Cu(Ⅱ)源对铜系氧化物催化分解H2O2活性的影响

Copper oxides were prepared by direct heating and decomposing copper(Ⅱ) salts, such as Cu 2(OH) 2CO 3, Cu(NO 3) 2·3H 2O, Cu 2C 6H 4O 7·2 5H 2O, CuC 2O 4·2H 2O and CuAc 2·H 2O. The phase, surface area and catalytic activity of the oxides for H 2O 2 decomposition were investigated by means of XRD and BET measurements. It has been demonstrated that the characteristics of copper oxides obtained from different precursors are much different from each other. Monocomponent nano CuO, which has higher catalytic activity for H 2O 2 decomposition, can be prepared by direct heating and decomposing Cu 2(OH) 2CO 3. On the other hand, CuO in the decomposition products of the organic acid copper can be partially reduced to Cu 2O and Cu in the reducing atmosphere, and the Cu 2O component in the products has higher catalytic activity for H 2O 2 decomposition.     

Intrinsic Kinetics of Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Syngas

The intrinsic kinetics of dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from syngas over a methanol synthesis catalyst mixed with methanol dehydration catalyst has been investigated in a tubular integral reactor at 3-7MPa and 220-260℃. The three reactions including methanol synthesis from CO and H2, CO2 and H2, and methanol dehydration were chosen as the independent reactions. The L-H kinetic model was presented for dimethyl ether synthesis and the parameters of the model were obtained by using simplex method combined with genetic algorithm. The model is reliable according to statistical analysis and residual error analysis. The synergy effect of the reactions over the bifunctional catalyst was compared with the effect for methanol synthesis catalyst under the same conditions based on the model. The effects of syngas containing N2 on the reactions were also simulated.     

Study on Highly Active Catalysts and a Once—Through Process for Methanol Synthesis from Syngas

Highly active CNT-promoted co-precipitated Cu-ZnO-Al2O3 catalysts, symbolized as CuiZnj;Alfc-a;%CNTs, were prepared, and their catalytic activity for once-through methanol synthesis from syngas was investigated. The results illustrated that, under the reaction conditions (at 493 K, 5.0 MPa, the volume ratio of H2/CO/CO2/N2= 62/30/5/3, GHSV= 4000 h-1), the observed single-pass CO-conversion and methanol-STY over a Cu6Zn3Al1-12.5%CNTs catalyst reached 64% and 1210 mg/(h-g), which was about 68% and 66% higher than those (38% and 730 mg/(h-g)) over the corresponding CNT-free catalyst, Cu6Zn3Al1, respectively. The characteristic studies of the catalysts revealed that appropriate incorporation of a minor amount of the CNTs into the CuiZnjAlk brought about little change in the apparent activation energy of the methanol synthesis reaction, however, led to a considerable increase in the catalyst's active Cu surface area and pronouncedly enhanced the stationary-state concentration of active hydrogen-adspecies on     

Effect of alcohol solvents treated ZrO(OH)_2 hydrogel on properties of ZrO_2 and its catalytic performance in isosynthesis

A series of ZrO2 catalysts were prepared by treating ZrO(OH)2 hydrogel with different alcohol solvents (C2-C4 alcohols) and calcining under N2 flow at 773 K for 3 h. The obtained ZrO2 catalysts were systematically characterized by the methods of N2 adsorption-desorption, powder X-ray diffraction, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption, and CO2 temperature-programmed desorption. The catalytic performance of each catalyst was evaluated in the selective synthesis of iso-C4 (isobutene and isobutane) and light olefins (C2= ～C4= ) from CO hydrogenation. The specific surface area increased for the ZrO2 catalysts obtained by treating ZrO(OH)2 hydrogel with different alcohol solvents. The amounts of both acidic and basic sites on the catalyst surface increased obviously. The catalytic activity (CO conversion) of ZrO2 catalysts also increased after the treatment with different alcohol solvents. The highest activity was obtained over the catalyst which was pretreated with isopropanol. However, alcohol solvent treatment retarded the transformation of ZrO2 crystal structure from tetragonal phase to monoclinic phase, and subsequently resulted in the decrease of monoclinic phase in ZrO2, which led to the decrease of olefin selectivity in corresponding hydrocarbon products (C2=～C4= /CH).     

Enhanced catalytic performance for direct synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas over a La2O3 modified Cu-ZrO2/γ-Al2O3 hybrid catalyst

A series of hybrid catalysts were made by physically mixing Cu-ZrO 2 and γ-Al 2 O 3,for former it was modified with different loadings of La 2 O 3 prepared by co-precipitation method.The catalysts were characterized by BET,XRD,N 2 O-adsorption,EXAFS,H 2-TPR,NH 3-TPD techniques and evaluated in the synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas.The results show that La 2 O 3 promoted catalysts displayed a significantly better catalytic performance compared with Cu-ZrO 2 /γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst in CO conversion and DME selectivity,and the optimum catalytic activity was obtained when the content of La 2 O 3 was 12 wt%.The characterizations reveal that high copper dispersion,facile reducibility of copper particles and appropriate amount of acidic sites are responsible for the superior catalytic performance.     

Influence of Reaction Conditions on Methanol Synthesis and WGS Reaction in the Syngas-to-DME Process

A series of CuO-ZnO catalysts (with different Cu/Zn molar ratios) were prepared, and evaluated under the reaction conditions of syngas-to-dimethyl ether (DME) with three sorts of feed gas and different space velocity. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The experiment results showed that the reaction conditions of syngas-to-DME process greatly affected the methanol synthesis and WGS reaction. The influence caused by Cu/Zn molar ratio was quite different on the two reactions; increasing of percentage of CO2 in feed gas was unfavorable for catalyst activity, and also inhibited both reactions: enhancement of reaction space velocity heavily influenced the performance of the catalyst, and the benefits were relatively less for methanol synthesis than for the WGS reaction.     

Effect of alcohol solvents treated ZrO（OH）2 hydrogel on properties of ZrO2 and its catalytic performance in isosynthesis

A series of ZrO2 catalysts were prepared by treating ZrO(OH)2 hydrogel with different alcohol solvents (C2-C4 alcohols) and calcining under N2 flow at 773 K for 3 h. The obtained ZrO2 catalysts were systematically characterized by the methods of N2 adsorption-desorption, powder X-ray diffraction, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption, and CO2 temperature-programmed desorption. The catalytic performance of each catalyst was evaluated in the selective synthesis of iso-C4 (isobutene and isobutane) and light olefins (C2= ～C4= ) from CO hydrogenation. The specific surface area increased for the ZrO2 catalysts obtained by treating ZrO(OH)2 hydrogel with different alcohol solvents. The amounts of both acidic and basic sites on the catalyst surface increased obviously. The catalytic activity (CO conversion) of ZrO2 catalysts also increased after the treatment with different alcohol solvents. The highest activity was obtained over the catalyst which was pretreated with isopropanol. However, alcohol solvent treatment retarded the transformation of ZrO2 crystal structure from tetragonal phase to monoclinic phase, and subsequently resulted in the decrease of monoclinic phase in ZrO2, which led to the decrease of olefin selectivity in corresponding hydrocarbon products (C2=～C4= /CH).     

Study of CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol over Cu-V/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst

The effect of vanadium addition to CU/γ-Al2O3 catalyst used in the hydrogenation of CO2 to produce methanol was studied. It was found that the catalytic performance of the Cu-based catalyst improved after V addition. The influence of reaction temperature, space velocity and the molar ratio of H2 to CO2 on the performance of 12%Cu-6%V/γ-Al2O3 catalyst were also studied. The results indicated that the best conditions for reaction were as follows: 240℃, 3600 h-1 and a molar ratio of H2 to CO2 of 3:1. The results of XRD and TPR characterization demonstrated that the addition of V enhanced the dispersion of the supported CuO species, which resulted in the enhanced catalytic performance of CU-V/γ-Al2O3 binary catalyst.     

Rh/ZnO-Al2O3催化剂用于巴豆醛选择性加氢（英文）

Gas phase hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde was performed over 1 wt% Rh/ZnO-Al2O3 catalysts with various Zn/Rh atomic ratios. Monometallic Rh/Al2O3 was also prepared for comparison. The samples were prepared by the successive impregnation of Al2O3 with chlo-ride precursors of zinc and rhodium. The solids have been characterized by H2 chemisorption,temperature-programmed reduction,scanning electron microscopy,and cyclohexane dehydrogenation. Their catalytic behaviour in the gas phase crotonaldehyde hydrogenation reaction after reduction treatment in flowing hydrogen at 723 K was investigated. The relationship between catalytic activity,selectivity for crotyl alcohol,and physicochemical properties of the catalysts was examined. Results obtained showed that the presence of Zn clearly promotes the hydrogenation of the carbonyl bond. The catalyst with Zn/Rh atomic ratio of 5 displayed good catalytic stability and the highest selectivity for crotyl alcohol(70%) along with alloy formation.     

Experimental studies of biomass gasification with air

In this work,experimental studies of biomass gasification under different operating conditions were carried out in an updraft gasifier combined with a copper slag reformer.The influence of gasification temperature,equivalence ratio(ER) and copper slag catalyst addition on gas production and tar yield were investigated.The experimental results showed that the content of H2 and CO,gas yield and LHV increased,while the tar yield and the content of CO2,CH4 and C2Hx in the gas product decreased with the temperature.At 800C,with the increase of ER,the LHV,the tar yield and the content of H2,CO,CH4 and C2Hx in gas products decreased,while the gas yield and the content of CO2 increased.Copper slag was introduced into the secondary reformer for tar decomposition.The Fe3O4 phase in the fresh copper slag was reduced to FeO(Fe2+) and metallic Fe by the gas product.Fe species(FeO and metallic Fe) acted as the active sites for tar catalytic decomposition.The catalytic temperature had a significant influence on tar conversion and the composition of the gas product.Typically,the tar conversion of about 17%-54% could be achieved when the catalytic temperature was varied from 750 to 950 C.Also,the content of H2 and CO increased with the catalytic temperature,while that of CO2,CH4 and C2Hx in the gas product decreased.It was demonstrated that copper slag was a good catalyst for upgrading the gas product from biomass gasification.     

老化时间对Cu/ZnO/Al2O3合成甲醇催化剂性能的影响

并流共沉淀法制备了CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前驱体及催化剂，用XRD、TG－DTG、TPR、N2吸附及加压微反活性评价技术，考察了母料老化时间对催化剂前驱体物相组成及焙烧后物料中CuO－ZnO间的作用和物化性能的影响，提出了催化剂母料物相随老化时间的变化。研究表明，老化时间对催化剂活性的影响是通过改变催化剂比表面积及形成CuO ZnO固溶体的结果。     

沉淀及老化温度对浆态床合成甲醇CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂活性及稳定性的影响

利用浆态床反应器,考察了沉淀及老化温度对CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂催化合成甲醇的活性及稳定性的影响,并用XRD、BET、FT-IR以及XPS等技术对前驱体及催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,前驱体物相主要以孔雀石(Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂)和类孔雀石((Cu,Zn)₂(CO₃)(OH)₂)为主,其中,70 ℃沉淀和80 ℃老化条件下制备的前驱体具有适当的结晶度,焙烧后的催化剂中CuO分布均匀,Cu元素的电子结合能位移最大,CuO与ZnO之间作用较强,催化剂的性能最佳,时空收率和失活率分别达到了153.3 g/(kg_cat·h)和1.44%/d。     

前驱体物相转变对浆态床合成甲醇催化剂活性的影响

采用并流共沉淀法, 通过考察老化温度, 研究CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂前驱体晶相及组成的变化对浆态床催化合成甲醇的反应活性的影响. 结果表明, 前驱体的物相转变对浆态床合成甲醇活性影响显著, 单斜晶系锌孔雀石(Cu,Zn)₂CO₃(OH)2和斜方晶系绿铜锌矿(Cu,Zn)₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆晶体是产生高活性催化剂的主要物相. 随着Cu²⁺/Zn²⁺进入Zn₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆/Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂晶格, 离子同晶取代量增加, 催化剂前驱体中形成了固定铜锌比的锌孔雀石和绿铜锌矿物相. 焙烧后催化剂比表面积增大, CuO-ZnO固溶体协同作用加强, 浆态床催化合成甲醇的活性提高.     

沉淀方式对微波辐射老化制备CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用微波辐射老化沉淀母液的方法,着重考察了沉淀方式对制备的CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂及其前驱体的结构和催化性能的影响。实验结果表明,沉淀方式对催化剂的活性和稳定性影响较大,其活性顺序为分步沉淀法二＞并流共沉淀法＞分步沉淀法一＞反加法＞正加法。通过XRD、DTG、H₂-TPR等表征分析表明,先并流沉淀Al(NO₃)₃溶液和Na₂CO₃溶液,再并流沉淀Cu(NO₃)₂-Zn(NO₃)₂混合溶液与剩下的Na₂CO₃溶液,然后微波辐射老化所制备前驱体中含有更多的绿铜锌矿 (Cu,Zn)₅ (CO₃)₂(OH)₆物相,焙烧后形成的CuO-ZnO协同作用强,且CuO分散性好,H₂还原温度较低,催化活性和稳定性也较高。     

并流淤浆混合法制备铜基甲醇合成催化剂及助剂Al2O3的作用研究

采用并流淤浆混合法制备了一系列具有不同铜锌铝比的铜基甲醇合成催化剂CuO/ZnO/Al2O3，测试了其催化性能(甲醇收率和CO转化率)及物相结构，并对该制备方法进行评价。Cu∶Zn∶Al摩尔比为4∶5∶1 的铜基催化剂显示了最好的催化活性。通过对催化剂前驱物煅烧过程进行DTA分析及对前驱物进行XRD分析表明， 催化剂前驱物的物相与Al2O3的量有关。当Al2O3的量较低时，前驱物的物相以(Cu0.3 Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6为主；当Al2O3的量较高时，前驱物中物相(Cu0.3Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6的量下降，而物相Cu2CO3(OH)2的量增加。物相(Cu0.3 Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6对终态催化剂的活性是十分有利的 。     

无氯 Cu/AC 催化剂的制备及其催化气相甲醇氧化羰基化反应性能

 以 Cu2(NO3)(OH)3/AC (活性碳) 为催化剂前驱体, 在惰性气氛中于不同温度热处理分别制得无氯的 CuO/AC, Cu2O/AC 和 Cu0/AC 催化剂, 并用于甲醇直接气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯 (DMC) 反应. 结果表明, 200 °C 处理制得的催化剂中, Cu 物种以 CuO 为主. 随着处理温度的升高, 催化剂中 CuO 含量逐渐降低, 而 Cu2O 含量增加; 400 °C 制备的催化剂中, Cu 物种仅以 Cu2O 形式存在; 而 450 °C 以上处理时则以 Cu0 形式存在. 随着热处理温度的提高, 相应催化剂活性逐渐增加, 表明 CuO, Cu2O 和 Cu0 均具有催化活性, 其活性大小的顺序为 CuO < Cu2O < Cu0. 在 140 °C, CO:MeOH:O2 = 4:10:1, SV = 5 600 h1 条件下, 450 °C 处理制备的 Cu0/AC 催化剂表现出较高的催化甲醇氧化羰基化活性, 其中甲醇转化率达 11.5%, DMC 的时空收率和选择性分别为 261.9 mg/(g•h) 和 76.0%.     

加料方式对CuO/ZnO/Al2O3系催化剂前驱体性质的影响

用XRD、TG-DTG、TPR技术研究了不同加料方式对CuO/ZnO/Al2O3系催化剂前驱体物相组成及其结晶情况的影响，用加压微反装置考察了催化剂合成甲醇反应活性。结果表明, 加料方式对Cu2+形成的中间化合物的物相组成及结晶度影响显著,对Zn2+及Al3+的沉淀物相的影响很小。不同加料方式对催化剂前驱体物相组成及催化剂性能的影响主要是形成的初始前驱体中Cu的物相及结晶度不同。正加法主要形成Cu2(OH)3NO3,并流法主要形成无定形Cu2CO3(OH)2,后者与Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6相互作用转化为(Cu,Zn)2CO3(OH)2和（Cu,Zn）5(CO3)2(OH)6，由它们分解形成的CuO-ZnO固溶体是合成甲醇反应的活性相。并流法能最大程度的形成CuO-ZnO固溶体，有利于CuO粒子的细化，其催化活性较好。     

4,4'-Bipyridazine: a new twist for the synthesis of coordination polymers

A new polydentate ligand 4,4'-bipyridazine (4,4'-bpdz) was prepared by employing inverse electron demand cycloaddition of 1,2,4,5-tetrazine. A unique combination of structural simplicity, ampolydentate character and efficient donor properties towards Cu(I), Cu(II) and Zn(II) provide wide new possibilities for the synthesis of coordination polymers incorporating the 4,4'-bpdz module either as a bi-, tri- or tetradentate connector between the metal ions. 1D coordination polymers Cu(2)(4,4'-bpdz)(CH(3)CO(2))(4) x 4H(2)O and Zn(4,4'-bpdz)(NO(3))(2), and interpenetrated (4,4)-nets in [Cu(4,4'-bpdz)(2)(H(2)O)(2)]S(2)O(6) were closely related to 4,4'-bipyridine compounds. 1D "ladder-like" polymer Cu(2)(4,4'-bpdz)(3)(CF(3)CO(2))(4) and the unprecedented 3D binodal net ({8(6)}{6(3);8(3)}) in [Cu(3)(4,4'-bpdz)(6)(H(2)O)(4)](BF(4))(6) x 6H(2)O were based upon a combination of linear and angular organic bridges. Complex [Cu(3)(OH)(2)(4,4'-bpdz)(3)(H(2)O)(2){CF(3)CO(2)}(2)](CF(3)CO(2))(2) x 2H(2)O has a "NbO-like" 3D topology incorporating discrete dihydroxotricopper(II) clusters linked by tri- and tetradentate ligands. The tetradentate function of the 4,4'-bpdz ligand was especially relevant for copper(I) complexes, which adopt layered Cu(2)X(2)(4,4'-bpdz) (X = Cl, Br) or 3D chiral framework (X = I) structures based upon infinite (CuX)(n) chains. The electron deficient character of the ligand was manifested by short anion-pi interactions (O-pi 3.02-3.20; Cl-pi 3.35 A), which may be involved as a factor for controlling the supramolecular structure.     

New heterometallic coordination polymers self-assembled from copper(II) nitrate and (diamine)Pt(II)(pyridinecarboxylates)(2)

One-dimensional (1-D), two-dimensional (2-D), and three-dimensional (3-D) coordination polymers were prepared by self-assembly of binary metal complex systems, copper(II) nitrate and (en)Pt(II)(nic)(2) or (dmpda)Pt(II)(isonic)(2) (en = ethylenediamine, dmpda = 2,2'-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, nic = nicotinate, and isonic = isonicotinate), in aqueous solutions. Equimolar reactions of copper(II) nitrate with (dmpda)Pt(II)(isonic)(2) and (en)Pt(II)(nic)(2) resulted in 1-D ([(dmpda)Pt(isonic)(2)Cu(OH(2))(3)](NO(3))(2))(n)() (1) and 2-D ([(en)Pt(nic)(2)Cu(OH(2))](NO(3))(2))(n) (2), respectively, but the reaction of (en)Pt(II)(nic)(2) with excess copper(II) nitrate gave 3-D ([((en)Pt(nic)(2))(3)Cu(5)(OH)(2)(OH(2))(6)](NO(3))(8))(n) (3). The local structure of crystal 1 has a mononuclear copper unit, 2 has a dinuclear copper unit with a Cu-Cu distance of 2.659(5) A, and 3 has a pentanuclear copper unit. The methyl groups of the dmpda ligand are located in the space between two isonicotinate ligands of 1, which is presumed to be an important factor to determine the final structure of the crystal formed by self-assembly. Magnetic behaviors of crystals 1-3 examined in the temperature range of 4-300 K appear to be governed by the local structures around the copper(II) ions and do not indicate any significant long-range magnetic exchange interactions along the polymeric chain.     

微波辐射对浆态床合成甲醇Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前驱体微观结构及催化性能的影响

 考察了微波辐射条件下老化温度对 Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 催化剂在浆态床中催化 CO 加氢合成甲醇反应性能的影响, 并采用 X 射线衍射、热重分析、程序升温还原、红外光谱、X 射线光电子能谱、透射电镜和粒度分析等手段对催化剂及其前驱体的微观结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 在母液老化过程中, 微波辐射有助于 Cu2+ 取代 Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 中的 Zn2+, 使前驱体中含有更多的 (Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6 物相, 焙烧后催化剂的 CuO-ZnO 协同作用增强, CuO 晶粒减小, 表面 Cu 含量增加, 从而提高了催化剂活性和稳定性. 在微波辐射条件下, 于 80 oC 老化制备的催化剂活性最高, 在 400 h 浆态床合成甲醇评价期间, 平均失活率仅为 0.11%/d, 最大时空收率为 318.9 mg/(g•h), 比非微波辐射制得催化剂的平均失活率降低了 31.2%, 时空收率提高了 10.1%.