、爆炸物检测、毒物毒品分析和药物分析等方面。目前农药的常规检测方法已非常成熟,但引入原位电离-质谱联用技术可以拓宽检测范围,缩短检测时限。该文从实时直接分析质谱(DART-MS)技术的工作原理、检测条件优化及其在农药检测方面的应用进行综述,并对DART-MS的应用前景进行了展望。     

复杂样品的固相微萃取-直接质谱分析技术研究进展

常压离子化质谱分析技术由于具有无需样品预处理、操作简单、分析效率高等特点,现已在复杂样品的快速分析方面发挥了重要作用。但是,该技术在质谱分析时将样品基质和待测化合物同时进行电离,样品基质对目标化合物的质谱分析造成了严重干扰。为了解决这一问题,在质谱直接分析前先采用固相微萃取技术对复杂样品中的目标化合物进行富集或基质去除,可极大地提高待测化合物的质谱分析灵敏度。该文着重综述了近几年发展起来可直接与常压电离源相联用或可原位电离目标化合物的固相微萃取技术,介绍了它们的原理及在复杂样品分析领域的应用,展望了固相微萃取-直接质谱分析技术的发展趋势。     

常压电离质谱在脂质精确结构解析中的研究进展

脂类化合物的结构和功能与细胞生理过程密切相关,脂质结构的精确解析对探索脂质的生物学功能起着至关重要的作用。常压电离质谱技术的出现为常压敞开环境条件下的原位、实时、直接、快速生物脂质分析和组学研究提供了重要的手段。随着常压电离质谱技术在脂质分析和脂质组学研究的不断深入,对脂质结构特别是碳碳双键(C‖C)位置的精细解析就显得尤为重要。该文详细阐述了基于Paternò-Büchi反应、环氧化、臭氧诱导解离、紫外光解离的常压电离质谱技术,以及这些技术在脂质C‖C位置精确鉴定及异构体区分的应用,并展望了常压电离质谱在脂质化合物精确结构解析方面的发展趋势。     

固相基底电喷雾电离质谱的原理及应用

实际样品的直接质谱分析是质谱技术发展的重要趋势.固相基底电喷雾电离质谱是使用固相材料(如金属材料、多孔材料)承载样品进行电离的一类技术,可以直接分析各种形态的样品(如液态样品、黏性样品、固体样品、生物组织等),具有不同于传统毛细管电喷雾电离质谱的分析特性.近年来,固相基底电喷雾电离质谱受到越来越多的关注,并且已广泛地应用于生物、化学、药学以及食品等领域.本文着重介绍了几种典型固相基底电喷雾电离技术的原理及其应用,并且讨论了固相基底和溶剂在其中的作用以及固相基底电喷雾电离质的未来发展趋势.     

大气压化学萃取电离质谱法用于吡啶类化合物的快速检测

利用大气压化学萃取电离源质谱技术(EAPCI-MS)对吡啶类化合物的电离行为特征进行研究。实验显示,EAPCI-MS技术在常温常压条件下,无需样品预处理和任何辅助化学试剂,在质谱图中能同时检测到吡啶类化合物的质子化分子离子峰[M+H]+和分子离子峰M+·,并具有类似的二级碎裂机理。研究结果表明,EAPCI-MS技术具有不同于传统电离源质谱的裂解方式,同时兼具传统电喷雾电离(ESI)和大气压化学电离(APCI)的特征电离方式和行为,极大地提高了化学检测的选择性,增强了质谱分析的定性能力。该研究为吡啶类化合物的检测和鉴定提供了一种新方法,对吡啶类化合物的快速检测具有重要的应用价值和意义。     

单光子电离质谱法在线分析牙膏中的香精物质

在无需样品前处理的条件下,建立了直接进样单光子电离飞行时间质谱在线分析牙膏样品中香精物质的方法。本方法采用石英毛细管直接将样品导入质谱仪电离区,优化了电离区气压条件,并利用香精标准品的特征质谱信号对牙膏样品中香精成分进行了快速、准确鉴定,单个样品分析仅需0.5 min。将本方法应用于模拟刷牙过程中挥发性香精的在线、原位监测,考察了水含量对牙膏香精挥发过程的影响。结果表明,直接进样单光子电离飞行时间质谱法能够实时监控刷牙过程中挥发香精的成分与浓度,可以应用于其他样品如食品、化妆品中香精成分的分析。     

软电离质谱在烟草化学中的应用进展

综述了软电离质谱技术原理和特点,及其在烟草及烟气中有害成分分析测定、实时在线卷烟烟气测定、致香物质的分离与鉴定、农残测定等方面展望了其在烟草化学中的应用,主要包括化学电离质谱、电喷雾电离质谱、大气压化学电离质谱、激光解吸电离质谱、单光子电离质谱等技术(引用文献54篇)。     

Electrostatic field–induced tip‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct analysis of raw food materials

Rapid characterization of metabolites and risk compounds such as chemical residues and natural toxins in raw food materials such as vegetables, meats, and edible living plants and animals plays an important part in ensuing food quality and safety. To rapidly characterize the analytes in raw food materials, it is essential to develop in situ method for directly analyzing raw food materials. In this work, raw food materials including biological tissues and living samples were placed between an electrode and mass spectrometric (MS) inlet under a strong electrostatic field; analytes were rapidly induced to generate electrospray ionization (ESI) from the sample tip by adding a drop of solvent onto the sample. Therefore, the electrostatic field–induced tip‐ESI‐MS allows raw samples to avoid contacting high voltage, and thus this method has the advantage for in vivo analysis of food living plants and animals. Metabolite profiling, residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs, and natural toxins from raw food materials have been successfully detected. The analytical performances, including the linear ranges, sensitivity, and reproducibility, were investigated for direct sample analysis. The ionization mechanism of electrostatic field–induced tip‐ESI was also discussed in this work.     

常压电离质谱在公共安全化学毒物检测的应用

常压电离质谱技术(Ambient ionization mass spectrometry,AIMS)以其敞开式环境、简便操作、原位、实时、高通量等优势,成为公共安全化学毒物检测领域的研究热点。该文基于文献计量分析,简要概述了AIMS的分类、发展趋势及其在公共安全化学毒物检测领域的发展现状,重点从检测灵敏度、样品前处理兼容性以及现场检测的小型化质谱适配性等方面,归类总结了AIMS在毒品、爆炸物、化学战剂和生物毒素等分析检测方面的应用特点,最后对其技术特点及未来发展待解决问题等进行了评述,为相关领域研究人员提供有益参考。     

气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱法在食品安全分析中的应用

气相色谱-负化学源质谱法(GC-NCI-MS)技术被广泛应用于环境、人体组织、食品等样品中污染物的定性分析和定量测定.综述了近年来气相色谱-负化学源质谱技术在食品安全分析如农药残留、兽药残留和污染物测定中的应用.     

Detection of buffalo mozzarella adulteration by an ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methodology

Over the past years, LC–MS‐based approaches have gained a growing interest in food analysis by using different platforms and methodologies. In particular, enhanced selectivity and sensitivity of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan function offer powerful capabilities in detecting and quantifying specific analytes within complex mixtures such as food matrices. The MRM approach, traditionally applied in biomedical research, is particularly suitable for the detection of food adulteration and for the verification of authenticity to assure food safety and quality, both recognized as top priorities by the European Union Commission. Increasingly stringent legislation ensure products safety along every step ‘from farm to fork’, especially for traditional foods designed with the Protected Designation of Origin certification. Therefore, there is a growing demand of new methodologies for defining food authenticity in order to preserve their unique traits against frauds. In this work, an ultra performance liquid chromatopgraphy‐electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methodology based on MRM has been developed for the sensitive and selective detection of buffalo mozzarella adulteration. The targeted quantitative analysis was performed by monitoring specific transitions of the phosphorylated β‐casein f33‐48 peptide, identified as a novel species‐specific proteotypic marker. The high sensitivity of MRM‐based MS and the wide dynamic range of triple quadrupole spectrometers have proved to be a valuable tool for the analysis of food matrices such as dairy products, thus offering new opportunities for monitoring food quality and adulterations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

常压激光离子源辅助基质的研究进展及其在食品领域的应用

基于激光的电离质谱具有空间分辨率高、样品预处理简单、易于便携化和可实现成像分析等特点。基质辅助的激光离子源质谱可以避免高能量对分子结构的破坏,在生物大分子分析和检测方面获得了广泛应用。传统辅助基质在低分子量范围的干扰较强,极大地限制了常压基质辅助激光离子源的应用,为解决这一问题,一系列基于新型材料的辅助基质被设计和开发出来。这些新型材料可分为两大类:新型有机基质和无机材料。质量范围的扩展和目标化合物灵敏度的增强,显著扩展了常压基质辅助激光离子化技术在原位分析中的应用。该文针对新型辅助基质在常压激光离子源及其在食品安全领域的应用进行了综述,并展望了未来的研究趋势。     

Application of differential scanning calorimetry in food research and food quality assurance

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is the most widely used thermal analytical technique in food research and it has a great utility in quality assurance of food. Proteins are the most studied food components by thermal analysis including studies on conformation changes of food proteins as affected by various environmental factors, thermal denaturation of tissue proteins, food enzymes and enzyme preparations for the food industry, as well as effects of various additives on their thermal properties. Freezing-induced denaturation of food proteins and the effect of cryoprotectants are also monitored by DSC. Polymer characterization based on DSC of polysaccharides, gelatinization behaviour of starches and interaction of starch with other food components can be determined, and phase transitions during baking processes can be studied by DSC. Studies on crystallization and melting behaviour of fats observed by DSC indicate changes in lipid composition or help characterizing products. Thermal oxidative decomposition of edible oils examined by DSC can be used for predicting oil stability. Using DSC in the freezing range has a great potential for measuring and modelling frozen food thermal properties, and to estimate the state of water in foods and food ingredients. Research in food microbiology utilizes DSC in better understanding thermoadaptive mechanisms or heat killing of food-borne microorganisms. Isothermic microcalorimetric techniques provide informative data regarding microbial growth and microbial metabolism.     

Laser desorption dual spray post‐ionization mass spectrometry for direct analysis of samples via two informative channels

A laser desorption dual spray post‐ionization mass spectrometry method is described, and its usefulness is demonstrated with the examples of selective detection of food components, manipulation of protein charge state distribution and investigation on the formation of magic number clusters. The method is carried out by adopting two spray emitters for post‐ionization of analytes desorbed by a pulsed infrared laser. Various components in a complex sample or distinct behavior of an analyte in two different spray reagents can be rapidly probed by the method quasi‐simultaneously, highlighting the potential applications of this method for protein characterization, reaction study and food analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

敞开式电离质谱技术在法医毒物分析中的应用

敞开式电离质谱(Ambient ionization mass spectrometry,AIMS)是指在大气压环境下,无需或只需简单的样品前处理即可对样品中目标物进行分析的质谱技术。AIMS具有简单、快速、无损和适用范围广等优势,被广泛应用于法医毒物分析领域。该文对敞开式电离(Ambient ionization,AI)技术进行了简单概述,将检材分为体内检材和体外检材两大类,综述了AIMS技术在不同类型检材毒物分析中的应用,并对其在法医毒物分析中的发展前景进行了展望。     

MALDI‐FT‐ICR‐MS for archaeological lipid residue analysis

Soft‐ionization methods are currently at the forefront of developing novel methods for analysing degraded archaeological organic residues. Here, we present little‐used soft ionization method of matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization‐Fourier transform‐ion cyclotron resonance‐mass spectrometry (MALDI‐FT‐ICR‐MS) for the identification of archaeological lipid residues. It is a high‐resolution and sensitive method with low limits of detection capable of identifying lipid compounds in small concentrations, thus providing a highly potential new technique for the analysis of degraded lipid components. A thorough methodology development for analysing cooked and degraded food remains from ceramic vessels was carried out, and the most efficient sample preparation protocol is described. The identified components, also controlled by independent parallel analysis by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS), demonstrate its capability of identifying very different food residues including dairy, adipose fats as well as lipids of aquatic origin. The results obtained from experimentally cooked and original archaeological samples prove the suitability of MALDI‐FT‐ICR‐MS for analysing archaeological organic residues. Sample preparation protocol and identification of compounds provide future reference for analysing various aged and degraded lipid residues in different organic and mineral matrices.