A validated HPLC method with electrochemical detection for simultaneous assay of 5-aminosalicylic acid and its metabolite in human plasma

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed, validated and applied to the simultaneous determination of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and its acetylated metabolite (acetyl-5-ASA) in human plasma. The method involves liquid-liquid extraction with methanol followed by isocratic reversed-phase chromatography on a Kromasil KR100 C(18) column with electrochemical detection. The recovery, selectivity, linearity, precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated from spiked human plasma samples. The effects of mobile phase composition, buffer concentration, mobile phase pH and concentration of organic modifiers on retention of 5-ASA, acetyl 5-ASA and internal standard were investigated. Limits' of detection were 5 ng/mL for 5-ASA and 10 ng/mL for acetyl-5-ASA, respectively. The method can be used for supporting therapeutical drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies.     

Influence of the mobile phase on salmon calcitonin analysis by reversed-phase liquid chromatography

The retention properties of calcitonins on a reversed-phase column are examined using salmon calcitonin as the model compound. The effect of the concentration of organic modifier, buffer strength, pH of the mobile phase, and ion-pair reagent are studied. In the absence of an ionic modifier in the eluent the calcitonin peak shapes are not symmetrical. The addition of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), however, results in good peak characteristics without the need to add nonvolatile salts. The retention of the calcitonins was found to be very sensitive to the concentration of the organic modifier (acetonitrile) present in the mobile phase. A change of pH between 2 and 5 has only a slight effect of the k' of salmon calcitonin, but the k' increases significantly at higher pH values. The addition of a phosphate buffer to the mobile phase and an increase in the buffer concentration (0-0.2 M) causes a decrease in the retention of salmon calcitonin. Evidence shows that reproducible, quantitatively measurable data can be obtained using reversed-phase chromatography if the ion-pairing reagent and organic modifier concentrations are carefully controlled. The system also shows a good selectivity for the calcitonin series. Therefore, both highly selective methods (qualitative) as well as quantitative methods for analytical, pharmaceutical, and manufacturing use can be developed by adjusting the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) conditions as discussed.     

Liquid chromatographic isolation of vincristine and vinblastine

A fundamentally new method is described for the separation of the dimeric indole alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine from monomeric indole alkaloid impurities. This method uses an RP-18 high-performance liquid chromatography column with a methanol-water mobile phase containing an inorganic acid and an unusually low concentration of inorganic buffer. By keeping the buffer concentration low, the elution of all indole alkaloids is retarded, but the dimeric ones are retarded more than the monomeric ones. A theoretical model developed to explain this behavior postulates that the anions of the buffer solubilize the protonated indole alkaloids by pairing with them. Lowering the buffer concentration reduces the availability of pairing ions and thus decreases the mobile phase affinity of protonated alkaloids, particularly those having a 2+ charge. A similar approach may be applicable in other situations where ionogenic organic compounds having a particular valence must be separated from related compounds having different valences, or from non-ionogenic compounds.     

固相萃取-亲水作用色谱法测定废水中四环素类抗生素

建立了固相萃取(SPE)-亲水作用色谱法(HILIC)测定废水中金霉素(CTC)、强力霉素(DC)、四环素(TC)和土霉素(OTC) 4种四环素类抗生素(TCs)残留的新方法.水样经Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化富集后, 采用以氨基色谱柱及高极性有机溶剂-水相缓冲溶液为流动相的亲水作用色谱法(HILIC)进行分析. 对流动相中缓冲溶液的类型和pH值、离子强度、 有机溶剂的浓度以及流速进行了优化, 确定了以V(乙腈)∶V(6.7 mmol/L柠檬酸铵缓冲溶液, pH 4.0)=85∶ 15混合液为流动相的最佳条件.本方法具有良好的线性关系(r> 0.999)和重现性(峰面积RSD<1.0%), 最低检出限(S/N=3)为12～30 μg/L, 4种四环素类药物添加水平在0.5～10 μg/L范围内的标准加入回收率为 90.6%～106.5%; 相对标准偏差为 2.5%～6.2%.本方法简便、准确、流动相离子强度低,适合于与质谱联用,用于屠宰场污水及医院污水等实际样品检测,结果满意.     

Multi-residue quantification of veterinary drugs in milk with a novel extraction and cleanup technique: Salting out supported liquid extraction (SOSLE)

A quantitative liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of more than one hundred compounds belonging to a variety of veterinary drug classes in bovine milk. Salting out supported liquid extraction (SOSLE), a novel extraction and cleanup technique, was introduced to ensure high extraction efficiency and good sample cleanup. The high salt (ammonium sulfate) concentration in the aqueous donor phase permits supported liquid/liquid extraction (SLE) with a relative polar organic acceptor phase (acetonitrile). This is different from traditional SLE, in which the need for phase separation results in the selection of organic solvents with intermediate polarities (e.g., ethyl acetate or dichloromethane). Hence, SOSLE is more efficient in recovering polar analytes than conventional SLE. SOSLE was also compared to classical approaches like solid phase extraction, QuEChERS and ultra-filtration. The proposed technique resulted in extracts of equal or superior cleanliness and with higher average recoveries than those obtained with QuEChERS or SPE. The recovery (median for all compounds) was 73% for QuEChERS, 83% for SPE and 91% for SOSLE. The most significant improvements were observed for polar analytes (penicillines, quinolones and tetracyclines) which are hardly recovered by QuEChERS. The chromatographic separation and detection was based on an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography Q-Orbitrap system (Q-Exactive plus). The developed analytical method has been validated (based on the commission decision 2002/957/EC) as required for quantitative veterinary drug methods.     

Determination of ng/mL levetiracetam using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode absorbance

This paper demonstrates the analysis of levetiracetam, a new chiral antiepileptic drug, at ng/mL levels using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-photodiode absorbance (PDA) method. Three different sample preparation methods, liquid-liquid extraction with Extrelut, solid phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB and Oasis MAX SPE cartridges, and protein precipitation with organic solvents were carried out. The last preparatory method is the simplest and provides the best recoveries: between 97.1% and 100.4% with RSD value below 5%. The column for separation is BEH C18 column (1.7 μm particle size and 100 × 2.1 mm i.d.) and acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (pH = 6.6; 0.01 M) (10/90 v/v) is the mobile phase. The results obtained are compared to analysis conducted by the HPLC method. The UHPLC method was validated in the range of 2-100 μg/mL levetiracetam concentration (R(2) = 0.9997). LOD and LOQ are 10 ng/mL and 33 ng/mL, respectively. The developed UHPLC method was applied to plasma samples of patient with epilepsy.     

爆炸残留物的毛细管电泳检测

1引言爆炸是恐怖袭击的常用手段。对痕量爆炸残留物进行高效检测,从而准确判断炸药的成分和种类,能够为侦破案件提供重要的线索和证据[1,2]。近年来,毛细管电泳技术初步显示了其在爆炸物检验方面的巨大潜力[3～6]。本实验基于毛细管电泳间接紫外吸收检测[7,8]和胶束电动色谱[9],建立了痕量爆炸残余物的系统分析检验方法,通过对爆炸瞬间产生的痕量     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法检测红曲米中的莫纳可林K

建立了测定红曲米中莫纳可林K含量的胶束电动毛细管色谱(MEKC)方法。考察了运行缓冲液的种类、pH及其浓度、有机添加剂、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的浓度和分离电压等实验条件对电泳分离效果及检测灵敏度的影响。在优化的实验条件下,以20 mmol/L硼砂(pH 10.6,含10%(体积分数)乙醇和40 mmol/L SDS)作为缓冲溶液,莫纳可林K能在23 min内实现很好的基线分离,线性范围为5.00～100.00 mg/L,线性相关系数为0.9976,检出限(以信噪比(S/N)为3计)为0.13 mg/L,加标回收率为98.5%～99.5%。精密度和稳定性试验中,峰面积和迁移时间的相对标准偏差均小于3%,表明重复性良好。该方法简便、快速、灵敏,可用于红曲米中莫纳可林K含量的测定。     

Application of hollow fiber-supported liquid-phase microextraction coupled with HPLC for the determination of guaifenesin enantiomer-protein binding

A hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction technique coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was employed for determination and evaluation of the binding characteristics of drugs to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Enantiomers of guaifenesin (an expectorant drug) were investigated as a model system. After optimization of some influencing parameters on microextraction, the proposed method was used for calculation of the target drug distribution coefficient between n-octanol and the buffer solution as well as study of drug-BSA binding in physiological conditions. The developed method shows a new, improved and simple procedure for determination of free drug concentration in biological fluids and the extent of drug-protein binding.     

Analysis of combinatorial chemistry samples by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

A micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method has been developed that can evaluate the purity of samples generated in combinatorial chemistry libraries. This method uses an open tube capillary (27 cm x 50 microm) along with a run buffer composed of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, and sodium tetraborate coupled with UV detection. Neutral compounds and compounds that were insoluble in aqueous buffers could be analyzed under these conditions in approximately 3 min. The concentration of SDS and the concentration of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin effected the separation. The affect on selectivity resulting from the addition of an organic modifier to the run buffer was examined. The low background absorbency of the run buffer made for easy detection of compounds that absorbed at low UV wavelengths. The quick analysis time made this suitable for analysis of combinatorial chemistry samples.     

Optimization and validation of chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic method for analysis of a fibrinogen (gpIIb/IIIa) receptor antagonist.

A chiral HPLC separation on an alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) column was developed for the separation of roxifiban, a fibrinogen receptor antagonist, from its related chiral impurities. The proposed method was optimized for mobile phase buffer concentration, organic modifier, and temperature using experimental design. The method was then validated for use in release testing of the roxifiban drug substance.     

Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine,Epinephrine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Toad Venom and Common Yam Rhizome by MEKC

A micellar electrokinetic chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous determination of dopamine, epinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Several experimental parameters such as surfactant type and concentration, buffer concentration and pH, type and concentration of organic modifier were evaluated for the analysis of the studied compounds. Among the investigated separation conditions, the composition of micelles, pH and the methanol concentration were the critical parameters. Dopamine, epinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were separated and determined successfully within 7.5 min in Toad venom and Common yam rhizome under the optimum conditions.

     

Enantioseparation of dopa and related compounds by cyclodextrin-modified microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography

A chiral microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography method has been developed for the enantiomeric separation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), its precursors phenylalanine and tyrosine, and the structurally related substance methyldopa. The separations were achieved using an oil-in-water microemulsion, which consisted of the oil-compound ethyl acetate, the surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), the co-surfactant 1-butanol, the organic modifier propan-2-ol and 20mM phosphate buffer pH 2.5 or 2.0 as aqueous phase. For enantioseparation sulfated beta-cyclodextrin was added. The resolution of each racemate was optimized by varying the concentration of the buffer and all components of the microemulsion. Enantioseparation could be achieved for dl-dopa, dl-phenylalanine and dl-tyrosine within 13min with a resolution of 4.3, 3.1 and 3.3, respectively, and for methyldopa in 17min (Rs: 1.4). The established methods allowed the detection of dopa, phenylalanine, tyrosine and methyldopa with a limit at 0.5, 1.0, 0.2 and 2.0mug/ml.     

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the separation of acidic agricultural compounds

Organic acids with very low pK_a require extremely low pH conditions to achieve adequate retention in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography, but an extremely low pH mobile phase can cause instrument reliability problems and limit the choice of columns. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography is a potential alternative to reversed‐phase liquid chromatography for the separation of organic acids using more moderate conditions. However, the hydrophilic interaction chromatography separation mechanism is known to be very complex and involves multiple competing mechanisms. In the present study, a hydrophilic interaction chromatography column packed with bare silica core–shell particles was used as the separation column and six agricultural organic acids were used as model analytes to evaluate the effects of buffer concentration, buffer pH, and temperature on sample loading capacity, selectivity, retention, and repeatability. It was found that using a higher concentration of buffer can lead to a significant improvement in the overall performance and reproducibility of the separation. Investigation of column equilibration time revealed that a very long equilibration time is needed when changing mobile phase conditions in between runs. This limitation needs to be acknowledged in hydrophilic interaction chromatography method development and sufficient equilibration time needs to be allowed in method scouting.     

Highly efficient separation of isomeric epoxy fatty acids by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method has been developed for simple and direct separation of cis- and trans-12,13-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid and 9,10-epoxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid isomers. Separation was performed in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) using a buffer consisting of 25 mM borate (pH 9.20), 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 10% v/v acetonitrile. The key variables, concentrations of SDS and organic modifier, were optimized by the application of a factorial experimental design. The use of a low micellar concentration, just above critical micelle concentration (CMC), in a background electrolyte containing an organic modifier not only made it possible to dissolve and separate highly hydrophobic fatty acid isomers, but also resulted in improved separation efficiency and selectivity. Separation efficiency up to 4 x 10(5) theoretical plates/m was achieved under an optimized condition. Also investigated were the influence of temperature on separation and the effect of organic modifier concentration on the dynamic exchange of the analytes between micelles and the bulk of the buffer solution. Direct UV was applied for detection of the fatty acids.     

市售大黄及三黄片中蒽醌类活性成分的胶束电动毛细管色谱含量测定

建立了胶束电动毛细管色谱分离和测定大黄及其制剂三黄片中蒽醌类活性组分的方法．考察了背景电解质pH、表面活性剂浓度、有机改性剂种类和浓度对分离的影响．实验结果表明：在缓冲液pH为9．5、SDS浓度为25mmol／L、乙氰浓度为20％时的优化条件下,大黄及三黄片中蒽醌类活性组分得到基线分离且方法具有较好的重现性．     

Development of solid-phase extraction method and its application for determination of hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma using HPLC

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed, validated and applied for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma. The effects of mobile phase composition, buffer concentration, mobile phase pH and concentration of organic modifiers on retention of hydrochlorothiazide and internal standard were investigated. The method involves solid-phase extraction on RP-select B cartridges followed by isocratic reversed-phase chromatography on a Hibar Lichrospher 100 RP-8 column with UV detection at 230 nm. The recovery, selectivity, linearity, precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated from spiked human plasma samples. Limit of quantification was 10 ng mL(-1). The method has been implemented to monitor hydrochlorothiazide levels in patient samples.     

Separation of tetracycline and its related substances by capillary zone electrophoresis

Tetracycline was separated from its main impurities 4-epitetracycline, anhydrotetracycline, 4-epianhydrotetracycline, chlortetracycline, and demethyltetracycline by capillary electrophoresis. Systematic method development was performed in which following parameters were consecutively optimized: type and pH of the buffer, buffer concentration, type and concentration of organic modifier, voltage and temperature. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the method are compared with liquid chromatography.     

Simultaneous determination of six alkaloids in blood and urine using a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of six toxic alkaloids (aconitine, hypaconitine, gelsemine, raceanisodamine, strychnine, brucine) in blood and urine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Ephedrine was selected as the internal standard. Samples were extracted and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis MCX cartridges. Separation parameters such as organic modifier, buffer pH, and concentration of buffer salt were investigated. Gradient separation and analysis were achieved for six alkaloids on a 3-μm Atlantis HILIC column using a mobile phase consisting of 30 mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile at pH 3. Two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions for each substance were monitored to provide sufficient identification of alkaloid. The retention mechanisms were explored in the method development. Validation included assessment of linearity, limit of quantification, accuracy, and precision. Bias was less than 15.1% and precision was better than 8.3% for both blood and urine samples. A total of 54 clinical samples were examined by this validated method.     

Profiling isoflavonoids found in legume root extracts using capillary electrophoresis

Legumes such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), barrel medic (Medicago truncatula), white sweet clover (Melilotus alba) and fenugreek (Trigonella graecum), normally accumulate (-)-medicarpin and its malonated glucose conjugate as natural inhibitors of fungal pathogens. These plants also accumulate the biosynthetic precursor formononetin as well as the malonated glycoside. We were interested in developing a robust high-throughput method to quantitate the levels of these two isoflavonoids, both free and conjugated, in legume root extracts, for use in screening for mutant plants accumulating altered levels of these compounds. Capillary electrophoresis was examined as an alternative to current high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods to generate isoflavonoid profiles. The developed assay used micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) to provide the required selectivity in complex root extracts. The addition of 1,2-hexanediol to the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrolyte provided improved resolution of adjacent isoflavonoids. We examined the role of several factors including sample preparation, buffer composition, buffer pH, and organic component in the injected sample. The use of capillaries with longer path lengths were also examined to increase sensitivity. A comparison of results obtained using MEKC and HPLC showed good correlation in the relative amounts of the isoflavonoids studied.