含硅芳二胺固化环氧树脂的反应动力学研究

合成了2种含硅二胺单体3,3'-(1,3-二甲基-1,3-二乙烯基-1,3-二硅氧烷)二苯胺(S1)和4,4'-(1,3-二甲基-1,3-二乙烯基-1,3-二硅氧烷)二苯胺(S2),并对其作为环氧树脂的新型固化剂进行了研究.采用非等温示差扫描量热技术(DSC)研究了其与双酚A型环氧树脂E51体系的固化反应动力学,根据不同升温速率下E51/S1和E51/S2体系的特征温度的变化,分别确定了该两体系的固化反应工艺条件,即:E51/S1体系为100℃/1h+160℃/2h+190℃/3h;E51/S2体系为110℃/1h+170℃/2h+190℃/3h.通过Kissinger方程、Crane方程以及Arrheninus方程对固化反应进行了固化动力学行为研究,得到了两个反应体系的表观活化能ΔE、Arrhenius因子A以及反应级数n等动力学参数.E51/S1体系的ΔE为50.65 k J/mol、A为1.83×105,n为0.87;E51/S2体系的ΔE为51.39 k J/mol,A为1.44×105,n为0.87,由ΔE和A表明,E51和S2的反应活性高于E51和S1的反应活性,即,氨基位于苯环的间位时与环氧基团更容易反应.二者的反应级数相同并且小于1,说明E51与S1和S2之间的反应是复杂反应.在动力学参数的基础上,得到了n级固化动力学模型.     

BMI/DDE/F-51 环氧树脂的固化及其热稳定性

以双马来酰亚胺(BMI)/二氨基二苯醚(DDE)组合固化剂对酚醛环氧树脂(F-51)进行固化,得到了BMI/DDE/F-51 固化体系,将该体系与单一固化剂固化的 BMI/F-51、DDE/F-51 体系进行比较,探求其固化机理和热稳定性.用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了BMI/DDE/F-51 的固化反应动力学,求得固化反应表观活化能 Ea=60.86 kJ/mol、碰撞因子 A=2.04×106s-1和反应级数 n=0.89;用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对反应历程进行了探讨;用热失重分析仪(TGA)研究BMI/DDE/F-51 固化树脂的热分解动力学,确定了热稳定性能良好的耐高温环氧树脂新体系,其热分解反应表观活化能为 BMI/F-51 或 DDE/F-51 固化体系的3倍以上,达 166.08 kJ/mol.     

化学结构变化对刚棒状环氧树脂相行为和热力学性能的影响

用线性酚醛树脂(PN)和4-氨基苯基氨基砜(SAA)作为固化剂, 与刚性棒状环氧树脂联苯环氧(DGEBP)、四甲基联苯环氧(DGETMBP)和传统双酚A环氧树脂(DGEBA)分别进行固化. 研究了固化剂和环氧树脂化学结构的改变对热固网络相行为和热力学性能的影响. 结果表明, 刚性环氧网络比传统的DGEBA具有更好的热力学性能. DGEBP可形成不同类型的取向网络, 而取向态的类型也直接影响了热固网络的热力学性能. 用扫描电镜(SEM)观察不同网络体系的断裂面结构, 发现取向的刚性棒状环氧网络的断裂面呈韧性断裂, 而其它无定形环氧网络则呈典型的脆性断裂.     

苯并噁嗪/环氧树脂/4,4′-二氨基二苯砜三元共混体系玻璃化转变温度的研究

采用动态热机械分析(DMA)研究了苯并噁嗪/环氧树脂/4,4′-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)三元共混体系玻璃化转变温度(Tg)与固化剂DDS含量的关系.随着DDS含量的增加,三元体系的交联密度呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,介于聚苯并噁嗪和苯并噁嗪/环氧树脂体系之间;但是三元体系的Tg却逐渐降低,当DDS的含量超过20 mol%时,低于聚苯并噁嗪的Tg.差示扫描量热法(DSC)的结果表明,DDS对苯并噁嗪和环氧树脂都有很强的固化效果.通过测定体系的凝胶化时间,借助Arrhenius方程,判断三元体系的初始反应过程,推测了固化体系可能的网络化学结构.对各体系DMA曲线中损耗模量,储能模量和力学损耗因子的变化情况分析,结果表明体系最终Tg受氢键相互作用、交联密度和网络规整性以及链段的刚性等因素综合影响,其中氢键的类型和相互作用的强弱对Tg的影响最大.     

含联苯结构环氧树脂体系固化反应动力学研究

用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)对含联苯结构环氧树脂(TMBP)/4,4′-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)固化体系的固化反应过程进行了分析,并用Kissinger和Ozawa方法分别求得体系固化反应的表观活化能ΔE为69.7和74.2kJ/mol,根据Crane理论计算得到该体系的固化反应级数n=0.89及在不同升温速率下的频率因子A,确定了使用DDS作为固化剂的固化反应条件.     

芳基磺盐对不同类型环氧化合物的固化行为

通过 DSC法研究了 LEPB、双酚 A型环氧树脂 E-51和 TDE-85型环氧树脂与四种芳基碘钅翁盐的热固化行为及反应活化能。结果发现 ,双酚 A型环氧树脂固化反应的活化能较高 ,而 TDE-85的放热较集中。同时发现与酸酐固化剂相对照 ,本文中使用的 LEPB—固化剂体系的活化能 (78.66～ 1 0 2 .5k J· mol-1)普遍高于LEPB酸酐体系的活化能 (69.0 4～ 75.1 0 k J·mol-1)。     

DAIP改性环氧树脂研究

采用共固化的方法,得到酚醛环氧树脂(F-51)和间苯二甲酸二烯丙基酯(DAIP)的共固化树脂。实验结果表明:DAIP的加入降低了F-51环氧树脂的粘度[体系粘度为150～350mPa·s(25℃)],利于工艺操作;提高了F-51环氧树脂的耐热性,热变形温度达200℃。研究了F-51环氧树脂和DAIP共固化的固化行为、不同配比对共固化物形态结构的影响;并研究了不同配比对固化物耐热性的影响。     

查尔酮环氧树脂的合成及其固化性能

以4,4′-二羟基查尔酮为原料,和环氧氯丙烷反应合成了主链含有双键结构的查尔酮环氧树脂（CER），其结构经¹H NMR和FT-IR确证。采用非等温DSC法研究了甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐和4,4′-二氨基二苯基砜两种固化剂对CER的固化反应热行为，通过动态热机械分析和热失重分析对CER的热性能进行了研究。结果表明：甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐体系固化的CER的T_g为152.73 ℃,初始热分解温度为350.6 ℃， 800 ℃时的残碳率为19.29%； 4,4′-二氨基二苯基砜体系固化的CER的T_g为251.94 ℃,初始分解温度为365.7 ℃， 800 ℃时的残碳率为46.44%。     

1-己基-3-甲基咪唑四氯化铁盐固化环氧树脂E-51的反应特性

采用差示扫描(DSC)量热分析法研究了1-己基-3-甲基咪唑四氯化铁离子液体([C₆mim]FeCl₄)与双酚A型环氧树脂E-51的固化反应。结果显示,由于[C₆mim]FeCl₄包含多级胺基结构,因此可以作为E-51的高温固化剂使用,其与E-51的反应包含两个阶段:第一个阶段的反应放热峰峰顶温度约在120 ℃,第二个阶段的反应放热峰峰顶温度会随着[C₆mim]FeCl₄用量的增加而发生变化。当[C₆mim]FeCl₄与混合胺复配成新型固化剂时,二者产生明显的协同效应。通过恒温DSC实验发现,复配体系与E-51的固化反应可以在室温下发生,表现为在30 ℃固化反应放热峰峰顶放热时间为5 min左右,且随着恒温固化反应温度的提高,峰顶放热峰时间会缩短。非等温动力学结果显示:复配体系与E-51的反应活化能为979 J/mol,仅是混合胺体系的17%左右。反应级数为0.5表明这一固化反应是无规反应。     

白松木屑半焦与褐煤共气化过程中的协同效应

用环氧树脂E12为基体,配合酚类固化剂及其他助剂,经熔融共混制备出低温固化环氧粉末涂料。考察了固化剂、促进剂用量等对体系固化性能、附着力及耐冲击性的影响,并通过非等温差示扫描量热法及红外光谱研究了酚羟基/环氧体系的固化反应。实验结果表明:随着固化剂用量增加,涂膜耐冲击性能先提高后减小;随着促进剂用量的增加,体系固化温度降低,附着力和耐冲击性提高。固化剂、促进剂最佳用量分别为环氧树脂E-12用量的20%和2.0%。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.