微波辅助萃取技术的进展

介绍了微波辅助萃取技术的特点和装置，综述了近年来微波辅助萃取技术在环境分析和药物提取中的应用，并展望了微波辅助萃取技术的应用前景和发展方向。引用文献74篇。     

刺五加中黄酮类化合物的微波辅助提取研究

利用微波辅助提取法(MAE)提取刺五加中的黄酮类化合物,通过正交实验,考察了微波提取条件(包括溶剂、微波辐射时间、提取压力和料液比)对刺五加中总黄酮提取率的影响,结果表明：溶剂为50％乙醇,提取压力为700kPa,提取时间为10min,料液比为1：20时,提取率最佳。与索氏提取法相比较,提取率可提高40％。     

微波辅助提取-可见分光光度法测定穿心莲中的总黄酮

比较了微波辅助提取、超声提取、索氏提取3种方式对穿心莲中总黄酮的提取效率.确定以微波辅助提取法最佳.实验结果表明:用60%乙醇在固液比为1:15的条件下提取6 min提取效率最高.用NaNO2-硝酸铝-NaOH-黄酮体系分光光度法测定总黄酮含量,平均回收率为103.00%,RSD=1.37%(n=5),证实了可以用微波辅助提取法提取,紫外可见分光光度法检测穿心莲中总黄酮的可行性.     

微波辅助-旋转回流提取仪的组装及其在叶下珠有机酸提取中的应用

组装了一种新型的微波辅助旋转回流装置,该装置的基本原理与微波辅助溶剂萃取的原理相同,但采用了旋转的技术以加速提取.应用该装置以正交实验筛选优化叶下珠中有机酸的提取工艺,并利用毛细管电泳技术分离测定了提取液中有机酸的含量以评价提取效果.最佳提取工艺:乙醚为溶剂,微波功率800 W,提取时间4 min,溶剂用量300 mL.在该提取条件下,平行5次提取叶下珠中丁二酸、原儿茶酸、没食子酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸的平均含量分别为42.2、103.5、436.2、123.8、67.4 μg/g,相对标准偏差为0.87% ～3.7%,加标回收率为94% ～104%.将该法与常规的微波辅助提取法及回流提取法进行比较,结果表明,微波辅助旋转回流提取法提取效率明显优于其它2种方法.     

微波辅助蒸汽蒸馏提取-气相色谱-质谱法测定矮化芳樟枝叶挥发油成分

采用微波辅助蒸汽蒸馏提取法对矮化芳樟枝或叶中挥发油进行提取,用气相色谱-质谱法测定其中的挥发油成分。所得结果与传统蒸汽蒸馏提取法数据对比,两种方法所得枝叶挥发油主要成分和含量基本相同;但微波辅助蒸汽蒸馏提取法仅需37.5min即可达到最高提取率。     

土壤中多环麝香微波辅助提取与其它提取方法的对比研究

结合硅胶柱净化、GC - MS技术比较了微波辅助提取、索氏提取和超声波提取对土壤中佳乐麝香和吐纳麝香的萃取效果.通过对微波辅助提取条件进行优化,确定采用30 mL正己烷-丙酮(1∶1)于120℃微波萃取20 min.在优化条件下,土壤样品中佳乐麝香和吐纳麝香的线性范围为10～1 000 μg/L,相关系数分别为0.99...     

微波辅助法提取香根净油的研究

采用微波辅助法提取香根净油,通过实验确定了最佳提取工艺条件。研究结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为：提取液中乙醇体积分数为80%,固液比1∶10（g/mL）,微波频率2450MHz,功率1190W,微波时间5min。最佳提取工艺条件下香根净油提取率为6.41%。     

微波辅助提取石蒜和虎杖中有效成分的动力学模型

基于微波辅助提取(MAE)中药材中化学成分的非稳态扩散过程, 根据Fick第二定律建立了石蒜中石蒜碱、力可拉敏和加兰他敏以及虎杖中白藜芦醇和大黄素微波辅助提取过程的动力学模型. 研究了提取时间、提取温度及药材粒度等因素对石蒜中石蒜碱、力可拉敏和加兰他敏以及虎杖中大黄素和白藜芦醇的提取率的影响, 采用Matlab软件编程对动力学模型进行回归分析, 拟合的动力学模型与实验结果吻合. 根据模型计算了石蒜中石蒜碱、力可拉敏和加兰他敏以及虎杖中大黄素和白藜芦醇在MAE提取过程中的扩散系数D, 与溶剂加热回流法(SRE)比较, 引入增强因子γ, 表征了微波对溶质分子扩散传质的影响及其对不同基质药材作用的差异.     

高压微波辅助提取法提取牛黄上清丸中的黄芩苷

采用高压微波辅助提取法提取牛黄上清丸中的黄芩苷, 利用蜜丸的粘性, 将蜜丸涂敷在自制毛玻璃片表面后, 置于高压微波提取装置中进行提取, 同时与直接将蜜丸切块置于微波装置进行了对比.     

微波辅助提取刺五加中黄酮类化合物过程中的化学变化研究

利用HPLC-UV和HPLC-ESI-MSn技术系统地研究了传统中药刺五加中黄酮类化合物在微波辅助常压和高压提取过程中的化学变化, 并考察了提取压力和提取时间对其化学变化规律的影响, 结果表明, 在提取压力超过300 kPa时芦丁开始失去一个芸香糖转化为槲皮素; 随着微波照射时间的延长, 金丝桃苷、芦丁、槲皮苷和槲皮素提取产率先增加, 而后下降. 提取压力越大, 提取速率越快, 分解的速度也越快,达到最高提取产率的时间越短.     

Comparison of microwave‐assisted and conventional extraction of mangiferin from mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves

Mangiferin is the main bioactive component in mango leaves, which possesses anti‐inflammatory, antioxidative, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, and antitumor activities. In the present study, a microwave‐assisted extraction method was developed for the extraction of mangiferin from mango leaves. Some parameters such as ethanol concentration, liquid‐to‐solid ratio, microwave power, and extraction time were optimized by single‐factor experiments and response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions were 45% ethanol, liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 30:1 (mL/g), and extraction time of 123 s under microwave irradiation of 474 W. Under optimal conditions, the yield of mangiferin was 36.10 ± 0.72 mg/g, significantly higher than that of conventional extraction. The results obtained are beneficial for the full utilization of mango leaves and also indicate that microwave‐assisted extraction is a very useful method for extracting mangiferin from plant materials.     

微波萃取技术

微波萃取技术在有机污染物和有害金属分离的研究和应用方面出现了令人鼓舞的进展。微波萃取方法具有方便、快速、试剂消耗低、回收率高和可用水作萃取溶剂的优点。本综述介绍了微波萃取技术的原理、方法、设备和应用研究现状。     

Design of guanidinium ionic liquid based microwave‐assisted extraction for the efficient extraction of Praeruptorin A from Radix peucedani

A series of novel tetramethylguanidinium ionic liquids and hexaalkylguanidinium ionic liquids have been synthesized based on 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylguanidine. The structures of the ionic liquids were confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. A green guanidinium ionic liquid based microwave‐assisted extraction method has been developed with these guanidinium ionic liquids for the effective extraction of Praeruptorin A from Radix peucedani. After extraction, reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was employed for the analysis of Praeruptorin A. Several significant operating parameters were systematically optimized by single‐factor and L₉ (3⁴) orthogonal array experiments. The amount of Praeruptorin A extracted by [1,1,3,3‐tetramethylguanidine]CH₂CH(OH)COOH is the highest, reaching 11.05 ± 0.13 mg/g. Guanidinium ionic liquid based microwave‐assisted extraction presents unique advantages in Praeruptorin A extraction compared with guanidinium ionic liquid based maceration extraction, guanidinium ionic liquid based heat reflux extraction and guanidinium ionic liquid based ultrasound‐assisted extraction. The precision, stability, and repeatability of the process were investigated. The mechanisms of guanidinium ionic liquid based microwave‐assisted extraction were researched by scanning electron microscopy and IR spectroscopy. All the results show that guanidinium ionic liquid based microwave‐assisted extraction has a huge potential in the extraction of bioactive compounds from complex samples.     

Simultaneous extraction and determination of free and conjugated phytosterols in tobacco

Acid hydrolysis and alkaline saponification were incorporated into a microwave‐assisted extraction process for the simultaneous extraction of free and conjugated phytosterols from tobacco. The crude extract of the microwave‐assisted extraction was purified by C₁₈ solid‐phase extraction and then determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Phytosterols of cholesterol, ergosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, and β‐sitosterol were determined by chromatographic quantification. The multiple parameters of microwave‐assisted extraction were optimized by a uniform design method. The optimal ratio of extraction ethanol solvent to tobacco mass was 30 mL/g. The microwave‐assisted extraction acid hydrolysis was carried out in sulfuric acid medium by heating for 10 min at 55°C. The microwave‐assisted extraction alkaline saponification was performed after adding excessive sodium hydroxide by heating another 10 min. The repeatability of the proposed method was acceptable with recoveries from 69.68 to 88.17% for the phytosterols. Five target phytosterols were all found in the tobacco samples, and the contents were significantly different in samples from different producing areas.     

Microwave extraction of essential oils from dried fruits of Illicium verum Hook. f. and Cuminum cyminum L. using ionic liquid as the microwave absorption medium

Ionic liquid was used as microwave absorption medium and applied to the extraction of essential oils from dried fruits of the Illicium verum Hook. f. and Cuminum cyminum L. by microwave‐assisted extraction. The extraction time is less than 15 min at the microwave power of 440 W. The constituents of essential oils obtained by the proposed method were compared with those obtained by hydrodistillation. There is no obvious difference in the constituents of essential oils obtained by the two methods.     

Microwave Accelerated Extraction and Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis of Berberine from the Cortices of Phellodendron Wilsonii and Phellodendron Amurense

Berberine is one of the most important bioactive compounds used in Chinese herbal drugs to evaluate the quality of the Phellodendron cortex. The cortices of Phellodendron wilsonii and Phellodendron amurense, extracted by using a microwave‐assisted process under a domestic microwave oven in methanol solvent and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with the buffer solution of 82% 0.1 M aqueous sodium acetate and 18% MeOH (v/v), were demonstrated to be higher in extracting berberine contents and shorter in the process time than those extracted by using a reflux extraction in methanol solvent (for sample B, 2.27 ± 0.08% in 3 min vs. 1.92 ± 0.14% in 5 hrs, respectively). Therefore, the microwave‐assisted process for extraction of berberine is more efficient, rapid and convenient than the reflux extraction and can be used for the extraction of bioactive substances from the crude Chinese drugs.     

表面活性剂协同微波提取紫背天葵色素的研究

从紫背天葵(begonia fimbristipula hance)中提取了紫背天葵色素,并优化了提取条件;提取剂为0．03％(w)的K12-45％(φ)乙醇水溶液,用量为每克原料加入30mL提取剂,微波功率为464w,提取时间为200s,提取次数为2次提取率为94．8％,产率为9．31％;色价E(1％,510nm)为23．7．产品pH值为6．4与溶剂浸提法相比,每次提取时间减小36倍,提取率增加22．3％。     

用微波辅助皂化GC-MS法测定血清中的胆固醇

研究了微波辅助皂化－气相色谱－质谱联用（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）测定血清中胆固醇的分析方法。用０．４ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＯＨ－甲醇溶液为皂化液,在６００Ｗ微波功率下接受辐射３０ｓ皂化血清样品,选正庚烷为提取液。通过与水浴皂化法、酶学分光光度法比较,表明该法快速、溶剂用量少、准确、重现性好,方法的检出限为０．０１１ｍｇ,特别适用于生物、食品、体液等大量样品中胆固醇的测定,可快速为临床医学及生物工程等提供诊断数据。     

A comparison between different techniques for the isolation of rosemary essential oil

Traditional hydrodistillation (HD), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), organic solvent extraction (SE), and water microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) techniques were compared and evaluated for their effectiveness in the isolation of rosemary essential oil. The microwave assisted hydrodistillation technique was optimized in terms of both delivered power and time duration. The extracts/distillates were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Microwave distillation, which exploits the physical action of microwaves on plants, showed a series of advantages over the other approaches: low cost, use of water in sample pre-treatment step, greatly reduced isolation time, and attainment of high quality essential oil distillate. Moreover, the absence of environmental impact of this innovative technique was also emphasized.