Room temperature fabrication of hollow ZnS and ZnO architectures by a sacrificial template route

Hollow ZnS and ZnO architectures are fabricated by employing Zn(5)(CO(3))(2)(OH)(6) microspheres as the sacrificial template. Zn(5)(CO(3))(2)(OH)(6) microspheres can be effectively converted into the core/shell structured ZnO/ZnS composites (in the Na(2)S solution) and hollow ZnO architectures (in the KOH solution), by a spontaneous ion replacement reaction at room temperature. Removing the core by the KOH treatment of core/shell structured ZnO/ZnS, hollow ZnS spheres with different shell thicknesses can be effectively achieved. The obtained hollow ZnO architectures exhibit unique geometrical shapes, and their walls are composed of nanocrystals, which are connected to each other to form their hemispherical or circular shape. A possible formation process from Zn(5)(CO(3))(2)(OH)(6) microspheres to core/shell structured ZnO/ZnS composites is proposed by arresting a series of intermediate morphologies.     

In2O3 hollow microspheres: synthesis from designed In(OH)3 precursors and applications in gas sensors and photocatalysis

In this work, well-shaped In(OH)3 hollow microspheres have been successfully prepared via a novel surfactant-free vesicle-template-interface route in the "formamide-resorcinol-water" system, in which spontaneous vesicles were formed under hydrothermal conditions and NH3 from the hydrolysis of formamide acted as the OH- provider. Morphological and structural characterizations indicate that the shells of as-prepared In(OH)3 hollow microspheres were constructed by numerous nanocubes about 80 nm in size. As desired, In2O3 hollow microspheres were obtained from annealing the designed In(OH)3 precursors, and the as-obtained In2O3 hollow microspheres performed well as a gas-sensing material in response to both ethanol and formaldehyde gases and as a photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B. The facile preparation method and the improved properties derived from special microstructures are significant in the synthesis and future applications of functional nanomaterials.     

A hierarchically assembled mesoporous ZnO hemisphere array and hollow microspheres for photocatalytic membrane water filtration

A mesoporous ZnO hemisphere array has been prepared via a topotactic transition of Zn(4)(OH)(6)CO(3)·H(2)O (ZCHH) by chemical bath deposition. Each hemisphere is comprised of a radially oriented nanoflake shell grown on the hemispherical interior. Reaction time-dependent SEM analysis shows that the morphological formation of ZCHH involves a deposition-growth-secondary growth-redeposition procedure. Upon calcination, ZCHH readily decomposes to nanocrystalline wurtzite-phase ZnO without significant change in morphology, and the release of CO(2) and H(2)O from ZCHH creates an additional mesoporous structure in both hemispherical interior and nanoflake shell. A similar process but without using a substrate has been developed for synthesis of mesoporous ZnO hollow microspheres in powder form. Both the elaborated superstructured photocatalysts consisting of mesoporous nanoflakes have been demonstrated to exhibit excellent performances in the photocatalytic membrane filtration.     

花形ZnO纳米片微球的合成、表征及光催化性能

以ZnCl2和尿素为原料,采用水热法合成了由纳米片组成的花形微球碱式碳酸锌前驱体,然后在300℃下煅烧0.5 h得到了形貌一致的ZnO产物。采用XRD、FTIR、TG、SEM、TEM、XPS对其进行表征,结果表明产物为六方纤维矿结构ZnO;组成3D花型微球的纳米片构筑单元厚度为10 nm,表面呈孔装结构,比表面积为72 m2.g-1。分别以花形ZnO纳米片、单分散ZnO纳米片和商用ZnO纳米颗粒为光催化剂,通过降解罗丹明B(Rh B)进行了光催化活性研究。结果表明,与商用ZnO纳米颗粒相比,水热法制备的花形ZnO纳米片显示了更好的光催化活性,可能是由于花形ZnO纳米片微球有较高的比表面积和3D花形形貌所致。     

Time-dependent control of hole-opening degree of porous ZnO hollow microspheres

Well-designed, monodispersed porous ZnO hollow microspheres with controlled hole-opening were successfully synthesized by a facile two-step solution route at low temperature. The hollow microspheres having average diameter of 3-4 μm showed time-dependent hole-opening, i.e. 4-100% for 15-75 min. The hole-opening percentage increases linearly with time until complete opening. The ZnO hollow microspheres also exhibited a high surface area (34 m(2) g(-1)), a large pore volume (0.19 cm(3) g(-1)) and an average pore diameter of 3.8 nm. A plausible growth mechanism for the formation of ZnO hollow microspheres was also proposed.     

老化时间对Cu/ZnO/Al2O3合成甲醇催化剂性能的影响

并流共沉淀法制备了CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前驱体及催化剂，用XRD、TG－DTG、TPR、N2吸附及加压微反活性评价技术，考察了母料老化时间对催化剂前驱体物相组成及焙烧后物料中CuO－ZnO间的作用和物化性能的影响，提出了催化剂母料物相随老化时间的变化。研究表明，老化时间对催化剂活性的影响是通过改变催化剂比表面积及形成CuO ZnO固溶体的结果。     

并流淤浆混合法制备铜基甲醇合成催化剂及助剂Al2O3的作用研究

采用并流淤浆混合法制备了一系列具有不同铜锌铝比的铜基甲醇合成催化剂CuO/ZnO/Al2O3，测试了其催化性能(甲醇收率和CO转化率)及物相结构，并对该制备方法进行评价。Cu∶Zn∶Al摩尔比为4∶5∶1 的铜基催化剂显示了最好的催化活性。通过对催化剂前驱物煅烧过程进行DTA分析及对前驱物进行XRD分析表明， 催化剂前驱物的物相与Al2O3的量有关。当Al2O3的量较低时，前驱物的物相以(Cu0.3 Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6为主；当Al2O3的量较高时，前驱物中物相(Cu0.3Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6的量下降，而物相Cu2CO3(OH)2的量增加。物相(Cu0.3 Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6对终态催化剂的活性是十分有利的 。     

Optical and gas sensing properties of mesoporous hollow ZnO microspheres fabricated via a solvothermal method

Mesoporous,hollow Zn O microspheres were synthesized via a hydrothermal method,using glycerol and zinc acetate as the starting materials.XRD and FESEM analysis showed that the surface morphology of the spheres with a Wurtzite structure could be reasonably adjusted by varying the weight ratio(Rw) of Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O:H2O:C3H8O3.The responses of the gas sensor based on the spheres to 100 ppm ethanol and 100 ppm acetone are 18.9 and 10.4,respectively.The response and recovery times of the sensor to ethanol and acetone are 2 s and 3 s,3 s and 5 s,respectively.The hollow spheres show an intense UV emission at 392 nm and a broad blue-green emission at 488 nm.Interestingly,a light trapping phenomenon is revealed by UV emission and scattering measurements on the microspheres,which can be attributed to the mesoporous shell and hollow structure of the microsphere.     

Controlled organization of ZnO building blocks into complex nanostructures

ZnO complex nanostructure with special mushroom-like morphology was prepared by hydrolysis of zinc acetate dehydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O) in water-methanol mixed solvent at 60 degrees C. The formation mechanism was studied using XRD investigation and FE-SEM observation, which showed that the mushroom-like particles were transformed from cauliflower-like layered basic zinc acetate (LBZA), Zn5(OH)8(CH3COO)22H2O, and composed of ZnO subunits with average size less than 10 nm. The introduction of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA, C6H12N4) to the solution before deposition led to drastic changes in the morphologies of both aggregation particles and ZnO subunits. The novel ZnO microspheres, which were made of regular hexagonal plate-like ZnO with dimensional size 35 x 10 nm, were formed. These hexagonal plate-like ZnO subunits stacked very compactly and aligned regularly. Kinetic study of this unique complex nanostructure using TEM and FE-SEM observation showed the presence of HMTA played an important role on the formation of hexagonal ZnO subunits through different mechanisms related to the different parts of microspheres.     

Room temperature synthesis of hollow CdMoO(4) microspheres by a surfactant-free aqueous solution route

Hollow cadmium molybdate microspheres have been successfully prepared via a template-free aqueous solution method with the assistance of NaCl at room temperature. The structure and morphology of the CdMoO(4) hollow microspheres were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The microspheres have diameters of 3-6 microm and hollow interiors of 2-3 microm. The shell is composed of numerous single-crystalline nanorods with diameters of 30-120 nm and lengths of 1-2 microm which are radially oriented to the center. A certain concentration of NaCl plays a key important role in the formation process of hollow microspheres, which might provide a suitable chemical environment to favor the formation of hollow CdMoO(4) microspheres. A possible NaCl-induced Ostwald ripening process is proposed for the formation of hollow CdMoO(4) microspheres on the basis of scanning electron microscopy observation of intermediate products at different precipitation stages.     

Influence of Aging Time on the Properties of Precursors of CuO／ZnO Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis

The aging process of pure copper precursors and copper-zinc binary precursors were studied by XRD, TG-DTG and TPR techniques. The catalytic activity and stability of CuO/ZnO were tested using fixed-bed flow reactor, and the physical properties of the catalysts and Cu species were characterized with N2 adsorption and N2O passivation method, respectively. For the Cu-Zn binary system prepared at the precipitating condition of pH=8.0 and temperature=80℃, the initial phase was a mixture of copper nitrate hydroxide Cu2(NO3)(OH)3, georgeite and hydrozincite Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6. By increasing the duration of its aging time, the phase of Cu2(NO3)(OH)2 first transited to georgeite, and then interdiffused into Zns(CO3)2(OH)6 and resulted in two new phases: rosasite (Cu,Zn)2CO3(OH)2 and aurichalcite (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6. The former phase was much easier to be formed than the latter one, while the latter phase was more responsible for the activity of methanol synthesis than the former one. It is found that the composition and structure of the precursors altered obviously after the colour transition point. The experimental results showed that methanol synthesis is a structure-sensitive catalytic reaction.     

Hollow single-crystal spinel nanocubes: the case of zinc cobalt oxide grown by a unique Kirkendall effect

Small hollow nanocubes of the ternary spinel Zn x Co 1- x Co 2O 4 of ca. 18 nm dimension were prepared via a facile hydrothermal route. A growth mechanism is suggested in which solid single-crystal Co 3O 4 nanocubes are gradually converted to hollow single-crystal Zn x Co 1- x Co 2O 4 nanocubes with preservation of the spinel framework through differential diffusion of Zn (2+) and Co (2+) ions. With the cation exchange, the chemical composition and thus physical properties can be tailored.     

ZnIO3(OH): a new layered noncentrosymmetric polar iodate--hydrothermal synthesis, crystal structure, and second-harmonic generating (SHG) properties

A new noncentrosymmetric polar iodate material, ZnIO(3)(OH), has been hydrothermally synthesized as crystals and pure powders by using ZnO (or Zn(CH(3)CO(2))(2)·2H(2)O), HIO(3), and water. Single crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the crystal structure of the reported material. ZnIO(3)(OH) exhibits a layered structure that is composed of ZnO(6) and IO(3) polyhedra. Powder nonlinear optical (NLO) properties measurements on ZnIO(3)(OH) using 1064 nm radiation indicate the material has a second-harmonic generating (SHG) efficiency of approximately 20 times that of α-SiO(2). Additional SHG measurements reveal that the material is not phase-matchable (type 1). Infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis for the reported compound are also presented. Crystal data: ZnIO(3)(OH), monoclinic, space group Cc (no. 9) with a = 4.67670(10) ?, b = 11.2392(4) ?, c = 6.3308(2) ?, β = 90.019(2)°, and Z = 4.     

盐辅助-超生喷雾热分解法合成中空Bi2WO6纳米微球去除NO的应用

氮氧化物(简称NOx,包括NO和NO2等)是形成二次有机气溶胶的重要前体物,其存在会严重影响空气质量并危害人类健康.目前用于NOx的去除的方法主要有过滤、物理吸附、热催化等.然而,这些技术存在高能耗及产生二次污染等缺点,严重制约其实际应用.近年来,光催化技术作为一种有效处理NOx的环保技术,因其具备在常温下高效处理低浓度NOx(大气污染浓度水平)的优点而获得广泛关注.最近,Bi2WO6光催化剂因其独特的层状结构以及特有的催化性质,表现出良好的可见光催化性能.Bi2WO6光催化性能与催化剂的形貌及尺寸大小密切相关,目前报道的Bi2WO6的形貌有片状、颗粒状、花状、中空微球等.其中,由小纳米颗粒堆积成的中空Bi2WO6微球因其大的比表面积和高的荷质传输速率,表现出显著优于其它形貌的光催化性能.目前已有少量关于中空结构Bi2WO6微球的制备方法的报道,这些方法均需引入纳米球状的"核"作为模板,并在其上生长Bi2WO6胶体颗粒,然后去除"核",从而得到中空结构.譬如,Shang等采用碳纳米球作为"核"制备出Bi2WO6微球,再通过煅烧手段去除碳"核".Thillai与合作者用硅球作为"核",为了得到中空结构Bi2WO6微球,用NaOH将硅"核"刻蚀.然而这类方法均涉及到复杂的制备过程和高昂的运行成本.超生喷雾热分解法是一种常见的制备尺寸可控的纳米球的方法.在之前的工作中,本研究组成功使用超声喷雾热解法制备出具有优良光催化活性的Bi2WO6实心微球.我们首次加入NaCl盐为模板,使用简单的超声喷雾热分解方法制备出具有中空结构的Bi2WO6微球光催化剂,合成过程无需采用复杂的除"核"手段.一系列表征表明:该微球由直径为41?148 nm的纳米片自组装而成,并在表面形成了不均匀分布的孔结构;并对Bi2WO6中空微球的生长机制做了详细的研究,考察了所制备Bi2WO6催化剂去除NO的效率.生长机制研究结果表明,NaCl盐在中空Bi2WO6微球的形成过程中发挥着关键性作用:(1)NaCl盐溶液在超生喷雾热分解法的高温过程中形成NaCl单晶并作为"核"模板,参与中空Bi2WO6微球的形成;(2)Na+离子有助于Bi2WO6微球的微结构-纳米片的生长;(3)Cl?离子有利于Bi2WO6微球表面微孔的形成;(4)NaCl模板水洗后留下中空结构的Bi2WO6微球;(5)NaCl盐也充当着多孔诱发剂,其水洗溢出过程会造成Bi2WO6微球表面的孔结构.性能测试表明,以NaCl盐为模板所制备的中空Bi2WO6微球表现出优异的光催化性能,其在模拟太阳光下去除NO的效率是未添加模板的1.7倍、以KCl为模板的1.5倍、以Na2SO4为模板的1.2倍.BET和DRS分析表明,中空结构Bi2WO6微球具有大的比表面积和高的可见光吸收,对提高催化性能起到重要作用.ESR测试结果表明,?OH和?O2?是中空Bi2WO6微球的光催化反应过程的主要活性物种,?O2?的产生有助于提高光催化剂降解NO的耐受性.     

Fe掺杂ZnO空心微球的制备与光催化性能

ZnO是一种重要的Ⅱ-Ⅵ族半导体材料,其能带宽度约为3.37eV,在光电子学、传感、光催化、发电等诸多领域都具有巨大的应用潜力。本文采用简单的离子交换和热蒸发法成功制备了Fe掺杂ZnO空心微球,并利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线粉末衍射仪对其形貌、结构以及成分等进行了详细的表征。光吸收测试证明Fe元素掺杂能够扩展ZnO的光吸收波段,实现波长375~600nm的光波吸收。另外,光催化实验证明Fe掺杂ZnO空心微球能够有效地促进罗丹明B的降解,表明合成的Fe掺杂ZnO空心微球是一种优异的光催化剂。     

NiO纳米片和多孔纳米片自组装的空心微球的无模板水热法制备与磁学性质

报道一种非常简单的制备NiO和Ni(OH)₂空心微球的无模板水热法, 即通过NiCl₂与氨水在140 ℃水热反应12 h, 制备了Ni(OH)₂纳米片自组装的空心微球, 经400 ℃热处理2 h得到了NiO空心微球. 采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和透射电子显微镜对产物进行表征, 并在室温下测试了它的磁学性能, 结果表明, Ni(OH)₂空心微球的直径约为3～4 μm, 它是由尺寸1.1～1.3 μm左右的六方相结构的Ni(OH)₂纳米片组装而成; NiO空心微球是由立方相纳米片和多孔纳米片组装而成, 它具有弱的铁磁性, 其矫顽力为583 Oe, 剩余磁化强度为0.213 emu/g. 研究了氨在Ni(OH)₂纳米片的形成与组装过程中的作用, 提出了可能的生长机理.     

A templated method to Bi2WO6 hollow microspheres and their conversion to double-shell Bi2O3/Bi2WO6 hollow microspheres with improved photocatalytic performance

Bi(2)WO(6) hollow microspheres with dimension of ca. 1.5 μm were synthesized via a hydrothermal method using polystyrene particles as the template. The as-prepared Bi(2)WO(6) hollow microspheres can be further transformed to double-shell Bi(2)O(3)/Bi(2)WO(6) hollow microspheres. The samples were fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, N(2)-sorption Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, UV-vis diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-formed double-shell Bi(2)O(3)/Bi(2)WO(6) hollow microspheres exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activity due to the hollow nature and formation of the p-n junction between p-type Bi(2)O(3) and n-type Bi(2)WO(6). The study provides a general and effective method in the fabrication of composition and dimension-tunable composite hollow microspheres with sound heterojunctions that may show a variety of applications.     

微波辐射对浆态床合成甲醇Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前驱体微观结构及催化性能的影响

 考察了微波辐射条件下老化温度对 Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 催化剂在浆态床中催化 CO 加氢合成甲醇反应性能的影响, 并采用 X 射线衍射、热重分析、程序升温还原、红外光谱、X 射线光电子能谱、透射电镜和粒度分析等手段对催化剂及其前驱体的微观结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 在母液老化过程中, 微波辐射有助于 Cu2+ 取代 Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 中的 Zn2+, 使前驱体中含有更多的 (Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6 物相, 焙烧后催化剂的 CuO-ZnO 协同作用增强, CuO 晶粒减小, 表面 Cu 含量增加, 从而提高了催化剂活性和稳定性. 在微波辐射条件下, 于 80 oC 老化制备的催化剂活性最高, 在 400 h 浆态床合成甲醇评价期间, 平均失活率仅为 0.11%/d, 最大时空收率为 318.9 mg/(g•h), 比非微波辐射制得催化剂的平均失活率降低了 31.2%, 时空收率提高了 10.1%.     

Synthesis of CdSnO(3).3H(2)O nanocubes via ion exchange and their thermal decompositions to cadmium stannate

Uniform crystalline CdSnO3.3H2O nanocubes with a 28-35 nm edge length have been obtained via the ion-exchange reaction of Na2Sn(OH)6 in a CdSO4 aqueous solution, assisted by ultrasonic treatment. Precursor Na2Sn(OH)6 crystals were prepared via hydrothermal treatment in an ethanol/water solution. The formation of CdSnO3.3H2O nanocubes resulted from the strain during the ion-exchange process. The influences of reaction conditions, such as ion-exchange (ultrasonic treatment) duration, solvent constitutes, surfactant, and pH on the formation of CdSnO3.3H2O crystals were described. Crystalline CdSnO3 and Cd2SnO4 have been obtained by thermal treatment at 300 and 500 degrees C, respectively, for 5 h under an inert-gas protecting condition using CdSnO3.3H2O nanocubes as the precursor. The cube shape of CdSnO3.3H2O was sustained after thermal decomposition to CdSnO3.     

ZnO-based hollow microspheres with mesoporous shells: Polyoxometalate-assisted fabrication, growth mechanism and photocatalytic properties

With the assistance of Keggin-type polyoxometalate, ZnO hollow microspheres with mesoporous shells were synthesized via a simple solvothermal approach without any templates and surfactants. The observations of morphology and structure performed by field emission scanning electronic microscopy and transmission electron microscopy indicated that the shells of the ZnO hollow spheres were built from nanosheets which were composed of nanoparticles. The transformation of structure and composition of samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy. The formation mechanism of the hollow spheres is proposed based on time-dependent experimental results. The ZnO hollow microspheres exhibited a high photocatalytic activity for decolorization of Rhodamine B under ultraviolet irradiation.