凝胶色谱-气相色谱-串联质谱法筛查茶叶中27种禁用农药

建立了茶叶中27种国家禁用农药的气相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。以27种国家禁用农药为目标分析物,样品经环己烷-乙酸乙酯超声提取、凝胶渗透色谱净化后进行定性和定量分析。方法检出限为0.02~2.82μg/kg,方法定量限为0.07~9.40μg/kg,在0.01~0.20 mg/L范围内方法线性相关系数均大于0.991,75%以上的农药的回收率在70%~110%之间,相对标准偏差在0.53%~7.1%之间。方法适用于茶叶中多种农药残留的检测分析。     

气相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间质谱筛查确证辣椒中244种农药残留及其代谢物

建立了辣椒中244种农药残留的QuEChERS前处理结合气相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间质谱(GC-Q-TOF/MS)快速筛查确证方法。鲜辣椒和干辣椒样品分别采用经-20 ℃冷冻的乙腈和1%(v/v)乙酸化乙腈提取,经盐析分层、分散固相萃取净化和浓缩后加入内标并复溶,HP-5MS UI色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)分离,程序升温不分流进样,GC-Q-TOF/MS全扫描模式采集,内标法定量。比较了分析保护剂(AP)和基质匹配校准法对基质效应的补偿效果,最终选择采用基质匹配校准法来补偿基质效应并进行样品中农药残留的校准定量。设置定性筛查中的保留时间最大偏差为±0.25 min,精确质量偏差阈值为±20×10 ^-6。对鲜辣椒中244种农药残留和干辣椒中222种农药残留进行了定量方法验证,实验结果表明,采用建立的数据库和分析方法可以对辣椒进行农药残留的高通量筛查和定量分析。在空白辣椒样品中添加不同水平的目标化合物,以信噪比S/N≥10对应的添加水平作为定量限(LOQ)。鲜辣椒中最大残留限量(MRL)≤0.05 mg/kg的44种农药在鲜辣椒中LOQ≤0.010 mg/kg,线性范围在0.01~1.00 mg/L,在1倍和2.5倍LOQ添加水平下,回收率在60%~120%的农药种类占比分别为88.64%和100%;鲜辣椒中暂无MRL规定或MRL>0.05 mg/kg的200种农药在鲜辣椒中LOQ≤0.025 mg/kg,线性范围在0.05~1.00 mg/L,在1倍、2倍和10倍LOQ添加水平下,回收率在60%~120%的农药种类占比分别为49.50%、87.00%和89.50%; 244种农药的线性相关系数(r ²)均大于0.99。222种农药在干辣椒中LOQ≤0.15 mg/kg,线性范围在0.04~1.00 mg/L, r ²≥0.99的比例为95.46%,在1倍、2倍和10倍LOQ添加水平下,回收率在60%~120%占比分别为72.52%、73.42%和81.53%。应用建立的筛查确证方法对市售的12份鲜辣椒样品和14份干辣椒样品进行农药残留筛查分析,从9份鲜辣椒样品和3份干辣椒样品中筛查出8种农药化合物,经人工鉴定均为阳性,定量结果显示,8种农药化合物均未超过其在GB 2763-2019《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》所规定的MRL。方法快速、简单、高效、可靠,适用于鲜辣椒及干辣椒中多种农药残留的筛查分析。     

农产品中多种农药残留的气相色谱-质谱联用法测定

建立了同时检测大白菜、苹果、大豆和豆沙中211种农药残留的气相色谱-质谱联用法。农药经乙腈-水溶液匀质提取,C18固相萃取柱净化和PSA固相萃取柱净化,洗脱液浓缩后用丙酮-正己烷(1∶1)溶解,经HP-5MS石英毛细管柱分离后,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪采用选择离子扫描方式测定,外标法定量。结果表明211种农药在0.05~0.5 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.975~0.998,其定量下限为0.002~0.020 mg/kg。在0.1 mg/kg加标水平下,211种农药在大白菜、苹果、大豆和豆沙中的平均回收率为67%~117%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~23.8%。该方法操作简单、净化效果好、灵敏度高,适用于蔬菜、水果等农产品中多种农药残留的测定。     

气相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱和气相色谱-串联质谱对水果、蔬菜中208种农药残留筛查确证能力的对比

对比研究了气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)与气相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(GC-QTOF/MS)在水果、蔬菜中208种农药多残留检测中基质效应及方法学效能的差异,提出两种仪器在农药残留检测方面的特点和适用范围,为残留检测分析提供参考。在苹果、柑橘、番茄、黄瓜4种基质,3个添加浓度(5.0、10.0和20.0 μg/kg)下,两种仪器中均有93.0%以上的农药回收率在70%~120%范围内且相对标准偏差(RSD)≤20%(n=5)。检测灵敏度方面,绝大部分农药在两种仪器的检出限均低于5.0 μg/kg,满足各国农药残留限量的要求,且GC-MS/MS灵敏度更高,线性范围更宽,定量能力更加准确。筛查确证方面,GC-QTOF/MS在快速、高通量筛查、准确定性及非目标化合物鉴定等方面表现出了优势。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测蔬菜中248种农药残留

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UHPLC-MS/MS）技术建立了快速检测蔬菜中248种农药残留的分析方法。蔬菜样品采用乙腈提取,盐析后无需净化,缩短了样品前处理的时间。采用正负离子多反应监测（MRM）模式对蔬菜中248种农药残留进行定性和定量分析。245种农药在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好（r>0.99）。除丁硫克百威、灭蝇胺、苯磺隆和二氯喹啉酸4种农药外,其余244种农药在3个添加水平下的平均回收率范围为63.0%～126.4%,相对标准偏差（RSD）范围为0.5%～26.7%,方法的定量限为0.001～0.030 mg/kg。该方法具有简单、快速、灵敏度高、准确度高等优点,适合蔬菜样品中农药多残留的快速检测分析。     

在线净化-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定茶叶中5种烟碱类农药残留

建立了在线净化-液相色谱-串联质谱测定茶叶中吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺5种常见烟碱类农药残留量的方法。样品经水浸泡、乙腈提取和在线净化后,用液相色谱-串联质谱测定。结果表明,本方法对5种烟碱类农药的定量限均为0.01 mg/kg。5种烟碱类农药在1.0~10 μ g/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.998。在0.01、0.02和0.05 mg/kg的添加水平下,回收率为68.0%~113.2%,相对标准偏差为3.2%~7.6%。本方法简便、快速、准确,适用于茶叶样品中烟碱类农药残留量的检测。     

QuEChERS/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定土壤中67种农药残留

建立了同时测定土壤中67种农药的QuEChERS/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(QuEChERS/UPLCMS/MS)方法。样品经乙腈振荡提取、QuEChERS净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定。质谱分析采用电喷雾电离,正负双离子扫描,多反应监测(MRM)模式。结果表明:67种农药在5~500μg/L范围内均呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.990~0.999,检出限为0.001~0.010 mg/L;在10、50、500μg/kg 3个加标水平下的平均回收率为58%~111%,相对标准偏差(n=5)为1.1%~19.3%;定量下限为10μg/kg。该方法简单、快速、重现性好、灵敏度高,可满足土壤中67种农药残留的检测要求。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定乳制品中17种拟除虫菊酯农药残留方法的研究

研究了选择离子气相色谱-质谱法测定乳及乳制品中2,6-二异丙基萘、七氟菊酯等17种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的方法,优化了预处理方法和气相色谱-质谱分析条件.乳制品以乙腈为提取溶剂,采用匀浆提取,经C18及氟罗里硅土固相萃取小柱净化,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定和确证,选择离子监测模式,外标法定量.结果表明,17种农药在0.01 ～1.00 mg/L范围内呈线性关系,在0.01 ～0.2 mg/kg范围内的加标回收率为76% ～114%,相对标准偏差为7.0% ～16.2%,检出限为0.002 ～0.010 mg/kg,定量下限为0.010 ～0.030 mg/kg,方法能满足国内外乳制品中菊酯类农药残留限量水平的要求.     

QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS法检测苹果中5种农药残留

建立了QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS)检测苹果中5种农药残留的分析方法。样品采用QuEChERS进行前处理,乙腈提取,经PSA、纳米氧化锆(Nano-ZrO₂)和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)组合净化,结合UPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在0.005~0.5 mg/L的浓度范围内5种农药在苹果基质中的线性关系良好,R²≥0.9950;在0.05,0.5和5 mg/kg的添加水平下5种农药的平均回收率在78.1%~117.5%之间,相对标准偏差(RSDs)在1.8%~9.1%之间;定量限(LOQ)为0.1~2μg/kg。该方法适用于苹果中5种农药残留检测。     

液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法快速筛查与确证紫甘蓝中415种农药残留

应用液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(LC-QTOF/MS)建立了一次进样可同时对紫甘蓝中415种农药残留进行快速筛查和准确确证的分析方法。实验采用1%(v/v)醋酸乙腈溶液提取,无水硫酸镁和氯化钠进行盐析,ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 3.5 μm)分离,以0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液(含5 mmol/L乙酸铵)-乙腈为二元流动相进行梯度洗脱,应用LC-QTOF/MS在电喷雾电离、全离子MS/MS(All Ions MS/MS)扫描正模式下进行检测,基质匹配外标法定量分析。通过优化全自动MS/MS采集模式(Auto MS/MS)和全离子MS/MS采集模式下的不同参数,得到每种采集模式下的最佳条件。然后在2种不同采集模式的最佳条件下对比,最终选取All Ions MS/MS采集模式。实验结果表明,采用所建立的分析方法可以准确定性和定量筛查紫甘蓝中415种农药残留,所有415种农药在各自的范围内线性相关系数(r²)均大于0.990,其中411种农药的筛查限(SDL)≤5 μg/kg, 413种农药的定量限(LOQ)≤10 μg/kg。在1倍、2倍和10倍LOQ添加水平下,农药的回收率分别为65.7%~118.4%、72.0%~118.8%和70.2%~111.2%,相对标准偏差分别为0.9%~19.7%、0.2%~19.9%和0.6%~19.9%。将该方法应用于2019年欧盟能力验证项目的紫甘蓝样品中未知农药残留筛查方法和定量方法考核样的检测,所有添加农药均被准确定性筛查和定量检测,没有假阳性和假阴性。结果表明,该方法快速、准确、可靠,适用于对紫甘蓝中多种农药残留的高通量定性筛查和准确定量,可以扩展到其他果蔬基质中多农残的高通量筛查。     

Furyl- and thienyl-silatranes and germatranes

We review our research on the synthesis and study of the physical and biological properties of furyl- and thienylgermatranes and -silatranes.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 725–732, June, 1992.     

Review and patents and literature

The use of the insect cell/baculovirus expression system for producing recombinant proteins of bacterial, plant, insect, and mammalian origin has become widespread. The popularity of this eukaryotic expression system is due to many factors, including (1) potentially high protein expression levels, (2) ease and speed of genetic engineering, (3) ability to accommodate large DNA inserts, (4) protein processing similar to higher eukaryotic cells (e.g., mammalian cells), and (5) ease of insect cell growth (e.g., suspension growth). The following review of the literature discusses two engineering aspects of recombinant protein synthesis by insect cell cultures: bioreactor scale-up and insect cell line selection. Following this review patent abstracts and additional literature pertaining to expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture are listed.     

Hard and soft acids and bases: structure and process

Under investigation is the structure and process that gives rise to hard-soft behavior in simple anionic atomic bases. That for simple atomic bases the chemical hardness is expected to be the only extrinsic component of acid-base strength, has been substantiated in the current study. A thermochemically based operational scale of chemical hardness was used to identify the structure within anionic atomic bases that is responsible for chemical hardness. The base's responding electrons have been identified as the structure, and the relaxation that occurs during charge transfer has been identified as the process giving rise to hard-soft behavior. This is in contrast the commonly accepted explanations that attribute hard-soft behavior to varying degrees of electrostatic and covalent contributions to the acid-base interaction. The ability of the atomic ion's responding electrons to cause hard-soft behavior has been assessed by examining the correlation of the estimated relaxation energies of the responding electrons with the operational chemical hardness. It has been demonstrated that the responding electrons are able to give rise to hard-soft behavior in simple anionic bases.     

Ground- and excited-state aromaticity and antiaromaticity in benzene and cyclobutadiene

The aromaticity and antiaromaticity of the ground state (S 0), lowest triplet state (T 1), and first singlet excited state (S 1) of benzene, and the ground states (S 0), lowest triplet states (T 1), and the first and second singlet excited states (S 1 and S 2) of square and rectangular cyclobutadiene are assessed using various magnetic criteria including nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS), proton shieldings, and magnetic susceptibilities calculated using complete-active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) wave functions constructed from gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAOs). These magnetic criteria strongly suggest that, in contrast to the well-known aromaticity of the S 0 state of benzene, the T 1 and S 1 states of this molecule are antiaromatic. In square cyclobutadiene, which is shown to be considerably more antiaromatic than rectangular cyclobutadiene, the magnetic properties of the T 1 and S 1 states allow these to be classified as aromatic. According to the computed magnetic criteria, the T 1 state of rectangular cyclobutadiene is still aromatic, but the S 1 state is antiaromatic, just as the S 2 state of square cyclobutadiene; the S 2 state of rectangular cyclobutadiene is nonaromatic. The results demonstrate that the well-known "triplet aromaticity" of cyclic conjugated hydrocarbons represents a particular case of a broader concept of excited-state aromaticity and antiaromaticity. It is shown that while electronic excitation may lead to increased nuclear shieldings in certain low-lying electronic states, in general its main effect can be expected to be nuclear deshielding, which can be substantial for heavier nuclei.     

Determination and study on residue and dissipation of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil

A QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method for the determination of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed in this study. The residue and dissipation of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil were determined with the developed method. The half-lives of benazolin-ethyl in rape straw and soil were 3.7–5.1 days and 14.3–26.3 days, respectively. The half-lives of quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape straw and soil were 5.0-6.1 days and 0.3–9.7 days, respectively. The residue of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rapeseed and soil were below the detection limit (i.e., 0.5?mg?kg^?1, the maximum residue level of European Union for quizalofop-p-ethyl).     

Syntheses and structures of P-anilino-P-chalcogeno- and P-anilino-P-iminodiazasilaphosphetidines and their group 12 and 13 metal compounds

The P-anilino-P-chalcogeno(imino)diazasilaphosphetidines [Me(2)Si(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)P=E(NHPh)] (E = O (3), S (4), Se (5), N-p-tolyl (6)) were synthesized by oxidizing the P-anilinodiazasilaphosphetidine [Me(2)Si(N(t)Bu)(2)P(NHPh)] (2) with cumene hydroperoxide, sulfur, selenium, and p-tolyl azide, respectively. The lithium salt of 4 reacted with thallium monochloride to produce ([Me(2)Si(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)P=S(NPh)-kappaN-kappaS]Tl)(7), which features a two-coordinate thallium atom. Treatment of 4-6 with AlMe(3) gave the monoligand dimethylaluminum complexes ([Me(2)Si(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)P=E(NPh)-kappaN-kappaE]AlMe(2)) (E = S (8), Se (9), N-p-tolyl (10)), respectively. In these complexes the aluminum atom is tetrahedrally coordinated by one chelating ligand and two methyl groups, as a single-crystal X-ray analysis of 8 showed. A 2 equiv amount of 4-6 reacted with diethylzinc to produce the homoleptic diligand complexes ([Me(2)Si(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)P=E(NPh)-kappaN-kappaE](2)Zn)(E = S (11), Se (12), N-p-tolyl (13)). A crystal-structure analysis of 11 revealed a linear tetraspirocycle with a tetrahedrally coordinated, central zinc atom.