精制废木屑热解油/柴油新型混合燃料制备实验研究

为提高废木屑热解油品质,使其能够作为发动机燃料使用,提出了一条新的热解油提质路线。首先将热解原油进行基于组分分离的乙醚萃取和化学催化相结合的精制过程,得到精制热解油;其次,利用超声反应器制备了精制热解油/柴油新型混合燃料,以单位体积柴油所溶解的精制油的体积定为S值,作为判断乳化效果的准则,考察了不同的影响因素对S值的影响。研究结果表明,乳化剂添加量对S值影响较大,在V_{精制生物油}:V_柴油:V_乳化剂=10:30:5条件下,存在最佳的乳化超声操作条件:超声时间、超声电功率、乳化温度分别为20 min、540 W、50℃。制备了不同S值的乳化燃料,通过对燃料物理指标的分析发现,该燃料性质稳定、燃烧性能优良,有望成为柴油的替代产品。     

Span80-Tween-菜油-水乳化体系中最佳HLB值与乳化剂总用量的关系

将失水山梨醇单油酸酯 ( Span80 )分别和四种聚氧乙烯 ( 2 0 )失水山梨醇酯 ( Tween2 0 ,Tween40 ,Tween6 0 ,Tween80 )按各种比例复配 ,在不同乳化剂总用量下乳化固定比例菜油—水体系 ,用分散相的相对体积分布来评价乳状液的稳定性 ,研究乳化剂总用量对最佳 HLB值的影响。实验发现 :Span80 - Tween2 0体系在较高总用量下在较宽 HLB值范围内均能获得较稳定乳状液 ;Span80 - Tween40、Span80 - Tween6 0和 Span80 - Tween80体系则随乳化剂用量增大而最佳 HL B值范围变窄 ,且有一个最佳乳化剂总用量 ,乳化剂总用量过高时乳状液稳定性反而下降 ;随乳化剂总用量增大 ,Span80 - Tween2 0和 Span80 - Tween6 0体系的最佳 HL B值均发生右移。文中对各种不同实验现象作出了较统一的解释。     

生物质快速热解油水相溶液超声乳化特性

使用生物油水相溶液与0# 柴油乳化,筛选了四种常用乳化剂和一种助乳化剂进行复配乳化实验,考察了复配乳化剂型号、乳化剂用量、超声作用时间对乳化效果的影响。结果表明,六种乳化液超过30d不破乳,与0# 柴油相比,密度和热值相差不大,含水量3%以下,黏度增大约40%,pH值降低一半。因素分析法表明,水相溶液与柴油质量比和不同的水相溶液对乳化效果影响较大。探讨了乳化机理,认为生物油水相溶液中水、醛、酸、酮等极性组分化合物稳定地被乳化剂包裹在W/O型乳化液液滴中,生物油水相溶液中少量的乙酸乙酯、芳香类化合物等则增溶于非离子乳化剂胶束中。热力学分析表明,超声乳化作用比静置作用具有更大的熵增,乳化液更趋于稳定平衡状态。     

甲醇乳化柴油分散特性的研究

利用显微摄像技术及算术统计的方法表征了甲醇乳化柴油分散相-甲醇的平均粒径。研究了甲醇乳化柴油分散相（甲醇）的粒径分布随高速分散器转子转速、乳化时间、乳化剂用量和甲醇的质量分数等参数的变化。结果表明,甲醇乳化柴油分散相的平均粒径随转速、乳化剂用量的增加而减小,但随甲醇含量的增加而增大;当乳化时间为2min和转子转速为5×2800r/min,乳化剂的质量分数为5%和甲醇的质量分数为10%时,甲醇乳化柴油中分散相存在最佳的分散度,其值为16μm。
     

不同酯基结构的棕榈油生物柴油的性能研究

以棕榈油为研究对象,分别与甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和异丁醇进行酯交换反应制备了不同酯基结构的生物柴油。利用差示扫描量热仪和应力控制流变仪分析了不同酯基结构棕榈油生物柴油的结晶行为和低温流变性能,同时分析了酯基结构对生物柴油的氧化稳定性,40℃时的动力黏度、20℃时的密度等重要性质的影响。结果表明,随着醇的碳链长度的增加,棕榈油生物柴油的析蜡点和胶凝点均降低,特别是棕榈油异丁酯的析蜡点和胶凝点分别降低到了-2.57和-8.09℃,低温流动性得到了明显改善,且氧化诱导期略有延长,氧化稳定性有所改善。生物柴油的密度和黏度随着酯基结构的不同而有所变化,但其数值都符合中国生物柴油标准。     

影响环氧树脂E-44相反转乳化的因素

研究了乳化剂的HLB值、乳化剂浓度、乳化温度、搅拌强度对环氧树脂E-44相反转乳化中临界含水量Rf值与乳状液稳定性的影响,探讨了环氧树脂E-44相反转机理。实验结果表明环氧树脂E-44从W/O向O/W相反转的发生与乳化剂的HLB值与浓度、乳化温度、搅拌强度等因素都有关,其Rf值随着乳化条件的不同是动态变化的。     

高效有机硅消泡剂的研制与应用

以二甲基硅油、疏水气相二氧化硅制成的硅膏和聚醚改性硅油为主要成份,Span-60、Twen-60为乳化剂,采用高速剪切乳化搅拌方式将水相在油相中进行乳化,制备出高效乳液型有机硅消泡剂。研究了各主要成分的含量及乳化温度对消泡剂性能的影响,得到的最佳配方为:硅膏的质量分数分别为12%,聚醚改性硅油4%,HLB值为9.5的复配乳化剂6%。制备的有机硅消泡剂的稳定性及消泡抑泡性能较好,适用范围广。     

生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的理化及排放特性研究

对生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的表面张力、运动黏度、抗磨性、氧化稳定性以及碳烟排放等特性进行了测试和研究.结果表明,生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的表面张力随生物柴油含量的增加呈抛物线趋势变化,并随温度升高呈幂函数曲线下降.生物柴油的磨斑直径小于柴油,最大卡咬极限压力大于柴油.生物柴油的质量分数为40％-70％,混合燃料的氧化稳定性...     

表面活性剂HLB值与渣油乳化体系分散性及电学性质的关系研究

为了研究表面活性剂亲水亲油平衡值（HLB值）与渣油乳化体系分散性和电学性质的关系,采用粒径和粒径分布相结合的方法来评价乳化体系的分散性,利用电导率值的变化来反应体系电学性质的差异,以表面活性剂B和A复合成实验用渣油乳化分散剂来分散渣油加氢裂化水溶性盐,考察了表面活性剂HLB值对渣油包盐水体系的分散性和电学性质的影响。结果表明,随表面活性剂HLB值从小到大的变化,不同水溶性盐在同种油中的分散性和电学性质不同,同种盐在不同油中的变化也存在着差异。乳化体系的分散性及电学性质随着HLB值的增加呈非线性变化。     

重油掺水乳化油稳定性的实验研究

提出了一种快速测定乳化油稳定性的实验方法－－离心分离法, 乳化油稳定性与掺水率、乳化剂量以及搅拌程度之间的关系。实验结果表明：掺水率越大,乳化油的稳定性越差,在掺水量低于１０％时稳定性较好;乳化剂量的增加和搅拌程度的增大均有利于稳定性提高。此外,还测定了两种不同乳化剂的亲水亲油平衡值（ＨＬＢ值）, ：ＨＰＥ比ＬＰＮ乳化 稳定性好;二者以一定比例混合形成的乳化剂其ＨＬＢ值在６．５￣８之间时稳定性较好     

Optimization of process for the production of bio-oil from eucalyptus wood

The pyrolysis of eucalyptus wood was carried out in a batch reactor to optimize the yield of bio-oil.Effect of various parameters like feed(particle) size,temperature,presence of catalyst and heating rate on the yield of bio-oil was investigated.The optimum conditions for high yield of bio-oil are for the particle size 2 mm~5 mm(average l/d=12.84/2.03 mm) at 450 ℃ in high heating rate.The reaction kinetics and the quality of bio-oil produced are independent of the presence of different catalysts like mordenite,kaoline clay,fly ash and silica alumina.The physical properties like odour,colour,PH,viscosity,heating value were determined.The FT-IR analysis of bio-oil indicates the presence of different functional groups such as monomeric alcohol,phenol,ketones,aldehydes,carboxylic acid,amines,and nitro compounds.The composition of the bio-oil at different conditions was analyzed using GC-MS and found that the components are temperature dependent but independent of catalysts used.     

Comparison of the Fuel Properties of Nitromethane Emulsions in Diesel and Biodiesel Assisted by Microwave Irradiation and Magnetic Stirring

Microwaves are high-frequency electromagnetic waves that assist in the formation of emulsions by enhancing the transfer of both mass and heat between the dispersed and continuous phases of the emulsion. Nitromethane has been used to improve combustion, but it is not miscible with petroleum-derived liquid fuels. In this study, the fuel properties of two-phase emulsions of nitromethane droplets dispersed in a mixture of diesel and biodiesel prepared by microwave irradiation were analyzed and compared with those of emulsions prepared by magnetic stirring. The emulsions were composed of various mass compositions of nitromethane, diesel, and biodiesel. The experimental results show that the emulsions formed by microwave irradiation had superior fuel properties, including a higher kinematic viscosity, higher flash point, lower cold filter plugging point, and less carbon residue than the emulsions prepared by magnetic stirring. Microwave irradiation is a more effective method for the preparation of more stable emulsions containing a uniform distribution of smaller dispersed droplets. In addition, the flash point, heat of combustion, cold filter plugging point, and carbon residue decreased while the kinematic viscosity increased with the increase in the weight fraction of nitromethane in the two-phase emulsions.     

Bio-oil from Jackfruit Peel Waste

Fossil fuels such as petroleum, charcoal, and natural gas sources are the main energy sources at present, but considering their natural limitation in availability and the fact that they are not renewable, there exists a growing need of developing bio-fuel production. Biomass has received considerable attention as a sustainable feedstock that can replace diminishing fossil fuels for the production of energy, especially for the transportation sector. JackfruitwasteisabundantinIndonesiamake itpotentiallyas one of thegreenrefineryfeedstockforthe manufacture ofbio-fuel.As intermediate of bio-fuel,jackfruitpeelsisprocessed intobio-oil. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion process under oxygen-absent condition is an attractive way to convert biomass into bio- oil.In this study, the pyrolysis experiments were carried out ina fixed-bedreactor at a range of temperature of400-600 °C, heating rate range between 10-50 °C/min, and a range of nitrogen flow between 2-4litre/min. The aims of this work were to explore the effects of pyrolysis conditions and to identify the optimum condition for obtaining the highest bio-oil yield.The effect of nitrogen flow rate and heating rate on the yield of bio-oil were insignificant. The most important parameter in the bio-oil production was the temperature of the pyrolysis process.The yield of bio-oil initially increased with temperature (up to 550 °C) then further increase of temperature resulting in the decreased of bio-oil yield. Results showed that the highest bio-oil yield (52.6%)wasobtainedat 550 °C with nitrogen flow rate of 4L/min and heating rate of 50 °C/min. The thermal degradation of jackfruit peel was also studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Gas chromatography (GC-MS) was used to identify the organic fraction of bio-oil. The water content in the bio-oil product was determined by volumetric Karl-Fischer titration. The physicochemical properties of bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of jackfruit peels such as gross calorific value, pH, kinematic viscosity, density, sulfur content, ash content, pour point and flash point were determined and compared to ASTM standard of bio-oil (ASTM 7544).     

Synergistic stabilization of emulsions by a mixture of surface-active nanoparticles and surfactant

The stability and rheology of tricaprylin oil-in-water emulsions containing a mixture of surface-active hydrophilic silica nanoparticles and pure nonionic surfactant molecules are reported and compared with those of emulsions stabilized by each emulsifier alone. The importance of the preparation protocol is highlighted. Addition of particles to a surfactant-stabilized emulsion results in the appearance of a small population of large drops due to coalescence, possibly by bridging of adsorbed particles. Addition of surfactant to a particle-stabilized emulsion surprisingly led to increased coalescence too, although the resistance to creaming increased mainly due to an increase in viscosity. Simultaneous emulsification of particles and surfactant led to synergistic stabilization at intermediate concentrations of surfactant; emulsions completely stable to both creaming and coalescence exist at low overall emulsifier concentration. Using the adsorption isotherm of surfactant on particles and the viscosity and optical density of aqueous particle dispersions, we show that the most stable emulsions are formed from dispersions of flocculated, partially hydrophobic particles. From equilibrium contact angle and oil-water interfacial tension measurements, the calculated free energy of adsorption E of a silica particle to the oil-water interface passes through a maximum with respect to surfactant concentration, in line with the emulsion stability optimum. This results from a competition between the influence of particle hydrophobicity and interfacial tension on the magnitude of E.     

Multivariate optimization of the determination of zinc in diesel oil employing a novel extraction strategy based on emulsion breaking

This paper describes the extraction/pre-concentration of Zn from diesel oil and its determination by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS), proposed as a novel approach for these kinds of analyses and the multivariate optimization of the proposed procedure. The extraction of Zn is based on the emulsification of an aqueous solution containing Triton X-114 and HNO₃ with diesel oil samples followed by breaking of the emulsion by heating. The aqueous phase obtained after the emulsion breaking was collected and used for Zn quantification by FAAS. The methodology was optimized using a Doehlert design and the system variables were the concentrations of surfactant and HNO₃ in the solution employed in the emulsification and the temperature used in the emulsion breaking. The ratio between absorbance and the time required to break the emulsions was taken as response. Two sets of experiments, using different emulsifier agents, were run: the first one using Triton X-100 and the second one using Triton X-114. At optimized conditions, the emulsions were prepared by mixing 10 mL of diesel oil with 2 mL of a solution containing 5% w/v of Triton X-114 and 15% v/v of HNO₃ and broken by heating at 80 °C. The proposed analytical procedure was applied in the analysis of six real samples of diesel oil and a recovery test was carried out by spiking the samples with known amounts of Zn (25 and 50 μg L⁻¹), added as organometallic oiled standard. Recovery percentages achieved in this test were between 92 and 109%.     

A Three-Step Model for Submicron W/O Emulsion Formation in a Transitional-Phase Inversion Process

A three-step model of the transitional phase inversion (TPI) process for the formation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions is presented. Three types of emulsions exist in an emulsification process at different oil–water ratios and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB). A stable W/O emulsion was obtained using Sorbitan oleate (Span 80) and polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) with a specified HLB and oil volume fraction. Oil was added into water, which contained the water-soluble surfactant, to dissolve the oil-soluble surfactant. This route allowed TPI to occur, and an interesting emulsification process was observed by varying the HLB, which corresponded to the change in the oil–water ratio. Two types of emulsions in the emulsification process were found: transition emulsion 1 (W/O/W high internal phase emulsion) and target emulsion 2 (W/O emulsion with low viscosity). This study describes the changes that occurred in the emulsification process.     

Optimization of Oil-in-Water Emulsion Stability: Experimental Design,Multiple Light Scattering,and Acoustic Attenuation Spectroscopy

To find an optimal formulation of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions (φ_o = 0.05), the effect of emulsifier nature and concentration, agitation speed, emulsifying time, storage temperature and their mutual interactions on the properties and behavior of these dispersions is evaluated by means of an experimental design (Nemrodw software). Long-term emulsion stability is monitored by multiple light scattering (Turbiscan ags) and acoustic attenuation spectroscopy (Ultrasizer). After matching surfactant HLB and oil required HLB, a model giving the Sauter diameter as a function of emulsifier concentration, agitation speed and emulsification time is proposed. The highest stability of C₁₂E₄-stabilized O/W emulsions is observed with 1% emulsifier.     

Influence of hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of nonionic emulsifiers on emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methacrylic acid

Emulsion copolymerizations of styrene and methacrylic acid (MAA) with various nonionic emulsifiers having a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) range of 13.7–17.2 were performed to clarify the influence of emulsification state on polymerization. The emulsification state with a lower-HLB value emulsifier was worse than that with a higher one. In the lowest HLB value, MAA was predominantly polymerized over styrene in the early stage of the copolymerization, resulting in predominant (heterogeneous) distribution of MAA units in the inside of the final polymer particles. In the higher-HLB emulsifiers, styrene and MAA were simultaneously copolymerized, resulting in a homogeneous MAA distribution. The percentage of incorporation of the nonionic emulsifier inside the particles was the highest (49% based on the total amount of the emulsifier) in the lowest HLB, whereas it was 1% in the highest HLB. Part CCLXXXIV of the series “Studies on suspension and emulsion”.     

Ultrasound Emulsification—An Overview

Fundamentals and applications of ultrasound emulsification are reviewed. The importance of cavitation is stressed, as also is power input to the multiphase fluid. The influence of surfactants, polymeric stabilizers, temperature, pressure, and ultrasonic parameters such as frequency, residence time, acoustic intensity, and energy density are described. The effects of other physicochemical parameters such as emulsifier concentration, disperse phase volume fraction, and viscosity are discussed. Applications to both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions are discussed.