罗氟司特的合成方法研究进展

罗氟司特是一种第二代磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂,是首个用于治疗慢性阻塞性肺病的新型药物,具有药效高、服用安全等优点和广阔的市场前景。本文综述了近年来国内外报道的罗氟司特的合成方法研究进展,并讨论了各方法的优缺点以期对其工业化生产提供依据。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱法测定饮用水中14种氟喹诺酮类抗生素的残留量

采用超高效液相色谱-质谱法测定饮用水中的14种氟喹诺酮类抗生素的残留量。饮用水样品经Oasis HLB(200mg/6mL)固相萃取柱富集。柱上的浓集物用甲醇洗脱,洗脱液以Acquity UPLC BEH C_(18)色谱柱为分离柱,以不同体积比的0.1%(体积分数)甲酸溶液和0.1%(体积分数)甲酸乙腈溶液的混合液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾正离子模式进行质谱检测。14种氟喹诺酮类抗生素均在一定的质量浓度范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)在0.04~1.8ng·L~(-1)之间。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率在69.2%~85.2%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在4.5%~11%之间。     

高效液相色谱法测定间甲氧基苯硫酚

提出了用反相高效液相色谱法测定间甲氧基苯硫酚,样品用乙腈作溶液,以EclipseXDB-C8色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm)为分离柱,乙腈-水体积比60比40混合溶液作流动相,测定波长为254nm,外标法定量测定了间甲氧基苯硫酚及杂质间甲氧基苯酚和间甲氧基苯硫酚二硫化物的含量。三者的检出限(3S/N)分别为0.51,0.48,0.50mg·mL-1,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.03%～1.77%之间,回收率在98.1%～100.5%之间。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定吉非替尼中4种基因毒性杂质（英文）

建立了一种同时测定吉非替尼中4种基因毒性杂质3-氯-4-氟苯胺、3,4-二氟苯胺、3-氟-4-氯苯胺和3,4-二氯苯胺的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)方法。用Inertsil ODS-3柱(100 mm×3.0 mm, 3μm)为色谱柱,以0.1%(体积分数,下同)甲酸水溶液-0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液为流动相,在电喷雾正离子模式下进行测定。该方法在特异性、线性、精密度、准确性、稳定性和耐用性方面得到了验证。4种基因毒性杂质在0.6～96.0μg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系。检测限和定量限分别为0.2～2.0μg/L和0.6～6.0μg/L。所有杂质的回收率为91.0%～98.5%。检测后,在批号16052301和R16052501-1样品中仅检测到3-氯-4-氟苯胺,但低于杂质限度(6 mg/L)。该方法简便可靠,可用于吉非替尼中4种基因毒性杂质的测定,并为质量控制提供参考。     

高效液相色谱法测定依巴斯汀片中相关杂质组分的含量

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定依巴斯汀片中相关杂质的含量。利用苯基键合硅胶xtimate phenylhexyl色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)分离,以磷酸盐缓冲溶液-乙腈(60+40)混合溶液为流动相A,磷酸盐缓冲溶液-乙腈(70+30)混合溶液为流动相B,流量为1.0mL·min-1。结果表明:4种杂质的质量浓度在一定范围内与其对应的峰面积之间呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)在0.16～0.33mg·L~(-1)之间。以依巴斯汀片样品为基质,按照标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率在96.0%～104%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.83%～4.2%之间。     

痕量氟罗沙星和司帕沙星的荧光薄层色谱法测定

建立了硅胶G板上分离氟罗沙星(FLX)和司帕沙星(SPLX)并同时测定其在体液中含量的方法 ;用0.27mol·L -1、pH=7的EDTA溶液修饰硅胶G板 ,避免了试样与金属离子的络合作用 ;使用乙醇 -乙酸乙酯 -1,2_二氯乙烷 -10 %(φ)氨水(体积比4∶3∶2∶1)为展开剂 ,FLX和SPLX的Rf值分别为0.40和0.59 ;板上的荧光斑点 ,使用CS_9000双波长薄层色谱扫描仪以285nm为激发波长扫描 ,同板标准工作曲线法定量 ;线性范围分别为0.5～85ng(FLX)和0.5～100ng(SPLX) ,回收率为96 %～102 % ,相对标准偏差≤5.2 % ;该法用于血样与尿样测定 ,具有操作简单 ,灵敏、准确的特点     

高效液相色谱法测定食品中2-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)-丙酸钠

提出了高效液相色谱法测定食品中2-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)-丙酸钠的方法。食品样品的饱和氯化钠溶液以乙腈提取,提取液用正己烷净化,所得经净化的乙腈液层用Agilent TC-C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为分离柱,以0.05%(体积分数)磷酸溶液与甲醇以体积比50比50组成的混合液为流动相进行分离,在检测波长224nm处进行测定。2-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)-丙酸钠质量浓度在0.20~5.00mg·L-1范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,方法检出限(3S/N)为0.3mg·kg-1。以空白食品样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率在91.3%~107%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.7%~8.2%之间。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其3种代谢物的含量

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其3种代谢物的含量。鸡蛋样品经乙腈提取,离心后上清液用氮气吹至近干,残渣用水溶解后,经HLB固相萃取柱净化。以Shim-pack XR-ODS C_(18)色谱柱为分离柱,以不同体积比的4mmol·L~(-1)乙酸铵溶液和甲醇的混合液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾负离子源和多反应监测模式检测。氟虫腈及其3种代谢物的质量分数均在1~50μg·kg~(-1)内与其对应的峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)均为0.3μg·kg~(-1)。在1,5,20μg·kg~(-1)等3个浓度水平进行加标回收试验,回收率为89.9%~96.1%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.6%~3.3%。     

氟罗沙星胶囊中氟罗沙星含量的 HPLC法测定

以 C18柱为分离柱 ，三乙胺·磷酸溶液－乙腈 (体积比 82∶ 18)为流动相 ，检测波长为 286 nm的液相色谱法测定氟罗沙星胶囊中的氟罗沙星含量 ，在 0.005～ 2.5 μ g 范围内进样量与主峰面积线性关系良好 (r=0.999 9)，最小检测量 0.005 μ g，检出限 0.000 2 μ g，平均回收率为 100.2％ ，重复进样相对标准偏差 0.50％。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中氟啶脲

提出了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中氟啶脲残留量。样品中氟啶脲经乙腈提取,弗罗里硅土柱净化后,以甲醇-水(90+10)混合溶液为流动相,经Agilent Eclipse XDB-C8(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱分离。在负离子模式下,用多反应监测技术测定。氟啶脲的峰面积与其质量浓度在1~50μg.L-1范围内呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)为0.01 mg.kg-1。在3个标准加入水平下进行了回收率和精密度试验,加标回收率在91.7%~97.3%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)小于5%。     

Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method for Roflumilast and its degradation products

Roflumilast is a phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor that is administered orally as a long-term, in the clinical treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Launched in 2010 for the European market, it currently does not have an official monograph. Here, a reproducible gradient RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the separation and determination of Roflumilast in the presence of its six major degradation products. Separation was performed on a C₁₈ analytical column (250?×?4.6?mm, 5?µm) with a mobile phase-A of ACN and a phase-B of ammonium acetate buffer (5?mM, pH 4.2) containing triethylamine (0.5% v/v). The most effective RP-HPLC gradient program was determined to be 0/80, 35/10, 36/80, 40/80 (time in minutes/% mobile phase-B). The flow rate was 1.0?ml/min and the column temperature was 25°C. The success of separation of the degradation products with different chemical characteristics was obtained by extending the time of the gradient, changing the proportion of the mobile phases and increasing the velocity of the flow. Two detectors were evaluated for the identification of degradation products and Roflumilast: a diode-arrary detector and a charged aerosol detector. The inability of the charged aerosol detector to dectect one of the six degradation products indicated that the method developed with RP-HPLC and the diode-array detector was more suitable for Roflumilast analysis. The method was validated according to specificity, linearity, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, precision and robustness.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.