三芳基咪唑富勒烯吡咯烷衍生物的合成及在CdSe量子点敏化太阳能电池中的应用

本文合成了两个结构新颖的三芳基咪唑类化合物5(Im)和6(Bn-Im),然后通过1,3-偶极化反应合成了C60吡咯烷衍生物7(Im-C60)和8(Bn-Im-C60),用MS, NMR, IR 等对其结构进行了表征。初次组装了七个太阳能电池,结构分别为FTO/TiO2/CdSe/Pt, FTO/TiO2/C60/Pt,FTO/TiO2/Im-C60/Pt,FTO/TiO2/ Bn-Im-C60/Pt, FTO/TiO2/C60-CdSe/Pt,FTO/TiO2/Im-C60-CdSe/Pt和FTO/TiO2/Bn-Im-C60-CdSe /Pt,对其光电性能进行了表征,结果表明：与CdSe敏化太阳能电池相比,以Im-C60-CdSe和Bn-Im-C60-CdSe为敏化剂的电池效率分别增加了5.28%和40.08%。     

组合型Pt/TiO_2催化剂用于低温催化甲苯完全氧化

将均匀分布的纳米Pt粒子直接吸附到TiO2载体上,即制得了组合型Pt/TiO2催化剂(Pt/TiO2-AS).与浸渍法制备的Pt/TiO2催化剂(Pt/TiO2-WI)比较,Pt/TiO2-AS催化剂在催化甲苯完全氧化反应中表现出了很好的催化性能,甲苯转化率为100%时的反应温度低至150°C,而且即使在较高甲苯浓度和较高气体空速下,该催化剂也能保持较好的催化性能.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附(BET)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)及傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱等对两种Pt/TiO2催化剂的结构和表面性能进行了表征.结果表明组合型Pt/TiO2-AS催化剂粒径小(2.5 nm),活性组分主要以Pt0形式存在且分布在载体表面,而且载体表面Ti―O键活化使催化剂具有较强的催化氧化能力.另外,活性中心的价态变化(Pt0→Ptδ+)是导致Pt/TiO2-AS催化剂失活的主要原因.     

Pt/WC/TiO2催化剂的制备及其电催化性能研究

以TiO2为载体制备了Pt/WC/TiO2三元复合催化剂,并由XRD、SEM和TEM等表征催化剂样品的形貌和结构特征.用循环伏安法测定了三元复合催化剂在酸性条件下对甲醇氧化的电催化性能,并将其与二元复合催化剂Pt/TiO2和Pt/WC的电催化性能进行比较.结果表明：三元复合催化剂具有更好的催化活性.进一步研究了二氧化钛晶相对Pt/WC/TiO2催化剂电催化活性的影响.     

采用CO吸附原位红外光谱研究Pt/TiO_2光催化体系中助催化剂作用

采用CO作为探针分子,将原位透射红外光谱应用于研究助催化剂Pt在Pt/TiO2光催化体系中的作用.实验发现,光照条件下,CO的覆盖度及样品温度没有明显变化,CO在Pt/TiO2上的吸附峰红移11 cm–1,在Pt/Al2O3上的吸附峰没有位移,表明CO在Pt/TiO2上的红移来源于TiO2上的光生电子转移到Pt上,这解释了为什么加入Pt助催化剂可提高光催化产氢活性.     

采用CO吸附原位红外光谱研究Pt/TiO2光催化体系中助催化剂作用

采用CO作为探针分子,将原位透射红外光谱应用于研究助催化剂Pt在Pt/TiO2光催化体系中的作用.实验发现,光照条件下,CO的覆盖度及样品温度没有明显变化,CO在Pt/TiO2上的吸附峰红移11 cm–1,在Pt/Al2O3上的吸附峰没有位移,表明CO在Pt/TiO2上的红移来源于TiO2上的光生电子转移到Pt上,这解释了为什么加入Pt助催化剂可提高光催化产氢活性.     

微量铂掺杂对TiO2粉末结构和性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了铂掺杂的TiO2粉末, 利用透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外可见光谱和X射线衍射技术对粉末的结构和光吸收性能进行了表征. 结果表明, Pt/TiO2粉末主要含有Ti, O, Pt和C元素, 其中Pt主要以0价态存在. 573～873 K焙烧的Pt/TiO2粉末中, TiO2是锐钛矿结构, 973 K焙烧时, 有6.3%的TiO2转变为金红石结构. Pt/TiO2粉末的晶粒尺寸小, 铂和锐钛矿结构TiO2粒子都是纳米颗粒. 随焙烧温度升高, 粉末中TiO2的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大, 晶格常数a和c发生各向异性的变化, 单胞体积在相变时发生收缩. 与TiO2粉末相比, Pt/TiO2粉末中两种结构TiO2的晶格常数和晶胞体积基本上都增大了, 光谱吸收范围被明显拓展至可见光, 实现了可见光催化的基础.     

氮铂共掺杂纳米二氧化钛的制备及表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了氮掺杂纳米TiO2(N-TiO2),并用光分解沉积法在N-TiO2表面负载上微量金属Pt形成铂-氮共掺杂纳米TiO2(Pt/N-TiO2).通过X射线衍射、光电子谱、紫外-可见吸收、扫描电镜和光电流测试对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明:Pt和N共掺杂对TiO2的晶型和形貌影响不大,但其吸收边带较纳米TiO2约红移20nm,Pt/N-TiO2电极在可见光区的光电流约为纳米TiO2电极的4倍.     

O2 和 CO 在 Co2B2/TiO2 和 Co2B2Pt/TiO2 表面吸附的密度泛函研究

 采用密度泛函理论探讨了 TiO2 表面负载 Co2B2 和 Co2B2Pt 合金簇可能的负载构型. 结果表明, Co2B2 和 Co2B2Pt 合金簇倾向于以两个 Co 的形式负载在两个氧上. 态密度分析发现, 负载后, Co2B2 合金簇中部分 Co 原子和 B 原子成键加强, Co2B2Pt 合金簇中 Pt 原子和 B 原子成键也加强, 形成新的轨道. CO 和 O2 在 Co2B2/TiO2 和 Co2B2Pt/TiO2 表面吸附的结果表明, Co2B2Pt/TiO2 催化氧化 CO 性能的提高是由于 Pt 原子提高了 Co2B2 合金簇吸附 CO 和 O2 的能力.     

纳米Pt/TiO2催化剂上气相CH3OH光催化分解制氢反应的研究

利用不同还原方法制备了不同纳米粒度的Pt/tiO2光催化剂,并且用脉冲氢氧滴定法测定了TiO2表面Pt的分散度.在气相连续流动装置中利用纳米Pt/tiO2作为光催化剂,对气相甲醇的脱氢反应进行了研究.研究了添加Pt和不添加Pt的纳米TiO2,Pt负载量、铂的不同还原方法、不同TiO2纳米粒度对气相甲醇光催化分解反应的影响,并对反应气的空速、光照时间、添加水蒸汽、改变甲醇浓度等与光催化分解甲醇制氢的关系进行了研究,在最佳反应条件下,产氢速率达到5.808 mmol/(g·h).研究了反应的动力学,得到该反应为一级反应,求得了该反应的活化能为8.53 kJ/mol,并讨论了反应机理.     

TiO_2/PtO-Pt复合膜和SnO_2/PtO-Pt复合膜氢敏性能的研究

将PtO Pt纳米粒子膜与TiO2 ,SnO2 纳米粒子膜复合 ,利用PtO Pt纳米粒子膜作为插入电极和催化剂 ,设计并研制出一类新型双层结构复合膜气体传感器 .采用TEM和SEM对薄膜的显微结构进行了表征 .对空气中 4 0 %H2 的氢敏性能研究表明 :2 0 0℃时 ,TiO2 /PtO Pt复合膜对氢气的灵敏度为 70 % ,而TiO2 纳米粒子膜无响应 .10 0℃时 ,SnO2 /PtO Pt复合膜的灵敏度为 92 % ,同样条件下 ,SnO2 纳米粒子膜的灵敏度仅为 4% .说明PtO Pt纳米粒子膜的催化作用能够显著提高TiO2 和SnO2 膜的氢敏性能 .另外 ,TiO2 /PtO Pt复合膜和SnO2 /PtO Pt复合膜均对空气中H2 有很高的选择性     

Pt/TiO2光诱导催化重整乙醇制氢

对无氧条件下Pt/TiO2光诱导催化重整乙醇制氢进行了系统的研究，结果表明，乙醇的光催化重整制氢反应受催化剂表面化学状态，反应体系的pH值，浓度的影响较大，而受反应体系温度的影响较小，在运动XRD，XPS，HNMR等技术手段对催化剂和反应产物进行表征，分析的基础上，提出了无氧条件下乙醇光催化重整制氢可能的反应机理。     

无氧条件下Pt/TiO2光催化重整降解一乙醇胺水溶液制氢

以一乙醇胺（以下简称乙醇胺）为电子给体,在无氧条件下进行了Pt/TiO2光催化重整制氢的研究.详细讨论了诸多因素如催化剂表面Pt化学状态、Pt担载量、溶液pH值、乙醇胺溶液浓度等对产氢效率的影响,并用XRD、HNMR、XPS等进行了深入表征,探讨了Pt/TiO2光催化重整降解乙醇胺和产氢的反应, 实验表明,利用所制备的光催化剂, 可实现在消除水中有机污染物的同时制取氢气的目标.催化剂表面的Pt以Pt0的化学状态存在, 有利于析氢;溶液pH值和浓度的变化对产生速率也有一定的影响.同时发现Pt/TiO2光催化重整乙醇胺制氢反应的最佳条件是:Pt的最佳担载量约为0.5％～1.0％;乙醇胺溶液最佳浓度约为0.05 mol•L－1;最佳溶液pH值范围为4～10;氨基取代的羰基类化合物是其主要中间产物.     

纳米二氧化钛催化苯乙烯环氧化反应的研究(Ⅰ)

通过烯烃的环氧化反应可制得一系列活泼的有机中间体--环氧化物,再通过选择性开环或功能团转化可方便地合成多种有价值的化合物.含钛催化剂对烯烃环氧化催化效果较好,如Ti-ZSM-5、Ti-ZSM-11、α-和β-[SiW₉Ti₃O₄₀]^10-.     

Photochemical preparation of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-stabilized platinum colloids and their deposition on titanium dioxide

Preparation processes for Pt-deposited TiO(2) (Pt/TiO(2)) by the synthesis of Pt nanoparticles and their deposition were pursued by transmission electron microscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, UV-vis spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies. Colloidal dispersions of Pt particles stabilized by poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) were photochemically synthesized in aqueous ethanol solution. The average diameter of Pt particles was estimated to be 2.0 +/- 0.5 nm, which was almost unchanged by changing the reducing agent from ethanol to methanol and 2-propanol. The PVP-stabilized Pt particles were distributed over a TiO(2) surface only by mixing the Pt colloidal dispersions and TiO(2). CO was chemically coordinated on the Pt particles on a TiO(2) surface after heat treatment was carried out in an O(2) flow at 673 K to completely remove the residual PVP on Pt/TiO(2). Hydrogen reduction at 473 K did not increase the amount of CO adsorbed on Pt sites. The Pt/TiO(2) catalyst after the oxidation treatment showed higher activity for CO photooxidation than that obtained for pure TiO(2) catalyst. The CO photooxidation rate was not unchanged by the H(2) reduction.     

H_2 production with low CO selectivity from photocatalytic reforming of glucose on metal/TiO_2 catalysts

H2 with low CO concentration is produced via photocatalytic reforming of glucose (as a representative of biomass component) on metal/TiO2 catalyst (metals: Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ni, Cu). It is shown that the loaded metals generally enhance the rate of H2 production, while they depress the CO selectivity. Both H2 production and CO selectivity are strongly dependent on the kind of deposited metals on TiO2. For example, Rh/TiO2 catalyst is found to be most active for H2 production while with the most extremely low CO concentration from the photocatalytic reforming of glucose.     

Mesoporous TiO2 nanostructures: a route to minimize Pt loading on titania photocatalysts for hydrogen production

Mesostructured TiO(2) nanocrystals have been prepared using Pluronic F127 as the structure-directing agent. Platinum nanoparticles at different contents (0.1-1.0 wt%) have been photochemically deposited onto the mesoporous TiO(2). TEM investigation of 0.2 wt% Pt/TiO(2) calcined at 450 °C reveals that the TiO(2) particles are quite uniform in size and shape with the particle sizes of TiO(2) and Pt being 10 and 3 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic activities of the Pt loaded TiO(2) have been assessed and compared with those of nonporous commercial Pt/TiO(2)-P25 by determining the rates and the photonic efficiencies of molecular hydrogen production from aqueous methanol solutions. The results show that the amount of hydrogen evolved on Pt/TiO(2)-450 at low Pt loading (0.2 wt%) is three times higher than that evolved on Pt/TiO(2)-P25 and twelve times higher than that evolved on Pt/TiO(2)-350. Despite the BET surface area of the TiO(2)-450 photocatalyst being 3.5 times higher than that of TiO(2)-P25, a 60% smaller amount of the Pt co-catalyst is required to obtain the optimum photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. The reduced Pt loading on the mesoporous TiO(2) will be important both from a commercial and an ecological point of view.     

Catalysis by Using TiO2 Nanoparticles and Nanotubes

TiO2 has attracted considerable attention due to its stability, non-toxicity, low cost, and great potential for use as a photocatalyst in environmental applications. Since strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) of titania-supported noble metals was first reported in 1978, titania supported catalyst has been intensively studied in heterogeneous catalysis. However, the effective catalytic activity was restricted due to the low surface area of TiO2. Recently, TiO2-based nanotubes were extensively investigated because of their potentials in many areas such as highly efficient photocatalysis and hydrogen sensor.In the present study, formation of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotubes was carried out by hydrothermal method, with TiO2 nanoparticle-powders immersed in concentrated NaOH solution in an autoclave at 110 ℃. Preparation of nano-size Pt on TiO2-nanoparticles or TiO2-nanotubes was performed by photochemical deposition method with UV irradiation on an aqueous solution containing TiO2 and hexachloroplatinic acid or tetrachloroauric acid. The TEM micrographs show that TiO2-nanotubes exhibit ～300 nm in length with an inner diameter of ～ 6 nm and the wall thickness of ～ 2 nm, and homogeneous nanosize Pt particles (～ 2 nm) were well-dispersed on both nanoparticle- and nanotube- titania supports. It also shows the nanotube morphology was retained up2o n Pt-immobilization. Nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77K resulted a high surface area (～ 200m/g) of TiO2-nanotubes, which is about 40 times greater than that of "mother" TiO2 nanoparticles (～5 m/g). All the spectroscopic results exhibited that the nanotube structure was not significantly affected by the immobilized Pt particles. Ti K-edge XANES spectra of TiO2 nanotube and Pt/TiO2-nanotube represent that most titanium are in a tetrahedral coordination with few retained in the octahedral structure.In the in-situ FT-IR experiments, an IR cell was evacuated to a pressure of 10-5 torr at room temperature as soon as the catalyst-pellet, Pt/TiO2 or Pt/TiO2-nanotube, was placed inside the cell.Then, 60 torr of hydrogen was introduced into the cell and subsequently the temperature was programmed to increase from room temperature to 300℃ at a constant heating rate of 5℃/min.For Pt/TiO2, an IR peak at 2083 em-1 started to appear at 200℃ with a maximum intensity at 250℃ and then decreasing as temperature increased. The 2083 em-1 IR peak corresponds to the linearly adsorption of CO on the well-dispersed Pt sites. Simultaneously, the IR bands of gaseous methane at 3016 em-1 started to appear at 225℃ and the peak intensity increased with temperature. The results reveal that Pt/TiO2 can adsorb gaseous CO2 and further catalyzes the reduction of CO2 by H2 through the intermediate CO, which further produces gaseous methane. While for the Pt/TiO2-nanotube catalyst, methane was produced at relatively low temperature, 100℃, and it catalyzed the direct conversion of CO2 to CH4. The absence of intermediate CO-adsorption signals durinng the temperature programmed process indicates that the prepared TiO2 nanotube-supported nanosize Pt possesses a potent capability for CO2 adsorption and highly catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of CO2, and was superior to the conventional Pt/TiO2 catalyst. The catalytic activity of Pt/TiO2-nanotube was indeed significantly enhanced by the high surface area of TiO2-nanotubes.Details will be discussed.     

TiO2负载Pt对光催化去除低浓度NO性能的影响

以溶胶-凝胶法以及湿式浸渍法制备了Pt/TiO2催化剂,采用了XRD、BET、UV-vis、TEM、XPS等方法进行表征,并进行了对NO的催化氧化性能测试.结果表明铂的负载能显著提高TiO2光催化剂对NO的氧化转化能力和去除率.0.5%Pt/TiO2对NO的氧化率与去除率分别为45.0%和38.1%,与纯锐钛矿TiO2(13.6%,10.7%)相比,氧化效率提高3.3倍,去除效率提高3.6倍.通过比较不同方法制备的负载Pt催化剂的活性,初步讨论了催化剂表面发生的反应机理:铂氧化物以及催化剂表面吸附的O2分子通过与光生电子和光生空穴结合,产生了强氧化性自由基,将NO氧化得到NO2.     

空心玻璃微球负载TiO2光催化回收银

以钛酸四丁酯的溶胶为前驱体，通过浸渍法制备漂浮型光催化剂．它的光催化活性比P25高，且易于分离回收．沉积在催化剂上的金属银可通过超声震荡有效回收，该操作简单，具有实际应用前景．循环使用3次的光催化剂的催化活性未显著降低；但第4次由于催化剂负载TiO2损失量大，活性明显降低．讨论了反应机理．