衍生化毛细管气相色谱法测定糖尿病大鼠眼球晶体中糖醇含量

建立了大鼠眼球晶体中糖醇化合物包括葡萄糖、肌醇、山梨醇同时测定的毛细管气相色谱分析方法。通过改进用甘露糖为内标，先加入5％盐酸羟胺．吡啶溶液进行肟化反应，再加入醋酸酐溶液进行乙酰化反应，将糖醇化合物转化成相应的糖腈乙酰醇化合物，经SE-30毛细管柱色谱分离，氢火焰离子化检测器检测。葡萄糖、肌醇、山梨醇的回收率均在93％以上，其检出限分别为0．40、0．26和0．30mg/L。比较测定了正常对照组、糖尿病对照组、某中药复方治疗组的大鼠眼球晶体中各单糖的含量。     

高效阴离子交换色谱分离-脉冲安培检测法测定烟草料液中的糖、糖醇和醇类化合物

建立了高效阴离子交换色谱分离-脉冲安培检测法测定烟草料液中的糖、糖醇以及醇类化合物的方法。以NaOH为淋洗液,在CarboPac MA1阴离子交换柱上等度分离了肌醇、甘油、丙二醇、半乳糖醇、木糖醇、山梨醇、甘露醇、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、甘露糖和半乳糖等12种化合物。对影响分离和检测的条件进行了优化,并在此优化条件下分析了烟草料液中的糖、糖醇以及醇类化合物。12种化合物的检出限为2.0~216μg/L(25.0μL进样,以3倍信噪比计算检出限)。12种化合物浓度为1~5mg/L的标准溶液连续7次进样的RSD为0.7%~4.3%。方法对烟草料液中12种化合物的加标回收率为80%~108%。方法灵敏、高效、简便、快捷。     

硼酸与多羟基化合物配位反应的热化学研究

用量热法在298.2 K测定了B(OH)~-_4与多羟基化合物的反应焓。计算了硼酸与多羟基化合物的配位焓和配离子的标准生成焓。根据配位焓确定了B(OH)~-_4与甘露醇、山梨醇、丙三醇、葡萄糖等多羟基化合物配位反应的配位数，B(OH)~-_4与甘露醇、山梨醇的配位数是2；与丙三醇、葡萄糖的配位数是1．     

液相色谱法测定蚕卵中的碳水化合物

本文报道了蚕卵样品的前处理方法,它用于提取净化其中的水溶性糖和糖醇;采用Waters μ-Bondapak Carbohydrate柱,麦芽糖为内标,定量分析蚕卵内果糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇、蔗糖和海藻糖的含量。回收率在87%以上。     

MgO负载金属双功能催化剂用于生物基山梨醇氢解制丙二醇、乙二醇和甘油

甘油、丙二醇和乙二醇是非常重要的化工原料和合成聚酯类、聚醚类树脂的单体,也可作为功能化合物直接应用于化妆品、食品及制冷等领域.随着生物炼制行业的发展,其作为生物基平台化合物在未来可以获得更为广泛的应用.从富含氧原子的纤维素出发制备甘油和二元醇,符合绿色化学化工的原子经济性、工艺经济性和生产过程清洁等原则,也是生物质资源化利用的重要途径.因此,近年来以纤维素及其衍生物糖和糖醇为原料,通过氢解反应制备甘油和二元醇的研究在国外已广泛开展.在目前已报道的氢解糖和糖醇研究中,几乎均采用包含金属催化剂和液体碱助剂的耦合催化体系,所用液体碱为NaOH, KOH和Ca(OH)2等,使用量很大.这些碱性助剂可以提高金属催化剂对糖醇加氢和氢解反应的催化活性,促进底物转化,但同时也不可避免地加剧了二醇产物进一步氢解和自身缩合反应,使产物选择性降低.在产物分离和提纯过程中,过高的碱浓度也会诱导甘油和二醇产品自身缩合,使分离困难,提高了分离成本.反应液的强碱性还增加了生产过程的设备成本.本文以固体碱MgO为载体,分别负载Ni, Co和Cu等金属制备出Ni-MgO, Co-MgO和Cu-MgO等双功能催化剂,应用于糖醇氢解反应,从而减少或避免使用液体碱添加剂.木质纤维素降解得到的单糖中含量最大的是六碳糖,本文以六碳糖加氢衍生物山梨醇为模型底物,考察了所制MgO负载金属双功能催化剂催化糖醇氢解制甘油和二元醇的活性和选择性,研究了反应条件对山梨醇氢解生成二醇和甘油的影响. 山梨醇氢解反应在不锈钢反应釜中进行.采用气相色谱-质谱联用对氢解产物进行定性分析,采用气相色谱和离子色谱分别对反应中低沸点和高沸点产物进行定量分析.结果表明,在Ni-MgO, Co-MgO和Cu-MgO (其中活性金属和载体MgO的比例为1：3)三种催化剂上山梨醇均能高效转化为乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和甘油;无论是否添加Ca(OH)2,山梨醇氢解活性顺序均为Ni-MgO>Co-MgO>Cu-MgO.三种催化剂上产物选择性有较大差异, Ni-MgO和Co-MgO对乙二醇和1,2-丙二醇具有较好的选择性,其中1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇比例约为2,而Cu-MgO催化剂对1,2-丙二醇选择性较高,1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇比例约为7.同时,考察了反应温度、压力和反应时间对三种催化剂上山梨醇转化活性和产物选择性的影响.随着温度升高,所有催化剂活性均显著增加,其中Ni-MgO和Cu-MgO催化山梨醇氢解对反应条件较为敏感,而Cu-MgO催化剂对反应条件不敏感.在Ni-MgO催化剂上,可以在较低的反应温度下获得较高的产物选择性.     

毛细管电泳-紫外检测法同时测定食品中的葡萄糖和多种糖醇

建立了食品中葡萄糖、半乳糖醇、甘露醇、山梨醇、赤藓糖醇、木糖醇和麦芽糖醇的毛细管电泳-紫外检测同时测定方法。食品中的葡萄糖和糖醇在硼砂碱性介质中与硼酸根结合形成阴离子配合物后,在添加了电渗流改性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的硼砂缓冲液(pH 9.2)中进行快速电泳分离,紫外检测器于195 nm处检测。在优化的条件下,7种物质在12 min内基线分离,标准曲线线性良好(r>0.999),检出限均低于0.1g/L,加标回收率为81.6%~120%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于6%。方法适用于食品中葡萄糖和多种常见糖醇的同时检测。     

MgO负载金属双功能催化剂用于生物基山梨醇氢解制丙二醇、乙二醇和甘油（英文）

甘油、丙二醇和乙二醇是非常重要的化工原料和合成聚酯类、聚醚类树脂的单体,也可作为功能化合物直接应用于化妆品、食品及制冷等领域.随着生物炼制行业的发展,其作为生物基平台化合物在未来可以获得更为广泛的应用.从富含氧原子的纤维素出发制备甘油和二元醇,符合绿色化学化工的原子经济性、工艺经济性和生产过程清洁等原则,也是生物质资源化利用的重要途径.因此,近年来以纤维素及其衍生物糖和糖醇为原料,通过氢解反应制备甘油和二元醇的研究在国外已广泛开展.在目前已报道的氢解糖和糖醇研究中,几乎均采用包含金属催化剂和液体碱助剂的耦合催化体系,所用液体碱为NaO H,KOH和Ca(OH)2等,使用量很大.这些碱性助剂可以提高金属催化剂对糖醇加氢和氢解反应的催化活性,促进底物转化,但同时也不可避免地加剧了二醇产物进一步氢解和自身缩合反应,使产物选择性降低.在产物分离和提纯过程中,过高的碱浓度也会诱导甘油和二醇产品自身缩合,使分离困难,提高了分离成本.反应液的强碱性还增加了生产过程的设备成本.本文以固体碱MgO为载体,分别负载Ni,Co和Cu等金属制备出Ni-MgO,Co-MgO和Cu-MgO等双功能催化剂,应用于糖醇氢解反应,从而减少或避免使用液体碱添加剂.木质纤维素降解得到的单糖中含量最大的是六碳糖,本文以六碳糖加氢衍生物山梨醇为模型底物,考察了所制MgO负载金属双功能催化剂催化糖醇氢解制甘油和二元醇的活性和选择性,研究了反应条件对山梨醇氢解生成二醇和甘油的影响.山梨醇氢解反应在不锈钢反应釜中进行.采用气相色谱-质谱联用对氢解产物进行定性分析,采用气相色谱和离子色谱分别对反应中低沸点和高沸点产物进行定量分析.结果表明,在Ni-MgO,Co-MgO和Cu-MgO(其中活性金属和载体MgO的比例为1:3)三种催化剂上山梨醇均能高效转化为乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和甘油;无论是否添加Ca(OH)2,山梨醇氢解活性顺序均为Ni-MgOCo-MgOCu-MgO.三种催化剂上产物选择性有较大差异,Ni-MgO和Co-MgO对乙二醇和1,2-丙二醇具有较好的选择性,其中1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇比例约为2,而Cu-MgO催化剂对1,2-丙二醇选择性较高,1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇比例约为7.同时,考察了反应温度、压力和反应时间对三种催化剂上山梨醇转化活性和产物选择性的影响.随着温度升高,所有催化剂活性均显著增加,其中Ni-MgO和Cu-MgO催化山梨醇氢解对反应条件较为敏感,而Cu-MgO催化剂对反应条件不敏感.在Ni-MgO催化剂上,可以在较低的反应温度下获得较高的产物选择性.     

紫外分光光度法测定石榴籽中葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖

石榴籽经盐酸脱水反应后,向样品溶液中加入溴水使还原性葡萄糖氧化,与蔗糖和果糖分离;根据蔗糖难溶于乙醇,利用乙醇使蔗糖与果糖分离,据此提出了用紫外分光光度法直接测定石榴籽中葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖含量的方法。葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖的最大吸收波长均在285 nm处。葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖的质量浓度在30 mg·L^-1以内服从比耳定律。方法用于石榴籽中葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖含量的测定,测定值分别为0.203 9,0.188 6,0.373 1 mg·g^-1。测定值的相对标准偏差（n=6）均小于1.0%;加标回收率在99.4%～100.1%之间。     

秸秆稀酸水解液的气相色谱／质谱法研究

在秸秆两步稀酸水解工艺中,用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)法对其水解液中的单糖成分进行测定,采用2%硼氢化钠的氨溶液将稀酸水解液中的单糖还原成糖醇,然后在甲基咪唑催化剂的作用下和乙酸酐在水相中直接反应生成乙酰化的糖醇,用二氯甲烷萃取后进行GC/MS测定.研究结果表明:秸秆稀酸水解液中有五种单糖,主要是木糖和葡萄糖,其次是阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和少量的甘露糖;利用此方法测定了一批秸秆稀酸水解液,得到了该秸秆稀酸水解过程的最佳的反应时间.该方法可快速、准确测定秸秆稀酸水解液中单糖的浓度,为水解工艺的研究提供一种有效的分析方法.     

食用仙人掌中葡萄糖的测定方法

对食用仙人掌中葡萄糖的测定方法进行了研究,采用单因素和正交实验法测定食用仙人掌中葡萄糖含量,其最佳条件为:水解时加入盐酸20 mL,反应滴定温度60℃,反应液pH 5.0,水解时间30 min.该方法简便、可行.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.