液相色谱-串联质谱法测定果蔬中喹啉铜的残留量

通过优化液-液萃取(LLE)作为前处理手段,依托液相色谱-串联质谱仪器,建立了适用于蔬菜、水果中喹啉铜残留量的检测方法。样品以1%乙酸在超声条件下提取,提取液经PSA和C18净化后,以液相色谱-串联质谱法测定。本方法在0.01～2.0 mg/L范围内,不同基质中线性关系良好(R~20.99),进行了定量限(LOQ)、0.5倍最大允许残留限量(MRL)、1倍MRL和2倍MRL共4个水平的添加回收实验,回收率均介于82.7%～99.7%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.73%～11.8%之间,LOQ为0.1 mg/kg。本方法稳定、简便、灵敏,能够满足农药残留检测需求。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定花椒中106种农药残留及膳食暴露风险评估

建立了固相萃取结合气相色谱-串联质谱（GC-MS/MS）测定花椒中106种农药残留量的方法。采用多反应监测（MRM）模式检测,基质匹配标准曲线法定量。结果表明：106种农药的定量限（LOQ）范围为0.010～0.10 mg/kg,且在定量限～1.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数R2≥0.99。106种农药的平均加标回收率在60.8%～118.6%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在0.79%～19%之间。将该方法用于53批次市售花椒样品的筛查,结果检出21种农药残留,其中有最大残留限量值（MRL）的农药有9种,无MRL值的农药有12种。无MRL值的农药慢性膳食摄入风险值（ADI）为0.002%～0.343%, 12种农药ADI总计为1.03%,花椒中农药残留的膳食摄入风险较低。     

GC-Q-TOF/MS快速筛查测定半夏中322种农药及化学污染物残留

利用GC-Q-TOF/MS检测技术,采用分散固相萃取(DSPE)样品前处理方法,建立了半夏中322种农药及化学污染物残留的筛查方法。探究了样品前处理过程中提取溶剂、缓冲盐体系、净化剂组成和用量对样品提取、净化等方面的影响,最终确定用1%的乙酸乙腈溶液和乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲体系进行提取,复合净化剂净化,GC-Q-TOF/MS测定的筛查方法。结果显示,322种农药及化学污染物中84.2%的化合物筛查限为5μg/kg,14.6%农药及化学污染物的筛查限为10μg/kg;在10,50,100μg/kg的添加水平下,农药及化学污染物的平均回收率分别为70.2%~119.5%,70.6%~119.8%,70.2%~119.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.2%~19.7%,0.2%~19.5%,0.5%~20.0%。与传统的分散固相萃取方法相比,该方法高效、快速,灵敏度高,准确性好,适用于半夏中322种农药及化学污染物残留的快速筛查和定量分析。     

改进的QuEChERS方法结合液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱快速筛查与确证调味茶中52种农药残留

建立了调味茶中52种农药残留的QuEChERS方法结合液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（LC-Q-TOF-MS）快速筛查方法。采用乙腈提取样品，经N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）、石墨化炭黑（GCB）、C₁₈净化，LC-Q-TOF-MS测定。结果表明：52种农药在调味茶中4个添加水平（10、20、50和100 μg/kg）下的回收率均在70%~120%之间，相对标准偏差（RSD，n=3）均小于20%，52种农药线性良好，线性相关系数（r）均大于0.99。52种添加农药的筛查限为0.001~0.01 mg/kg，定量限为0.002~0.02 mg/kg，均低于添加农药的欧盟最大残留限量（MRL）标准。该方法样品前处理简单、分析时间短、灵敏、可靠，适用于茶叶中多种农药残留的检测。     

超高压液相色谱串联质谱法测定小油菜中3种农药残留EI北大核心CSCD

建立了小油菜中阿维菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺和苯醚甲环唑3种农药残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品经乙腈提取,SPE氨基固相萃取柱净化,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时进行检测。3种农药在小油菜样品中均存在程度不同的基质效应,因此,采用空白基质匹配的校准曲线外标法定量。3种农药均在0.5~500μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9996。在0.02~0.2 mg/kg范围内,平均添加回收率为84.0%~110.0%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~1.5%。阿维菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺和苯醚甲环唑的检出限(LOD)分别为1.87,0.0115和0.0110μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)分别为6.24,0.0384和0.0366μg/kg。     

超高压液相色谱串联质谱法测定小油菜中3种农药残留

建立了小油菜中阿维菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺和苯醚甲环唑3种农药残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品经乙腈提取,SPE氨基固相萃取柱净化,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时进行检测。3种农药在小油菜样品中均存在程度不同的基质效应,因此,采用空白基质匹配的校准曲线外标法定量。3种农药均在0.5~500μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9996。在0.02~0.2 mg/kg范围内,平均添加回收率为84.0%~110.0%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~1.5%。阿维菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺和苯醚甲环唑的检出限(LOD)分别为1.87,0.0115和0.0110μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)分别为6.24,0.0384和0.0366μg/kg。     

液相色谱-四极杆/ 飞行时间质谱快速筛查与确证苹果、番茄和甘蓝中的281种农药残留

建立了苹果、番茄和甘蓝中281种农药残留的QuEChERS结合液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间质谱(LC-Q-TOF/MS)快速筛查方法。方法采用1%醋酸乙腈提取样品,经丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化,LC-Q-TOF/MS测定。281种农药在苹果、番茄和甘蓝中3个添加水平下的回收率在70%～120%范围的比例分别为98.6%、99.3%和98.2%;回收率的相对标准偏差(RSD)均≤20%(n=5);在0.25～10倍最大残留限量(MRL)的含量范围内,线性相关系数r²≥0.99的农药比例分别为95.7%、96.1%和98.2%;检出限分别为0.03～4.47、0.01～4.49和0.02～3.61 μg/kg。本方法采用精确质量数据库和谱图库检索的方式,实现了不用农药标准品对照而完成对果蔬中农药残留的快速筛查,提高了定性鉴别的准确性。应用所建立的方法对30个市售果蔬样品进行筛查,共检出13种农药残留。其中,甘蓝中甲胺磷的含量超过了GB 2763-2012《食品安全国家标准\5食品中农药最大残留限量》和欧盟的MRL;番茄中鱼藤酮的含量超出欧盟的MRL。     

液相色谱-四极杆/ 飞行时间质谱快速筛查与确证苹果、番茄和甘蓝中的281种农药残留

建立了苹果、番茄和甘蓝中281种农药残留的QuEChERS结合液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间质谱(LC-Q-TOF/MS)快速筛查方法。方法采用1%醋酸乙腈提取样品,经丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化,LC-Q-TOF/MS测定。281种农药在苹果、番茄和甘蓝中3个添加水平下的回收率在70%～120%范围的比例分别为98.6%、99.3%和98.2%;回收率的相对标准偏差(RSD)均≤20%(n=5);在0.25～10倍最大残留限量(MRL)的含量范围内,线性相关系数r²≥0.99的农药比例分别为95.7%、96.1%和98.2%;检出限分别为0.03～4.47、0.01～4.49和0.02～3.61 μg/kg。本方法采用精确质量数据库和谱图库检索的方式,实现了不用农药标准品对照而完成对果蔬中农药残留的快速筛查,提高了定性鉴别的准确性。应用所建立的方法对30个市售果蔬样品进行筛查,共检出13种农药残留。其中,甘蓝中甲胺磷的含量超过了GB 2763-2012《食品安全国家标准\5食品中农药最大残留限量》和欧盟的MRL;番茄中鱼藤酮的含量超出欧盟的MRL。     

液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法快速筛查与确证紫甘蓝中415种农药残留

应用液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(LC-QTOF/MS)建立了一次进样可同时对紫甘蓝中415种农药残留进行快速筛查和准确确证的分析方法。实验采用1%(v/v)醋酸乙腈溶液提取,无水硫酸镁和氯化钠进行盐析,ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 3.5 μm)分离,以0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液(含5 mmol/L乙酸铵)-乙腈为二元流动相进行梯度洗脱,应用LC-QTOF/MS在电喷雾电离、全离子MS/MS(All Ions MS/MS)扫描正模式下进行检测,基质匹配外标法定量分析。通过优化全自动MS/MS采集模式(Auto MS/MS)和全离子MS/MS采集模式下的不同参数,得到每种采集模式下的最佳条件。然后在2种不同采集模式的最佳条件下对比,最终选取All Ions MS/MS采集模式。实验结果表明,采用所建立的分析方法可以准确定性和定量筛查紫甘蓝中415种农药残留,所有415种农药在各自的范围内线性相关系数(r²)均大于0.990,其中411种农药的筛查限(SDL)≤5 μg/kg, 413种农药的定量限(LOQ)≤10 μg/kg。在1倍、2倍和10倍LOQ添加水平下,农药的回收率分别为65.7%~118.4%、72.0%~118.8%和70.2%~111.2%,相对标准偏差分别为0.9%~19.7%、0.2%~19.9%和0.6%~19.9%。将该方法应用于2019年欧盟能力验证项目的紫甘蓝样品中未知农药残留筛查方法和定量方法考核样的检测,所有添加农药均被准确定性筛查和定量检测,没有假阳性和假阴性。结果表明,该方法快速、准确、可靠,适用于对紫甘蓝中多种农药残留的高通量定性筛查和准确定量,可以扩展到其他果蔬基质中多农残的高通量筛查。     

QuEChERS结合高效液相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱法测定花椒中191种农药残留

建立了QuEChERS法结合液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法检测花椒中191种农药残留的方法。花椒样品加水浸润后,使用全自动样品制备系统经1%(V/V)乙酸乙腈提取,乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷化硅胶(PSA)、十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶(C18)、ENVI-Carb和Z-Sep+填料净化,ZORBAX SB-C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,3.5μm)色谱柱分离,以0.1%(V/V)甲酸水溶液(含5 mmol/L乙酸铵)-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,应用高效液相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)在电喷雾电离正离子模式扫描,在动态多反应监测(DMRM)模式下检测,基质匹配外标法定量分析,实现了花椒样品中191种农药的定量和定性分析。实验表明,191种目标农药在各自线性范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数(R2)均大于0.995,检出限(LOD)范围为1～5μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)范围为2～20μg/kg,在1倍、2倍和10倍定量限(LOQ)添加水平下,191种农药的回收率范围分别为70.9%～107.6%、70.5%～116.5%和70.9%～119.0%,各添加水平相对标准偏差(RSDs)均14%。将该方法应用于实际花椒样品的检测中,所有批次均检测出农药残留,适用于花椒中多种农药残留的快速筛查与检测。     

Pesticide residue determination in vegetables from western China applying gas chromatography with mass spectrometry

In this study,an effort has been made to evaluate the pesticide residues in vegetables from western China. Fifty‐one pesticides, including organophosphorus, organochlorine, carbamate and pyrethroid, were detected in 369 commonly used vegetables by GC‐MS. Concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides were detected ranging from 0.0008 to 18.8200 mg/kg, among which organophosphorus pesticide concentrations exceeded their maximum residue levels (MRLs) in five samples. Carbamate and organochlorine pesticides were determined to have concentrations in the range of 0.0012–0.7928 mg/kg. The residual concentrations of carbamate pesticides in six samples and organochlorine pesticides in four samples exceeded their MRLs. The residual concentrations of five pyrethroid pesticides were within the range of 0.0016–6.0827 mg/kg and the pyrethroid residues in two samples exceeded their MRLs. The results revealed that pesticide residues in 70.73% of the vegetables samples were not detected, while in the rest of vegetables there were one or more pesticide residues and some even exceeded their MRLs, which would threaten the health of consumers. Our work provides significant information for the food safety regulations to control the excessive use of some pesticides on those kinds of vegetables from western China. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桃中农药残留分析及膳食暴露评估研究

为明确并量化食用桃途径的农药膳食摄入风险水平,通过对19个桃主产区采集的98份样品进行农药残留检测,对桃中的农药残留急/慢性膳食摄入风险进行评估,并借鉴英国兽药残留委员会兽药残留风险排序矩阵进行农药和样品风险排序。结果在桃中检出了38种农药残留,98个样品的检出率为95.9%,检出的农药含量为0.007 4～3.399 3 mg/kg;检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)和急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)的平均值分别为0.89%和11.09%,风险均低于100%,不会对人体产生慢性或急性风险;风险排序结果表明桃果品中氟虫腈、硫丹、灭多威、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱、联苯菊酯为6种为高风险农药,应在生产和质量安全监管中予以重点关注。该文为桃安全消费、农药残留监管和农药最大残留限量(MRLs)制修订提供了科学依据。     

凝胶渗透色谱净化气相色谱-质谱法检测河豚鱼、鳗鱼和对虾中191种农药残留

建立了河豚鱼、鳗鱼和对虾中191种农药多残留的气相色谱-质谱分析方法。样品用乙酸乙酯-环己烷(体积比为1:1)均质提取,凝胶渗透色谱净化,收集26～44 min的流出液并进行在线浓缩,通过气相色谱柱(DB-1701)分离后在选择离子监测(SIM)模式下进行质谱检测。分别以最低定量限和4倍最低定量限为添加浓度对河豚鱼、鳗鱼和对虾样品进行了两个水平的添加回收率实验,方法的回收率范围为50.2%～120%,其中89.5%的农药的回收率为70%～120%,相对标准偏差范围为0.6%～21.6%。方法的最小检出限和最低定量限范围分别为0.002～0.3 mg/kg和0.007～1.2 mg/kg。该方法的灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合农药多残留检测的技术要求,适用于河豚鱼、鳗鱼和对虾等动物源性水产品中多种农药残留的检测。     

气相色谱法测定茶叶中多种有机磷农药残留量

 采用微量化学法和全自动固相萃取技术 ,建立了气相色谱法同时测定茶叶中 14种有机磷农药残留量的方法 ,并对样品的前处理作了一定的探讨。结果表明 ,采用程序升温 ,所测定的 14种有机磷农药在SPBTM 170 1石英毛细管柱上得到了很好的分离 ,且方法快速、灵敏 ,完全符合实际应用需要。     

快速滤过型净化结合气相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测茶叶中10种拟除虫菊酯农药残留

建立了快速滤过型净化（m-PFC）结合气相色谱-串联质谱（GC-MS/MS）测定茶叶中10种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的方法。比较了采用不同提取溶剂（乙腈、丙酮和乙酸乙酯）和不同提取方式（不加水浸泡和加水浸泡）时10种农药的提取效率；比较了2种QuEChERS净化管和m-PFC柱对茶叶提取液的净化效果和农药残留的回收率。结果表明，茶叶样品不加水浸泡，用乙腈提取效果最好；m-PFC柱对茶叶提取液净化效果良好，而且能保证较高的农药回收率。10种拟除虫菊酯农药在相应的范围内有良好的线性关系，相关系数（R²）大于0.9980；10种农药在4个水平添加下的回收率为87.5%~111.3%，RSD为2.1%~8.9%。方法的检出限为0.001~0.015 mg/kg，定量限为0.003~0.05 mg/kg。利用该方法检测市售50例茶叶样品中10种拟除虫菊酯农药的残留，检出率为48%，但农药残留量均在国家标准限量值以下。与传统QuEChERS法和固相萃取法相比，该方法具有操作简单、准确度和精密度良好等优点，为多种拟除虫菊酯类农药在茶叶中的残留测定提供了快速检测的新方法。     

Determination of pesticide residues in peaches by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometric detection

ABSTRACT

A multi-residue method using selected ion monitoring mode GC-MSD has been developed for the quantitative analysis of 30 widely used pesticides in fresh peaches produced in Swat Malakand, Pakistan. The planned methodology involved a sample extraction procedure using liquid-liquid partition with acetonitrile followed by a clean-up step based on solid-phase extraction (SPE). Method validation was performed in accordance with European Union guidelines. The European Union criteria (recovery 70–120%, RSD <20%) were met for majority of pesticides. For most of the pesticides, signal-to-noise ratios were good and background-corrected mass spectra often contained sufficient diagnostic to enable identity and confirmation. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range 0.01–1.0 mg/kg. The above method was successfully applied to the analysis of peach samples (n = 30) from the field. Pesticide concentration in real peach samples was compared with the maximum residue levels (MRLs). Pesticide residues were detected in 73% of the peach samples. Most frequent residues were metalaxyl, α-cypermethrin, azoxystrobin, dimethoate, tebuconazol, λ-cyhalothrin and spiromesifin in peach samples.     

Validation of a gas chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry based method for the quantification of pesticides in food commodities

A new multiresidue method has been validated in cucumber matrix for the routine analysis of 130 multiclass pesticide residues by gas chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The pesticides were extracted with ethyl acetate. A first identification of the pesticides was based on a tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) screening method, which monitors a single transition for each target compound, in less than 12 min. After that, potentially non-negative samples were analyzed again by the MS/MS confirmation/quantification method, which monitors two or three MS/MS transitions for each compound, also in less than 12 min. Performance characteristics, such as trueness, precision, linear range, detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ), for each pesticide were calculated. The average recoveries obtained ranged between 70 and 120% at three different fortification levels (25, 200 and 500 microg/kg) with precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), values lower than 15%. The calculated LOD and LOQ were typically <3.2 and 9.6 microg/kg, respectively. Such limits were much lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by European legislation. The proposed methodology was applied to the determination of pesticides in real vegetable samples from Almería (Spain).     

Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry multi-residue determination of pesticides in apples and pears

This paper describes a rapid, specific and sensitive multi-residue method for the routine quantitative analysis of pesticides of several classes used for the treatment of apples and pears, down to their respective maximum residue limits (MRLs). It involves a rapid extraction procedure and liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass selective detection. Seven pesticides were extracted at pH 4.5 with a mixture of acetone-dichloromethane-hexane (50:20:30, v/v/v). Ionization was performed at atmospheric pressure in an electrospray-type source and detection was carried out using the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Extraction recoveries were between 55 and 98% except for methylthiophanate (< 20%). Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged, respectively, from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg and from 0.02 to 0.05 mg/kg, with relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) less than 19%. An excellent linearity was observed for LOQs up to 5 mg/kg. Intermediate ("inter-assay") precision and accuracy were satisfactory. The method was applied to many fruit samples intended for commercialization.     

Determination of five pesticide residues in oranges by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography to estimate daily intake of consumers.

Residues of benzoylphenylurea insecticides (diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, and flufenuxuron), carboxamide acaricides (hexythiazox), and carbamate insecticides (benfuracarb) were determined in 150 orange fruit samples from September 1998 to June 1999, to estimate exposure of the Valencian population to oranges contaminated with these newly developed pesticides. The method for monitoring these residues is based on matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography with UV or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (APCI/MS) detection. Orange samples representing 11 varieties were collected from an agricultural cooperative and examined for the 5 pesticides. In 74.6% of all analyzed samples, the pesticide residues were below detection limits, which ranged from 0.002 to 0.05 mg/kg. Residues were detected in 25.4% of the samples, with higher incidences of diflubenzuron, flufenuxuron, hexythiazox, and benfuracarb; hexaflumuron residues were detected only occasionally. Two different pesticides exceeded maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 4 (2.7%) of the orange samples. Diflubenzuron surpassed 1 mg/kg MRL in 3 samples and flufenuxuron exceeded the 0.3 mg/kg MRL in 3 samples. The estimated daily intake of the 5 pesticide residues during the period was 0.077 microg/kg body weight per day. This value is much lower than the total admissible daily intake proposed by the Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Health Organization.