煤质对H2/Ar等离子体热解制乙炔的影响

选取12种不同变质程度的煤，通过等离子体热解实验考察了煤的挥发分产率、煤中氧质量分数、灰分产率对乙炔收率和结焦的影响。研究结果表明，挥发分产率为30%～40%的烟煤，热解时具有较高的乙炔收率；含氧量越高的煤，生成的碳氧化物越多，相应的乙炔收率较低；煤中的矿物质与乙炔收率之间并不存在相关性，但煤中的矿物质有利于CO的生成。影响结焦量的主要因素与煤的矿物质密切相关，煤中掺入二氧化硅和天然河沙能够明显增加结焦量，改变结焦形态。     

等离子体热解煤及模型化合物的热力学分析

在等离子体反应器中煤及石墨热解生成乙炔研究的基础上,选取了与挥发物相类似的气态脂肪族及液态芳香族模型化合物以及设计了与这些模型化合物生成乙炔有关的反应,通过计算这些热解反应在不同温度下的Gibbs函数变化ΔG°,对其进行了热力学分析。根据上述实验和理论研究,更进一步证实了煤释放出的挥发分是生成乙炔的主要来源,同时也得出了乙炔在高温时易生成是由于熵效应。这些研究为探索煤在等离子体热解反应器中生成乙炔的机理提供了有用的信息。     

固体热载体热解淮南煤实验研究

自制处理量为1 kg煤的间歇式固体热载体热解装置，以淮南烟煤为原料，石英砂作热载体，对该煤进行热解特性评价实验。考察了热载体初始温度700 ℃～900 ℃、反应 4 min～16 min、煤粒径及热载体与煤的质量比5～9对热解产物产率和性质的影响。结果表明，提高热载体初始温度，气、液产率增加；延长反应时间和提高热载体比例，气体产率有所增加；热载体初始温度对热解气组成影响显著。提高热载体与煤的质量比和热载体初始温度，可以抑制半焦对热解反应器内壁的黏附。     

反应器型式对甲烷低温等离子体转化制C2烃的影响

就不同反应器对甲烷常压低温等离子体转化制C2烃的影响进行了研究。结果表明，相同的甲烷停留时间和相同甲烷流率下，反应器A和B中反应的主要产物是乙炔，乙烯和乙烷的含量较少，积炭量较多；而反应器C和D中反应的主要产物为乙烷和丙烷，乙烯和乙炔含量较少，积炭量很少。反应积炭对反应器A中甲烷转化率影响很大，对于产物选择性影响不大，而对反应器C中的反应影响较小。根据产物分布可知，在反应器A和B中，由于电子具有很高的能量和密度，甲烷主要解离为碳原子；而在反应器C及D中，由于电子能量和密度较低，甲烷主要解离为CH3自由基。     

几种烃化合物在氮热等离子体中的热解

研究了数种烃包括液态苯和甲苯以及气态的四甲烷，乙烯及乙炔在氮热等离子体中的热解行为，结果发现，所有烃人合物在氮等离子体中均发生强烈的分解反应，生成大量炭黑和气体。气体产物中的主要成分是氢，乙炔和丙炔腈，在液态烃苯和甲苯的热解产物中不含有甲烷及乙烯等小分子烃，乙炔的浓度与丙炔腈的含量有关，丙炔腈的含量高时，乙炔的浓度低，反之亦然，所制得的炭黑粒细小，粒度分布范围产窄，具有较强的吸附性能，其确值为１４     

褐煤热解过程中半焦重整催化剂性质的变化

为降低焦油产率,提高褐煤气化效率,采用胜利褐煤热解所得的半焦作为催化剂,在二阶石英反应器中对煤热解的焦油进行原位催化重整,分析和讨论了反应前后半焦催化剂的性质变化。结果表明,反应后半焦质量较反应前普遍有所下降,半焦是一种消耗性催化剂;反应后半焦的比表面积由422 m~2/g降到231.8 m~2/g;Raman分析结果表明,反应后半焦含氧官能团、小环(3-5个缩合芳环)与大环(大于5个缩合芳环)体系之比均有所降低。在半焦-挥发分作用过程中,快速热解制得半焦主要将挥发分裂解为小分子气体,慢速热解制得的半焦则主要使挥发分缩聚结焦脱除。     

我国煤加氢热解研究—Ⅲ.神府煤加氢,催化加氢及H2—CH4气氛下热解的研究

本文在５ｇ固定床反应器中对神府榆家梁煤的加氢，ＭｏＳ２催化加氢及模拟焦炉气下的热解进行了研究，反应温度７９３－９７３Ｋ，压力０．１－１５ＭＰａ，升温速率５Ｋ／ｓ。实验结果表明，由于煤加氢热解反应受传控制，因此，不同反应器与工艺参数对热解反应影响很大；热解产物的焦油／气体收率比值可较好反映氢的有效利用率；高温和高压有利于煤加氢气化反应，导致氢耗增加，氢有效利用率下降；催化剂的存在不仅促进加氢反应，而     

煤热解过程中生成氮化物的研究

使用管式反应器在600℃-900℃范围内考察了温度和煤种等对煤中氮热解转化成HCN和NH3的影响。实验结果表明：热解的温度越高，气相产物中的HCN和NH3的生成量越大；煤化程度越高，煤中氮转化为HCN的量越少；惰质组含量较高的煤样，热解生成的NH3较多。在这些实验的基础上，对煤种和惰质组含量对氮氧化物前驱体生成的影响进行了初步的探讨。     

我国煤加氢热解研究Ⅲ．神府煤加氢、催化加氢及H_2－CH_4气氛下热解的研究

本文在５ｇ固定床反应器中对神府榆家梁煤的加氢，ＭｏＳ＿２催化加氢及模拟焦炉气（５０％Ｈ＿２－５０％ＣＨ＿４）下的热解进行了研究，反应温度７９３～９７３Ｋ，压力０．１～１５ＭＰａ，升温速率５Ｋ／ｓ。实验结果表明，由于煤加氢热解反应受传质控制，因此，不同反应器与工艺参数对热解反应影响很大；热解产物的焦油／气体收率比值可较好反映氢的有效利用率；高温和高压有利于煤加氢气化反应，导致氢耗增加，氢有效利用率下降；催化剂的存在不仅促进加氢反应，而且也加快了芳环开环及加氢气化反应；甲烷在本研究的温度和压力条件下相当于惰性组分，加氢热解反应取决于氢分压，说明以焦炉气代替氧气进行煤加氢热解是可行的。     

煤—焦炉气共热解特性的研究：温度的影响

利用高压热天平和１０ｇ固定床反应器考察了温度对兖州烟煤与焦炉气共热解的失重行为、热解产物分布以及脱硫脱氮的影响。随热解温度升高共热解在３００～５５０℃和６００～７００℃间出现明显失重峰。煤焦炉气共热解与加氢热解失重行为相似，均发生热分解反应和加氢反应。在实验温度范围（４５０～６５０℃）内，温度升高有利于提高焦油收率、热解水含量以及脱硫脱氮率，同时半焦收率降低。相同热解条件（压力为３ＭＰａ，终温为６５０℃）下，与煤在氮气气氛下热解相比，煤焦炉气共热解和加氢热解所得半焦收率均降低，焦油收率、热解水及脱硫脱氮率明显增加。与相同总压的加氢热解相比，煤焦炉气共热解半焦和热解水收率增加，焦油收率降低，脱硫率相当且脱氮率降低     

Detailed TIMS study of Ar/C(2)H(2) expanding thermal plasma: identification of a-C:H film growth precursors

Acetylene chemistry is studied by means of threshold ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) in remote Ar/C(2)H(2) expanding thermal plasma to identify the growth precursors of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films. More than 20 hydrocarbon species are measured, enabling a comprehensive study of acetylene chemistry in the plasma environment. It is shown that the plasma composition is controlled by the initial ratio between the acetylene flow into the reactor and argon ion and electron fluence emanating from the remote plasma source. Complete decomposition of acetylene to C, CH, CH(2), C(2), and C(2)H radicals is achieved in subsequent charge transfer and dissociative recombination reactions under low acetylene flow conditions. The formation of soft polymer-like a-C:H films can be attributed to C, C(2), and also partially to CH and C(2)H deposition. At acetylene flows higher than argon ion and electron fluence, reactions of C, CH, C(2), and C(2)H radicals with acetylene lead to the formation of various hydrocarbon species, whose behavior is dependent on whether the number of carbon atoms is even or odd. The detected resonantly stabilized C(3), C(3)H, and probably also C(5) and C(5)H radicals are unreactive with acetylene in the gas phase and are, therefore, abundantly present close to the substrate. The C(3) radical has among them the highest density, and it is identified as the significant growth precursor of Ar/C(2)H(2) expanding thermal plasma deposited hard a-C:H films.     

CFD Simulation of a Hydrogen／Argon Plasma Jet Reactor for Coal Pyrolysis

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was formulated for DC arc hydrogen/argon plasma jet re-actors used in the process of the thermal H2/Ar plasma pyrolysis of coal to acetylene. In this model, fluid flow, convective heat transfer and conjugate heat conductivity are considered simultaneously. The error caused by estimating the inner-wall temperature of a reactor is avoided. The thermodynamic and transport properties of the hydrogen/argon mixture plasma system, which are usually expressed by a set of discrete da-ta, are fitted into expressions that can be easily implemented in the program. The effects of the turbulence are modeled by two standard k-ε equations. The temperature field and velocity field in the plasma jet reactor were calculated by employing SIMPLEST algorithm. The knowledge and insight obtained are useful for the design improvement and scale-up of plasma reactors.     

Quenching Experiment Study on Thermal Plasma Pyrolysis Process of Coal Tar

Quenching is a key approach to obtain high acetylene yield in the process of coal tar pyrolysis to produce acetylene in a thermal plasma reactor due to the thermodynamic characteristics of acetylene. Experiments of coal tar pyrolysis were carried out in a lab-scale H₂/Ar plasma reactor under various quenching conditions. Meanwhile, thermodynamic analysis was performed to assist the optimization of quenching temperature and the maximization of acetylene yield. As quenching media in the experiments, hydrogen, argon, methane, and water were used separately to study the influence of quenching process on acetylene yield and specific energy requirement. The experimental results indicate that the acetylene concentration in quenched product gas was significantly affected by quenching operation, and the acetylene yield was significantly affected by quenching medium flow rate. The acetylene yields of 24.6, 17.8, 44.9 and 23.6 wt% can be reached by using hydrogen, argon, methane, and water as quenching media, respectively. The specific energy requirement analysis indicates that process energy efficiency can be improved by a suitable quench operation.     

便携式微波等离子体离子化检测器气相色谱仪用于气体分析的研究

本文使用自制的便携式微波诱导等离子体离子化检测器气相色谱仪对可燃气体中N_2、O_2、H_2和CH_4的测定方法进行了研究。以氩气为载气和工作气体,考察了改进后的微波诱导等离子体离子化检洲器(MIPID)的工作参数对测定的影响。对煤气和乙炔中的O_2、N_2、H_2和CH_4进行了测定,分析结果与热导池检测器(TCD)的气相色谱法一致。讨论了高电离电位(>11.7ev)气体组分在MIPID中响应特性。     

A density functional theory study on the decomposition of aliphatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes during coal pyrolysis in hydrogen plasma

To get deep understanding of the reaction mechanism of coal pyrolysis in hydrogen plasma, the decomposition reaction pathways of aliphatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes, which are two main components in volatiles from coal, were investigated. Methane and cyclohexane were chosen as the model compounds. Density functional theory was employed, and many reaction pathways were involved. Calculations were carried out in Gaussian 09 at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of the theory. The results indicate that the main pyrolysis products of methane and cyclohexane in hydrogen plasma are both hydrogen and acetylene, and the participation of active hydrogen atoms makes dehydrogenation reactions more favorable. H2 mainly comes from dehydrogenation process, while many reaction pathways are responsible for acetylene formation. During coal pyrolysis in hydrogen plasma, three main components in volatiles like aliphatic hydrocarbons, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons lead to the formation of hydrogen and acetylene, but their contributions to products distribution are different.     

微波等离子体下甲烷偶联制乙炔的研究

通过优化设计矩形波导谐振腔微波化学反应器,可以大幅提高微波等离子体下甲烷转化率（最高为93．7％）、C2烃收率（最高为91．0％）和乙炔收率（最高为88．6％）．且优化后,在实验的压强范围内,甲烷转化率和C2烃收率较为稳定,C2烃主要是乙炔,其选择性都在90％以上．生成乙炔的能量产率和时空产率也都比较高．利用发射光谱法对微波等离子体下甲烷偶联制乙炔的反应进行了诊断研究,在300nm～750nm波长范围内激发态物种有：CH,C2,H2,Hα-根据反应产物和激发态物种从化学反应热力学和动力学上对反应机理进行了初步探索．     

PLASMA POLYMERIZATION OF ACETYLENE/CO_2/H_2

A study has been made on the plasma polymerization of acetylene/CO_2/H_2 in a capacitively coupled RF plasma. The monomer mixture yielded a crosslinked film with light brown color. A kinetic study is reported for the plasma polymer ization of acetylene/CO_2/H_2. The effects of discharge power level and reactor geometry on the rate of polymer formation are reported. The structure of the plasma polymer is investigated by IR study.     

Experimental Study of Liquid Hydrocarbons Pyrolysis to Acetylene in H2/Ar Plasma

Liquid hydrocarbons including n-hexane, cyclohexane and toluene are pyrolyzed in H₂/Ar plasma to investigate the effects of feedstock properties and key operating conditions (e.g., the feedstock specific input power and residence time) on the reaction performance. The experiments verify that the non-aromatic hydrocarbons show better chemical reactivity than partially aromatic substances. Meanwhile, the straight-chain alkanes and cycloalkanes have better yields of ethylene during the pyrolysis. The results also demonstrate that the pyrolysis reactions are almost completed within the first 0.8?ms in Ar/H₂ plasma independent of the feed substances (i.e., liquid hydrocarbons), where the increased feedstock specific input power enhances the reactant conversions and correspondingly raises the yields of acetylene. At a feedstock specific input power of 4.7?×?10⁴?kJ/kg, the n-hexane conversion is over 90?% and the yield of acetylene reaches 70?%. In addition, when using n-hexane as the feedstock, very little coke is formed during the course of reaction. Comprehensive comparisons of the current experiments with the data reported in the literature are made to point out the key influencing factors, i.e., the effective mass ratio of C/H (R _C/H) in the gaseous phase and the quench temperature. Both two factors would need to be enhanced in order to get a better performance. Finally, the improvements on the specific energy requirement of this process are discussed.