链缠结对等规聚苯乙烯结晶的影响

在1×10^－3～2×10^－5 g•mL^－1溶液浓度范围内, 用溶液雾化冷冻升华法制备了等规聚苯乙烯(i-PS)的单链、寡链非晶态聚集体. 随着溶液浓度降低, i-PS分子链团间的分离程度增大, 链间缠结随之减少, 因此冷冻升华制备的样品中单、寡链线团数目逐渐增多. DSC研究结果表明随着溶液浓度的降低, 冷冻升华样品的结晶温度逐渐降低; 等温结晶得到的晶粒熔点和结晶度降低. 由浓度为2×10^－5 g•mL^－1溶液制备的i-PS样品在468.3 K熔体结晶60 min后, 得到平均体积约为1.5×10⁴ nm³的单链晶粒. 用SEM观察到晶粒尺寸约为20～50 nm. 采用偏光显微镜(POM)测量了不同温度等温时i-PS单、寡链聚集体球晶的生长速率. 用Hoffmann理论进行了描述, 计算得到了i-PS单链聚集体熔体结晶片晶的端表面能(σ_e)为30.2 erg•cm^－2, 侧表面能(σ)为5.7 erg•cm^－2及单分子链折叠功(q)约为4.5×10^－13 erg•molecule^－1. 与文献值相比, 实验结果表明链缠结对聚合物结晶有很大影响.     

冷冻升华制备的超高分子量聚乙烯寡链、多链晶体的凝聚态

在10^-3～10^-5g/mL浓度范围内,用冷冻升华法制备了超高分子量聚乙烯(UHPE)单链、寡链、多链的折叠链晶聚集体.长达几万纳米的UHPE分子链可以以不同的片晶参与结晶,或自身形成数个晶粒,即形成单链多晶.DSC研究结果表明,随着溶液浓度的降低,冷冻升华样品的熔点和结晶度均降低.由熔点估算了晶粒的体积和晶粒中包含的链数,它们亦随溶液浓度降低而降低.冷冻升华得到的小晶粒中链的缠结少,晶体具有较高的完善性.用WAXD测试晶粒的(110)和(200)面的法向尺寸,由此计算晶粒的平均体积,与熔点计算得到的数值一致.     

溶剂性能对部分解缠结聚氯乙烯有序结构形成的影响

一般的高分子非晶态是线团相互穿透的多链凝聚态,是分子固体中非常独特的一种分子凝聚态[1～4].而高分子链的缠结是高聚物凝聚态的重要特征之一.缠结是指高分子链之间形成物理交联点,构成网络结构,使分子链的运动受到周围分子的羁绊和限制[5],因此缠结对链的构象调整以及链单元     

链缠结对聚合物结晶行为的影响

链缠结是聚合物分子链相互作用的一种形式 ,它主要影响分子链的长程运动 .自链缠结的概念被提出以来 ,人们对聚合物粘弹性、流变行为和网络平衡力学等进行了理论研究和实验验证 .然而 ,在聚合物结晶领域 ,链缠结对结晶过程的影响一直存在着很大的争论 .Flory等 [1] 认为 ,聚合物结晶时分子链根本没有足够的时间进行构象调整 ,分子链进入晶格后 ,使大量的缠结链段被挤入非晶区 ,并由此建立了聚合物结晶“插线板”模型 .Hoffman等 [2 ]根据单根分子链从过冷熔体“卷饶”到晶体前沿所需的时间进行估算 ,结果比 Flory预言的快约 3～ 5个数量级…     

氧化锌纳米线自组装定向生长动力学研究

研究了以极性高分子(如聚丙烯酰胺)长分子链作为自组装网络, 利用高分子软模板控制ZnO纳米点成核和ZnO纳米线定向生长, 从而使ZnO纳米线在半导体硅衬底上自组装生长的过程; 采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测试了高分子络合-烧结法制备ZnO纳米线的结晶曲线, 对其结晶动力学进行了研究, 推导出结晶动力学方程为: 1－X_t＝exp(－7.475×10^－2t^1.9); 并利用热重(TG)测试结果, 通过热分解反应, 导出了反应动力学方程: dα/dT＝(3.76×10²³/Φ)e^－21340.8/T(1－α) ^2.8, 从而得到了化学反应速度随时间、浓度和温度变化的关系, 并用结果解释了实验现象.     

链结构及频率对嵌段聚醚氨酯介电谱的影响

不少研究者用介电驰豫的方法对聚合物进行了广泛的研究^[1-5].对多嵌段的两相体系,介电驰豫的方法很灵敏.我们曾用此法研究了不同扩链剂及软段为聚四亚甲基醚二醇(PTMG)嵌段聚醚氨酯(SPEU)的分子运动,观察到软段结晶的α_c峰^[6].本文用介电驰豫方法进一步考察软段链结构不同对温度谱的影响,以及不同驰豫单元的活化能.     

梯度式升温脱水制备LiBF4及其表征

用水溶液法以硼酸、氢氟酸和碳酸锂为原料制备出LiBF₄水溶液, 经浓缩、结晶、梯度式升温脱水得到锂离子电池电解质盐LiBF₄, 应用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外图谱、热分析对其进行了表征. 研究结果表明: 梯度式升温脱水避免了传统的迅速升温导致的部分水合物熔融包裹在晶体表面而妨碍内部晶体脱水, 自制LiBF₄与商品LiBF₄的XRD图谱吻合, 并与粉末衍射文件(PDF)卡片00-040-1431符合, 确认为无水LiBF₄, 属六方晶系, 空间群为P3₁2₁; LiBF₄红外谱图分析中, 1050 cm^－1处的吸收峰分裂为两个分别处于1055和1038 cm^－1的吸收峰, 属于T₂振动模式的ν₃ (as)振动, 在650 cm^－1处出现中等强度吸收峰, 属T₂振动模式的δ₃ (s)振动; LiBF₄的TG-DTG图谱中314.31 K处有一微弱分解峰, 在516.48 K处出现强分解峰, 失重率为72.33%, 其分解过程可视为LiBF₄分解为LiF和BF₃.     

石墨烯/铁氰化钴复合膜修饰玻碳电极同时测定对苯二酚、邻苯二酚和间苯二酚

采用滴涂法和电沉积法制备了石墨烯/铁氰化钴复合膜修饰玻碳电极. 用扫描电镜对该纳米复合膜进行了表征.用循环伏安法研究了对苯二酚(HQ)、邻苯二酚(CT)和间苯二酚(RS)在修饰电极上的电化学行为. 实验结果表明, 相对于裸玻碳电极和石墨烯修饰电极, HQ, CT 和RS 在石墨烯/铁氰化钴修饰电极上的氧化峰电流显著提高. 利用差分脉冲伏安法测定, HQ, CT 和RS 分别在1.0×10^－6～1.5×10^－4 mol/L, 1.0×10^－6～2.0×10^－4 mol/L 和3.5×10^－6～2.5×10^－4 mol/L浓度范围内与氧化峰电流呈良好的线性关系, 相关系数分别为0.991, 0.993 和0.992. 信噪比为3 时, HQ, CT 和RS 检出限分别为2.0×10^－7, 2.1×10^－7 和3.5×10^－7 mol/L. 将该方法用于水样分析, 回收率为95.6%～106.1%.     

具有高二阶极化率噻唑类生色分子的合成与表征

设计、合成了含羟乙基活性基团的噻唑类非线性生色分子, 用IR, EA, ¹H MNR, UV-Vis和DSC-TG等对其结构和性能进行了表征, 用超瑞利散射技术测定了其二阶极化率. 结果表明: 两种噻唑类生色分子具有较高的β值, 在波长1064 nm处, β分别为5.60×10^－28和5.76×10^－28 esu, 其最大吸收波长都未超过600 nm, 截止波长均小于710 nm, 生色分子的热分解温度分别为 224和216 ℃, 具有较好的热稳定性, 可用于制备性能优异的非线性光学材料.     

超高分子量聚乙烯的红外光谱的特性研究

研究了超高分子量聚乙烯(M_w>1×10⁵)的红外光谱-温度特性.3条非晶谱带(1368、1352和1304cm^-1)的吸收强度均随温度升高而增大,但都比普通分子量聚乙烯增加的小,尤以高于140℃更甚.分子链中次甲基的近程构象序列分布随温度的变化不受分子量的影响,但旁式构象序列分布则随温度升高而增大.升温和降温过程的红外光谱均表明1352和1304cm^-1两谱带随结晶状态的变化比1368cm^-1更敏感.     

Influence of entanglements on glass transition of atactic polystyrene

Freeze‐dried samples were prepared from dilute solutions of atactic polystyrene (a‐Ps) in benzene in a concentration range of 1 × 10^?1 to 2 × 10^?5 g/mL, and their glass transition temperatures (T_g) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that below a critical concentration (C), the T_g of samples decreases linearly with decreasing logarithmic concentration of solutions. The freeze‐dried samples were annealed at a constant temperature for various times or at various temperatures for the same period of time. The T_g of samples prepared from solutions of concentration below C was observed to shift to higher temperature with increasing annealing temperature or annealing time, finally approaching that of the bulk sample. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the freeze‐dried samples were determined and were compared with the bulk sample. Significant changes in line width and absorption intensity were observed in the spectra of the freeze‐dried samples, indicating that the packing of segments is in a more dilatant state. During annealing, the packing of segments in the samples gradually approaches that of the bulk sample, diminishing the differences in FTIR spectra between the freeze‐dried sample and the bulk sample. The experimental observations are discussed, and it is assumed that intrachain and interchain entanglements may play an important role in glass transition. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2243–2251, 2005     

Crystallization behavior of single or pauci chain aggregates of isotactic polystyrene

Single and pauci chain aggregates of isotactic polystyrene (i-PS) were prepared by the freeze-drying process from dilute solutions with the concentration from 1×10⁻³ to 2×10⁻⁵ g/mL. It was found by DSC measurements that the melting point of samples gradually shifted to lower temperatures with the decrease of the solution concentration used for sample preparation. As a result, the lamella thickness of bulk samples and the samples prepared by the freeze-drying process from a solution of 2×10⁻⁵ g/mL was 19.3 and 12.6 nm, respectively. At 468.3 K the half crystallization time (t _1/2) of samples freeze-dried from a solution of 1×10⁻⁴ g/mL was about 36 s, which was merely one tenth of that of the bulk sample. In addition, the growth rate of spherulite (dr/dt) of samples prepared from a solution of 2×10⁻⁵ g/mL was faster than that of the bulk sample annealed at 478.3 K. All these results should be attributed to the fewer entanglements in samples prepared by freeze-drying process from dilute solutions, and presented clear evidence for the influence of chain entanglements on the crystallization behavior of polymers. __________ Translated from Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 2005, 26(10) (in Chinese)     

Transient dynamics of cold-rolled and subsequently thermally rejuvenated atactic-polystyrene using broadband dielectric spectroscopy

The effect of plastic deformation on the molecular dynamics of atactic polystyrene (a-PS) was studied by broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (BDRS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and polarized-light microscopy. Sheets of a-PS have been subjected to cold rolling, that is, mechanical rejuvenation, followed by a quenching step and fast heating above its glass-transition temperature, resulting in thermal rejuvenation. Cold rolling revealed, in addition to the known α- and γ(I)-relaxations, four hitherto unknown relaxation processes (II, III, IV and V). Using the framework of craze formation and multiplicity of the glass transition (E. Donth, G. H. Michler, Colloid Polym. Sci. 1989, 267, 557–567), supported by an activation-enthalpy/entropy analysis (Starkweather, W. Howard, Macromolecules 1981, 14, 1277–1281), the following physical picture emerges: (a) processes I and II represent local conformation transitions γ referring to chains of two different degrees of stretching (T/G-ratio); and (ii) processes III and IV were identified as helix-inversion processes of T₂G₂ helices as reported earlier for syndiotactic-rich PS—an assignment supported by FTIR results. Finally, the relaxation V could be attributed to the onset of the fibrillar glass transition (within crazes), leading to stress release by collapse of the fibrils and hence dying out of process V. Polarized-light microscopy confirmed the creation of oriented structures and internal stresses upon cold rolling, and their removal upon thermal rejuvenation.     

Criegee自由基CH2O2与H2O反应机理及动力学的理论研究

在6-311＋G(2d,2p)水平下, 采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法, 研究了Criegee 自由基CH₂O₂与H₂O的反应. 结果表明反应存在三个通道: CH₂O₂＋H₂O®HOCH₂OOH (R1); CH₂O₂＋H₂O®HCO＋OH＋H₂O (R2); CH₂O₂＋H₂O®HCHO＋H₂O₂ (R3), 各通道的势垒高度分别为43.35, 85.30和125.85 kJ/mol. 298 K下主反应通道(R1)的经典过渡态理论(TST)与变分过渡态理论(CVT)的速率常数k^TST与k^CVT均为2.47×10^－17 cm³•molecule^－1•s^－1, 而经小曲率隧道效应模型(SCT)校正后的速率常数k^CVT/SCT为 5.22×10^－17 cm³•molecule^－1•s^－1. 另外, 还给出了200～2000 K 温度范围内拟合得到的速率常数随温度变化的三参数Arrhenius方程.     

Random-coil configurations of the polyformals. VI. Dipole moments of the stereochemically variable polymer prepared from 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane

Mean-square dipole moments 〈μ²〉₀ for the (atactic) poly(4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) chain [CH₂OCH(CH₃)CH₂O? ] were determined from dielectric-constant measurements carried out on two fractions dissolved in benzene. Simple examination of the chain structure leads to the predictions that this polymer should have a significantly larger value of 〈μ²〉₀ than poly(1,3-dioxolane) itself, but that 〈μ²〉₀ should be nearly independent of stereochemical structure. The first expectation is confirmed by the experimental results obtained, and the second by calculated results based on rotational isomeric state theory.     

Thermally induced conformational changes in poly(vinyl chloride)

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used for the detection of thermally induced conformational changes in atactic poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Difference spectra emphasize changes in the distribution of gauche defects in the chains as functions of temperature and annealing. Specific bands in the ν(CCl) and δ(CH₂) regions varied with inverse temperature, allowing a calculation of the activation energies of the rotamer species. Conformational changes were also detected in quenched PVC films as a result of annealing below the glass transition temperature, T_g.     

266 nm光照下水溶液中氯苯与H2O2的反应机理研究

利用瞬态吸收光谱技术研究了不同条件下C₆H₅Cl与H₂O₂水溶液的激光闪光光解情况, 初步考察了其瞬态物种的生长和衰减等行为. 研究表明, •OH自由基和C₆H₅Cl反应生成C₆H₅Cl-OH adduct, 其反应速率常数在近中性、酸性条件下约为(5.89±0.65)×10⁹和(7.07±0.61)×10⁹ L•mol^－1•s^－1; 其衰减则符合双分子二级反应, 速率常数2k/εl＝1.1×10⁶ s^－1, 而在碱性时则为(4.34±0.51)×10⁹ L•mol^－1•s^－1, 衰减呈准一级反应, 速率常数为2.11×10⁵ s^－1. 在有氧条件下, O₂与C₆H₅Cl-OH adduct反应生成C₆H₅Cl-OHO₂ adduct, 其反应速率常数为6.8×10⁸ L•mol^－1•s^－1.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyvinylferrocene/Polypyrrole Composites

Conducting polymer composites of polyvinylferrocene and polypyrrole (PVF/PPy) were synthesized chemically by the in situ polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of PVF using FeCl₃ as oxidant. Acetic (CH₃COOH) and boric (H₃BO₃) acids were used as the synthesis medium. Effects of the synthesis medium on the properties of the PVF/PPy composite were investigated. The PVF/PPy composites and homopolymers were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and magnetic susceptibility techniques. Conductivity measurements were performed using the four‐probe technique. We found that the conductivities of PVF/PPy‐H₃BO₃ (1.19 S cm^?1) and PVF/PPy‐CH₃COOH (4.5×10^?1 S cm^?1) increased relative to those of the homopolymers of PPy‐H₃BO₃ (2.1×10^?2 S cm^?1) and PPy‐CH₃COOH (1.2×10^?2 S cm^?1) due to the interaction of PVF with the pyrrole moiety. The stability of all homopolymers and composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and by conductivity measurements during heating‐cooling cycles. There was a small drop in conductivity caused by the annealing of PVF/PPy composites at 70°C. The conductivity of all samples increased with temperature and exhibited stable electrical behavior with increasing temperature. TGA analysis of samples showed that the composites were more stable than the homopolymers or PVF separately. The magnetic susceptibility values of samples were negative, except for PVF/PPy‐H₃BO₃. Morphology changes of the composites investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attributed to synthesis conditions, have a significant effect on their conductivity.     

基于酰腙和酚羟基的阴离子受体的合成及其在含水介质中的阴离子比色识别性能

设计合成了一系列基于羟基和氨基的酰腙类受体分子.利用紫外-可见吸收光谱及1HNMR考察了其与F-,Cl-,Br-,I-,CH3COO-,H2PO4?,HSO4?,ClO?4等阴离子的作用.结果表明,该类受体分子在DMSO溶液中能较好地比色识别F-,CH3COO-,H2PO4?,其中受体2在含水介质中[V(DMSO)∶V(H2O)=7∶3]能选择性比色识别CH3COO-.1HNMR滴定实验研究了受体分子与阴离子之间的作用,结果表明受体分子与阴离子之间以氢键作用方式相结合.