高岭土负载SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2催化剂的制备及其在缩酮合成中的应用

以经H2SO4处理焙烧的高岭土为载体,制备了以其负载的SO4(2-)/ZrO2-TiO2固体酸催化剂.用FT-IR、XRD和NH3-TPD等测试技术表征了催化剂的微观结构及酸强度,考察了对环己酮乙二醇缩酮反应的催化活性及稳定性.结果表明,酸化处理使高岭土表面酸量增加,但酸强度变化不大,而其负载SO4(2-)/ZrO2-TiO2后,经500℃焙烧3 h其酸量及酸强度显著升高.环己酮用量为0.2 mol、乙二醇0.24 mol、催化剂1.2 g、带水剂环己烷15 mL,回流反应70 min后,缩酮收率可达96.8%,催化剂重复使用5次收率保持在90%以上.     

高岭土负载SO42-/ZrO2-TiO2催化剂的制备及其在缩酮合成中的应用

以经H2SO4处理焙烧的高岭土为载体,制备了以其负载的SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2固体酸催化剂。 用FT-IR、XRD和NH3-TPD等测试技术表征了催化剂的微观结构及酸强度,考察了对环己酮乙二醇缩酮反应的催化活性及稳定性。 结果表明,酸化处理使高岭土表面酸量增加,但酸强度变化不大,而其负载SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2后,经500 ℃焙烧3 h其酸量及酸强度显著升高。 环己酮用量为0.2 mol、乙二醇0.24 mol、催化剂1.2 g、带水剂环己烷15 mL,回流反应70 min后,缩酮收率可达96.8%,催化剂重复使用5次收率保持在90%以上。     

掺杂La2O3的硫酸钛在缩醛(酮)反应中的催化活性

硫酸钛掺杂La2O3后经高温焙烧制得一种新型固体酸催化剂。用环己酮缩乙二醇反应表征其催化活性的反应条件为：环己酮200mmol,n(环己酮)：n(乙二醇)=1．0：1．5,带水剂环己烷15mL,硫酸钛催化剂[w(La2O3)0．05,400℃焙烧3h]用量4．1％(以环己酮质量计),回流分水1h,收率94．5％。结果表明,催化活性随La2O3含量的增加而升高,随焙烧温度的升高而降低。催化剂吸附吡啶的红外光谱证实催化剂表面存在明显的Broensted酸中心和Lewis酸中心。该催化剂对其它缩醛(酮)反应也有催化活性。     

HZSM-5的表面B酸与催化活性

用离子交换法测定了不同温度下焙烧的HZSM-5沸石表面的B酸量;对用离子交换、TPD及IR等方法测定的酸性结果进行了关联;讨论了表面酸性质对乙酸和乙醇的酯化及乙醇分子间缩合反应活性的影响。结果表明,当焙烧温度低于550℃时,HZSM-5表面的B酸量(0.745—0.727mmol/g)基本上与根据骨架铝计算的理论值(0.735mmol/g)相吻合,说明交换下来的酸与沸石骨架铝密切相关。这部分B酸与HZSM-5的TPD谱图中峰Ⅱ相对应,说明它们是沸石表面的强酸中心,L酸与其它与骨架铝无直接联系的酸是较弱的酸中心。HZSM-5的催化活性随表面B酸量的下降而有规律的下降,而经Na~+充分交换后,用TPD测定的酸量与其催化活性基本无关的事实,说明酯化和乙醇缩合反应主要是在B酸中心上进行的。     

固体铌酸催化下甲苯的硝化

在不同焙烧温度下制备了一系列固体铌酸催化剂。测定了固体铌酸催化剂的比表面积、表面酸强度及表面酸量。研究了催化剂焙烧温度、硝化反应时间、硝化反应温度、有无醋酐存在、硝酸浓度、催化剂的重复使用等因素对甲苯硝化反应影响。实验结果表明,当反应温度为40℃,反应时间为60 min时,以CCl4为溶剂,以质量分数为95%的硝酸为硝化剂,在醋酐存在条件下,以经300℃焙烧3 h后的铌酸作为催化剂,甲苯硝化产物中异构体的邻对比达1.26,较硝硫混酸的1.67显著降低,产物得率达99.3%。且该催化剂循环使用5次,催化活性基本不变,是一种极具应用前景的绿色硝化反应催化剂。     

硫酸化剂和制备方法对锆基固体酸催化剂的结构和性能的影响

采用沉淀法制备ZrO2氧化物,用氯磺酸和硫酸对其进行改性制备了Zr基固体酸催化剂,以XRD、BET和NH3-FTIR等手段考察了制备条件对催化剂晶相结构和表面性质的影响,研究了催化剂结构与其对棕榈油酯化反应的催化活性之间的关系.NH3-FTIR表明催化剂表面有B酸和L酸中心的生成.硫酸化剂的种类及其引入顺序都将影响催化剂的晶相结构和孔结构.酸的引入将阻止ZrO2·nH2O在焙烧时直接向单斜相ZrO2转变,氯磺酸将使ZrO2·nH2O转变为四方相ZrO2,而硫酸将导致四方相ZrO2和Zr(SO4)2·5H2O的生成.以氯磺酸改性的四方相和单斜相ZrO2基催化剂均具有很高的催化酯化活性,比硫酸改性的S-Z固体酸催化活性高.CS-ZrO2固体酸催化活性最高,在醇油比6:1、催化剂用量7 wt%、温度338 K和常压下反应2 h,棕榈油的酯化率可达98.9%.     

固体酸催化合成马来酸二丁醋

制备了固体酸催化剂Zr(SO4) 2/SiO2,并用于合成马来酸二丁醋,考察了Zr(SO4)2负载量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间等催化剂制备条件对催化活性的影响.采用FTIR、XRD、TG等方法对催化剂进行了表征分析.通过正交实验设计优化了固体酸Zr ( SO4)2/SiO2催化合成马来酸二丁醋的工艺条件.实验结果表明,Zr(...     

多级孔结构WO3/ZrO2固体酸催化剂的烷基化催化性能研究

采用复合模板表面活性剂辅助水热法一步合成WO3/ZrO2体系多级孔固体酸催化剂,探讨了煅烧温度对所合成催化剂试样酸强度及酸量的影响,并考察了催化剂针对苯和十二烯的烷基化反应中的催化性能.结果表明,WO3/ZrO2体系催化剂具有较强的酸强度,并且与催化剂的比表面积和晶化程度有密切关系,比表面积的增大和四方相ZrO2的生成能有效地提高催化剂的酸强度.该催化剂具有优良的烷基化反应催化活性和选择性,其中450℃,5h煅烧的WO3/ZrO2催化剂样品酸性最强,其烷基化催化活性和选择性最优.     

新型磁性纳米固体酸催化剂ZrO2/Fe3O4的制备及表征

根据将磁性一材料和固体酸进行组装的设想，成功制备了磁性纳米固体酸催化剂。纳米级样性前体-磁基体(Fe3O4)的磁性、粒子尺寸受到Fe^2^+/Fe^3^+投料比和用于沉淀的NaOH浓度的显著影响；不同复合方法也对磁性固体酸催化剂ZrO2/Fe3O4的酯化催化性能影响显著。XRD，XPS，TEM，比表面积测定，元素组成分析及磁学性能测定等表征结果证实，新型催化剂以磁性材料为核，固体酸催化剂活性组分包覆在其外部形成包覆型的磁性纳米催化剂。该系列催化剂均具有较小的粒子尺寸、较强的磁性及较高的酯化催化活性；并且易于通过磁场进行回收，使用寿命较长。它们对乙酸与正丁醇酯化反应的催化活性随着ZrO2含量增加而提高。催化剂中ZrO2的晶化温度因为Fe3O4的存在而升高，有利于催化剂活性的保持，热处理温度会对催化剂的磁性及催化活性产生影响。     

大孔SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2复合固体酸制备及催化性能

利用浸渍水解法在大孔SiO2载体上组装固体酸制备出大孔径SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2复合固体酸催化剂。用扫描电镜、红外光谱仪和粉末X射线衍射仪等对其进行表征,结果表明:大孔SiO2载体的毛细管效应促使ZrO2以纳米薄层方式均匀地沉积在SiO2薄层表面,并抑制了ZrO2晶体的生长和晶相的转变,载体的大孔全连通的结构赋予该复合材料高的通透性(孔径在1~2μm)、两面活性点和大的比表面积(约156 m2.g-1)。Hammett指示剂法测得经550℃焙烧后产物的酸强度H0值小于-13.75,属于固体超强酸。以乙酸正丁酯的合成为探针反应考察硫酸浸渍液浓度、焙烧温度等制备条件对其催化活性的影响,结果表明,该SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2固体酸具有较好的催化活性,当焙烧温度为550℃和硫酸浸渍液浓度为1.5 mol.L-1时,超强酸对酯化反应的催化酯化率达到97%。     

改性硫酸钛催化合成丙酸酯

固体硫酸钛经不同的高温灼烧制得改性硫酸钛，用改性硫酸钛吸附吡啶后的IR光谱表征其表面酸性；用丙酸与多种醇反应考察其酯化催化活性。结果表明，改性硫酸钛表面存在明显的Broensted酸中心；对酯化反应的催化活性高、反应时间短、催化剂可重复使用多次。     

Preparation of modified Ce-SAPO-34 catalysts and their catalytic performances of methanol to olefins

The modified Ce-SAPO-34 catalysts were prepared with three methods, i.e., the liquid ion exchange with air calcination, impregnation with air calcination and impregnation with steam calcination methods. The catalytic performances of the catalysts for methanol to olefins were investigated. The properties of the catalysts were characterized using XRD, BET, XRF, FT-IR and NH₃-TPD. The results indicated that compared to the SAPO-34 catalyst the catalyst prepared with the impregnation and air calcination prolonged the lifetime by 40 min and improved the selectivity to ethylene by 5% (mol) and the catalyst prepared with the impregnation and steam calcination showed the best modification effect, prolonging the lifetime by 70 min and improving the ethylene selectivity by 10% (mol). The catalyst prepared with the liquid ion exchange showed similar behaviour as the SAPO-34 catalyst. It was verified that the porous structure and surface acidity of these catalysts determined their catalytic behaviors.     

Photocatalytic isomerization of norbornadiene over Y zeolites

K, Zn, Cs and La ion-exchanged Y zeolites were prepared and used as photocatalysts for the isomerization of norbornadiene. The prepared catalysts were characterized by EDS, XRD, ²⁷Al- and ²⁹Si-NMR, UV-vis and IR. The La-exchanged sample showed the highest degree of exchange, but accompanied with some dealumination. La-exchange generated both B-acid and L-acid sites, whereas other metals produced only L-acid sites. For the photocatalytic isomerization reaction, the activity order was LaY > CsY > ZnY > KY. The heavy atom effect and B-acidity are expected to play important roles in the reaction.     

Effects of Calcination Temperature on the Acidity and Catalytic Performances of HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalysts for the Catalytic Cracking of n-Butane

The acidic modulations of a series of HZSM-5 catalysts were successfully made by calcination at different treatment temperatures, i.e. 500, 600, 650, 700 and 800 ℃, respectively. The results indicated that the total acid amounts, their density and the amount of B-type acid of HZSM-5 catalysts rapidly decreased, while the amounts of L-type acid had almost no change and thus the ratio of L/B was obviously enhanced with the increase of calcination temperature (excluding 800 ℃). The catalytic performances of modified HZSM-5 catalysts for the cracking of n-butane were also investigated. The main properties of these catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, N2 adsorption at low temperature, NH3-TPD, FTIR of pyridine adsorption and BET surface area measurements. The results showed that HZSM-5 zeolite pretreated at 800 ℃ had very low catalytic activity for n-butane cracking. In the calcination temperature range of 500-700 ℃, the total selectivity to olefins, propylene and butene were increased with the increase of calcination temperature, while, the selectivity for arene decreased with the calcination temperature.The HZSM-5 zeolite calcined at 700 ℃ produced light olefins with high yield, at the reaction temperature of 650 ℃ the yields of total olefins and ethylene were 52.8% and 29.4%, respectively. Besides, the more important role is that high calcination temperature treatment improved the duration stability of HZSM-5zeolites. The effect of calcination temperature on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of HZSM-5 for cracking of n-butane was explored. It was found that the calcination temperature had large effects on the surface area, crystallinity and acid properties of HZSM-5 catalyst, which further affected the catalytic performance for n-butane cracking.     

稀土改性对SO42-/ZrO2固体酸催化剂结构与催化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法和浸渍法在不同条件下制备了稀土-SO₄^2-/ZrO₂系列固体酸催化剂。使用废油脂与甲醇的酯交换反应评价了催化剂活性,并通过X射线衍射、红外光谱、比表面积测定表征方法考察了催化剂结构和性能的关系。结果表明,La摩尔掺杂量4%、焙烧温度600℃时制得的SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-La₂O₃催化剂活性最高,此时脂肪酸甲酯的产率为64.68%,且具有较好的重复使用性。稀土的引入使活性四方相ZrO₂更加稳定,600℃焙烧使催化剂既具有较多活性四方相ZrO₂,又具有较大比表面积,从而提高了催化剂活性。催化剂中形成了固体超强酸结构,且改性后酸强度增大,催化剂活性中心数目增加。     

钛氧纳米管固载Rh催化剂催化氰基烯烃氢甲酰化反应性能

为了调控含碱性基团功能烯烃的催化氢甲酰化反应,设计合成了不同表面酸性的钛氧纳米管和Zr-掺杂钛氧纳米管负载Rh催化剂（Rh/TNTs,Rh/Zr-TNTs）。用XRD、XPS、FT-IR、TEM和低温N2吸脱附等对所合成的催化剂进行了结构及组成表征。催化剂没有显现出与Rh和Zr相关的XRD衍射峰,Rh在纳米管中高度分散;Zr-掺杂钛氧纳米管的比表面积比纯钛氧纳米管的要高,催化剂的比表面积随着载Rh量的增加而减小,其中Rh0百分率也会降低,催化剂中Rh能对CO进行化学吸附。所合成的催化剂能有效地催化氰基烯烃氢甲酰化,催化活性随载Rh量而变化,最佳值为0.13 w;提高催化温度虽能增加2-甲基-3-丁烯腈的转化率,但也有利于它的异构化;Rh/Zr-TNTs表面更强的B酸性有利于催化反应生成直链产物醛,负载催化剂能表现出良好的协同作用。     

固体酸催化合成马来酸二丁酯

制备了固体酸催化剂Zr(SO4)2/SiO2,并用于合成马来酸二丁酯,考察了Zr(SO4)2负载量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间等催化剂制备条件对催化活性的影响。采用FTIR、XRD、TG等方法对催化剂进行了表征分析。通过正交实验设计优化了固体酸Zr(SO4)2/SiO2催化合成马来酸二丁酯的工艺条件。实验结果表明,Zr(SO4)2/SiO2是合成马来酸二丁酯的良好催化剂,适宜的催化剂制备条件为:硫酸锆负载量57%,焙烧温度400℃,焙烧时间2 h。适宜的催化合成反应条件为:酐醇物质的量比为1∶2.5,催化剂用量为马来酸酐质量的6%,带水剂甲苯8 mL,反应时间2.0 h。在此条件下马来酸二丁酯的酯化率为98.5%。     

Influence of alkali metal doping on surface properties and catalytic activity/selectivity of CaO catalysts in oxidative coupling of methane

Surface properties （viz. surface area, basicity/base strength distribution, and crystal phases） of alkali metal doped CaO （alkali metal/Ca= 0.1 and 0.4） catalysts and their catalytic activity/selectivity in oxidative coupling of methane （OCM） to higher hydrocarbons at different reaction conditions （viz. temperature, 700 and 750 ℃; CH4/O2 ratio, 4.0 and 8.0 and space velocity, 5140-20550 cm^3 ·g^-1·h^-1） have been investigated. The influence of catalyst calcination temperature on the activity/selectivity has also been investigated. The surface properties （viz. surface area, basicity/base strength distribution） and catalytic activity/selectivity of the alkali metal doped CaO catalysts are strongly influenced by the alkali metal promoter and its concentration in the alkali metal doped CaO catalysts. An addition of alkali metal promoter to CaO results in a large decrease in the surface area but a large increase in the surface basicity （strong basic sites） and the C2＋ selectivity and yield of the catalysts in the OCM process. The activity and selectivity are strongly influenced by the catalyst calcination temperature. No direct relationship between surface basicity and catalytic activity/selectivity has been observed. Among the alkali metal doped CaO catalysts, Na-CaO （Na/Ca = 0.1, before calcination） catalyst （calcined at 750 ℃）, showed best performance （C2＋ selectivity of 68.8% with 24.7% methane conversion）, whereas the poorest performance was shown by the Rb-CaO catalyst in the OCM process.     

KNO3/MCM-48催化酯交换法合成碳酸二丙酯

 对KNO3/MCM-48用于丙醇和碳酸二甲酯进行酯交换合成碳酸二丙酯的催化性能进行了考察. 用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)和X射线荧光法研究了催化剂的结构特征和表面性质. XRD结果表明,随着K负载量的增加,载体特征峰强度逐渐减弱,但仍保留MCM-48的晶体结构. 随着焙烧温度的升高, KNO3逐渐分解成K2O. 分别考察了活性组分负载量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间和催化剂的用量以及反应时间对反应的影响. 结果表明, KNO3/MCM-48催化剂对碳酸二丙酯的合成具有很高的催化活性. 在反应温度363 K, 反应时间6 h, 催化剂用量5%, 丙醇与碳酸二甲酯摩尔比为4的条件下,碳酸二甲酯的转化率可达99.9%, 产物碳酸二丙酯选择性93.4%, 产率93.3%.     

Effect of bismuth species on propylene aromatization over BiHZSM-5 catalysts

The catalytic behavior of Bi-impregnated HZSM-5 zeolites in propylene aroma-tization and the surface properties of the zeoh'tes were determined by microreactor, XRD, XPS, NH3-TPD and IR-TPD. The mechanism of the reaction and the effect of surface properties of the zeolites on the reaction were also investigated. Experimental data showed that Bi-impregnation made the strength of B-acid sites decrease, the strength of L-acid sites and the concentration of both strong B-acid sites and strong L-acid sites increase. Bi-impregnation also induced sub-strong acid sites. These were the factors that made the aromatic products of the reaction increase. The strong interaction between the impregnant and zeolite surface reached maximum at Bi2O3 = 3.5 wt%. Above this value, covering effect of impregnant caused a decrease of aromatic products.