五氧化二钒促进MgH2/Mg室温吸氢※

MgH₂因其储氢量高、来源广及价格低廉等优点而备受关注, 但其热力学稳定(ΔH≥76 kJ/mol-H₂)以及低温吸/放氢动力学缓慢等问题限制了它在氢能领域的广泛应用. 研究发现, 过渡金属氧化物能够显著改善MgH₂的储氢动力学性能. 系统研究了过渡金属氧化物V₂O₅对MgH₂储氢性能的改善作用. 与纯MgH₂相比, 在MgH₂中添加质量分数为5%的V₂O₅可以显著改善MgH₂的吸/脱氢动力学性能. V₂O₅掺杂MgH₂的起始脱氢温度降至175 ℃, 比同等条件处理的纯MgH₂降低了89 ℃. 值得注意的是, V₂O₅掺杂的MgH₂脱氢后, 在室温和3 MPa的氢压下, 30和180 min内吸收H₂的质量分数分别为2.1%和3.8%. 同等氢压下, 当温度提高到300 ℃时, 该样品可在1 min内吸收H₂的质量分数高达6.7%. 同时催化掺杂样品还表现出良好的循环稳定性, 20次循环后仍能维持质量分数为6.0%以上的可逆储/放氢量. 此外, V₂O₅改善MgH₂储氢性能的反应机理也通过多种手段表征得以阐明.     

钇对石墨烯储氢性能的影响

应用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究过渡金属钇（Y）修饰对石墨烯储氢性能的影响。考虑Y原子在石墨烯上易形成团簇,采用B原子掺杂有效阻止了团簇形成。通过模拟计算得到的改性体系稳定、储氢性能优异,可吸附6个H₂分子,平均吸附能范围为-0.539到-0.655 eV （per H₂）,理论上满足理想的氢吸附能范围。经Bader电荷初步计算和基于Y/B/graphene （G）体系吸附H₂分子的电子态密度及电荷差分密度图分析得,Y原子与石墨烯间通过电荷转移产生结合,与H₂分子则发生典型的Kubas型相互作用。Y原子改变了H₂分子与石墨烯基的电荷分布,成为连接两者电子云的桥梁,从而增强了H₂分子的吸附能。改性石墨烯体系吸附的均为氢分子,有利于在环境温度和压力条件下进行循环控制,是具有良好发展前景的储氢材料之一。     

过渡金属修饰Fe2O3/Al2O3氧载体的Redox性能研究

采用冷冻干燥法分别制备了经Cu、Co、Mn、Ni修饰的Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃氧载体。利用化学吸附仪,通过程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和程序升温氧化(TPO)来研究经不同过渡金属修饰的Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃与H₂和O₂的反应性能。实验发现,在Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃中加入Cu、Co、Ni以后,氧载体与H₂的反应性都有提高,但是当在Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃中加入Mn以后,氧载体的反应性和载氧能力反而下降。经Cu修饰的Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃与H₂的反应性最高,且具有很好的反应稳定性,适合用于化学链燃烧。     

Sc,Ti,V修饰B/N掺杂单缺陷石墨烯的储氢研究

3d过渡金属修饰是改善石墨烯储氢性能的最有效途径, 但仍存在金属团聚和H₂解离导致难以脱附的问题. 提出了B/N掺杂单缺陷石墨烯(BMG/NMG)的策略来避免以上两个问题. 密度泛函理论计算结果表明, N掺杂可以使Sc, Ti, V与石墨烯的结合能提高3~4倍, B掺杂可以将Sc与石墨烯的结合能提高3倍. Sc/BMG和Sc/NMG吸附的第一个H₂不会解离. Sc/BMG中Sc吸附5个H₂, 平均氢分子结合能为-0.18～-0.43 eV, 并且可以通过在同侧锚定多个Sc原子形成Sc/C₃B₂五元环增加H₂吸附位点. Sc/NMG中每个Sc吸附6个H₂, 平均氢分子结合能为-0.17～-0.29 eV, 还可以通过在异侧修饰形成Sc/N₃/Sc单元进一步提高储氢能力. 研究结果将为设计基于3d过渡金属修饰碳材料的储氢材料提供理论基础.     

碱土金属Mg外掺杂硼笼B40Mg6的储氢性能

对外掺杂碱土金属Mg的B₄₀硼笼的储氢性能进行了密度泛函理论研究. 结果表明, B₄₀笼含有2个六元环与4个七元环. 多个Mg原子对B₄₀笼进行外掺杂时不会发生成簇现象, 有利于进一步储氢. Mg原子外掺杂的B₄₀笼对H₂分子的平均吸附能介于物理吸附与化学吸附之间(0.1~0.8 eV). 体系的储氢密度达到7.60%(质量分数). 储氢结构能在常温常压下释放H₂分子, 因此, Mg原子外掺杂的B₄₀笼比Mg合金具有更好的储氢性能.     

不同改性方法对酒糟生物炭理化性质及其吸附能力的影响

本文以酒糟生物炭为供试材料,比较研究了化学活化改性法(HNO₃、NaOH和H₂O₂)、有机改性法(海藻酸钠和柠檬酸)以及金属盐或金属氧化物改性法(FeCl₃和Fe₂O₃)对酒糟生物炭理化性质及其吸附性能的影响,为制备高吸附性能生物炭提供理论依据。实验结果表明:(1)不同改性方法对酒糟生物炭吸附Cd(Ⅱ)能力影响较大。吸附实验结果显示,FeCl₃改性(C₁)显著降低酒糟生物炭的吸附能力,其他改性方法均提高生物炭的吸附能力。选取三类改性方法中吸附作用最好的一种进行比较,其中Fe₂O₃改性碳(C₂)对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附作用最强,H₂O₂改性炭(A₃)次之,柠檬酸改性炭(B₂)效果最差,三种改性生物炭与对照相比分别提高了30.45%、13.49%和10.4%。(2)生物炭...     

化学链制氢中Fe2O3/LaFeO3载氧体的性能研究

采用柠檬酸络合法制备Fe₂O₃/LaFeO₃复合氧化物,将该氧化物作为化学链制氢过程的载氧体,在反应温度为900 ℃、常压下,对Fe₂O₃/CH₄（剂烷比）、进水量、金属负载量进行了考察。结果表明,剂烷比为2：1、进水量为0.1 mL、质量分数15%Fe时载氧体性能最好,甲烷转化率达到60%,单次循环氢气产量为45 mL。将该评价结果与XRD和H₂-TPR表征结果进行关联发现,反应过程的活性位不是金属氧化物,而是吸附氧,而且吸附氧越容易还原,甲烷转化率和氢气产量越高。通过连续60次还原-氧化循环发现,该载氧体上甲烷转化率和氢气产量比较稳定,循环后仍然保持钙钛矿结构。     

改性凹凸棒石对高温炉内PbCl2蒸气的吸附研究：实验和理论计算

通过酸活化和负载磁性纳米铁氧体复合改性方式获得改性凹凸棒石，探究其在不同烟气氛围中吸附炉内半挥发性重金属PbCl₂蒸气的适用性，结合FT-IR、BET和XRD等表征手段以及DFT理论计算深入探究其对PbCl₂蒸气的吸附机理。结果表明，酸活化通过分解原矿中杂质提高表面活性位点占比，复合改性后铁基氧化物与凹凸棒石晶格氧形成的双活性吸附位点显著增强了其PbCl₂吸附容量，质量比为1∶2的Fe/HP₂样品吸附容量最高达67.62(mg PbCl₂/g吸附剂)。当高温烟气中含有O₂、SO₂和少量H₂O时，会提升复合改性凹凸棒石的PbCl₂吸附容量。DFT理论计算表明，H₂O、O₂、SO₂和PbCl2在ATT(110)表面均发生化学吸附，同时证明了H2O通过共吸附作用促进PbCl₂在ATT(110)和Fe/ATT(1...     

Ni-Fe/γ-Al2O3双金属催化剂的制备及其CO甲烷化性能研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni-Fe/γ-Al₂O₃双金属催化剂和Ni/γ-Al₂O₃、Fe/γ-Al₂O₃单金属催化剂,在连续流动微反装置上考察了催化剂的CO甲烷化催化活性,采用XRD、N₂物理吸附、H₂-TPR、H₂-TPD和TPSR等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,Ni-Fe/γ-Al₂O₃双金属催化剂中Ni、Fe之间产生了明显的相互作用,还原后催化剂中形成Ni-Fe合金,对氢气吸附量显著增加。在CO体积分数为0.5%、空速5000h^-1、常压的反应条件下,Ni-Fe/γ-Al₂O₃双金属催化剂表现出高的甲烷化活性,220℃时将CO完全转化为甲烷。     

CoAl2O4/Al2O3载体对钴基费托催化剂反应性能影响的研究

通过浸渍和高温焙烧,制得表面附着CoAl₂O₄微晶颗粒的改性Al₂O₃载体,并采用等体积浸渍法制备负载型Co基催化剂。结合 N₂物理吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS及H₂化学吸附等表征手段,研究改性载体及其负载钴基催化剂的织构特征;采用费托合成反应评价其催化性能。结果表明,Al₂O₃改性后,表面CoAl₂O₄的存在有效减少了载体与活性组分Co的相互作用,显著提高了催化剂的还原度和催化活性。载体的改性量在20%左右达到最佳值,继续增加,催化剂还原度和活性基本不再升高。载体改性促使催化剂CH₄选择性有所降低,C₅₊选择性略有提高。     

氢气在碳纳米管基材料上的吸附-脱附特性

利用高压容积法测定多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)及钾盐修饰的相应体系(K＋-MWCNTs)的储氢容量,并用程序升温脱附(TPD)方法表征研究氢气在MWCNTs基材料上的吸附-脱附特性.结果表明,在经纯化MWCNTs上,室温、9.0 MPa实验条件下氢的储量可达1.51％（质量分数）;K＋盐对MWCNTs的修饰对增加其储氢容量并无促进效应,但相应化学吸附氢物种的脱附温度有所升高;K＋的修饰也改变了MWCNTs表面原有的疏水性质.在低于723 K的温度下,H2/MWCNTs体系的脱附产物几乎全为氢气;773 K以上高温脱附产物不仅含H2,也含有CH4、C2H4、C2H2等C1/C2烃混合物;H2/K＋-MWCNTs储氢试样的脱附产物除占主体量的H2及少量C1/C2烃混合物外,还含水汽,其量与吸附质H2源水汽含量密切相关.H2在碳纳米管基材料上吸附兼具非解离 (即分子态) 和解离(即原子态)两种形式.     

钾掺杂多壁纳米碳管储氢性能研究

使用自制的钴催化裂解碳氢气法制备多壁纳米碳管,并对其进行退火、掺杂等一系列预处理,然后使用高压高纯氢源,在中压(12 MPa)和室温条件下,进行钾掺杂多壁纳米碳管的储氢性能实验.结果表明:预处理对纳米碳管的储氢性能有很大影响.实验条件下,经过氮气退火,并在1.0 mol/L硝酸钾溶液中掺杂的多壁纳米碳管吸氢量最大(H/C质量分数为3.2%).上述样品在室温下的放氢量一般不超过其吸氢量的50.8%.     

掺Ti球磨NaH/Al复合物的微结构和储氢特性

本文采用机械球磨法制备了(NaH/Al)+x(摩尔分数, %)Ti(x=0, 4, 6, 10)复合物, 研究了不同球磨气氛和Ti催化剂含量对其微结构和储氢性能的影响, 使球磨(NaH/Al)体系储氢的容量达到质量分数为4.01%.     

Nanostructured Pt functionlized multiwalled carbon nanotube based hydrogen sensor

Nanostructured Pt functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) produced by catalytic chemical vapor deposition are good room-temperature hydrogen sensors. MWNTs have been synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition of acetylene using a fixed-bed catalytic reactor over hydrides of Mm(0.2)Tb(0.8)CO2 obtained through hydrogen decrepitation technique. Purified and chemically treated MWNTs have been functionalized by Pt resulting in nanostructured dispersion of Pt on CNTs. Structural, morphological, and vibrational characterizations have been carried out using XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy, respectively. Dispersion of Pt on MWNTs was confirmed by elemental analysis using EDX. Systematic investigations of hydrogen sensing properties of Pt-MWNT ensembles have been carried out. The Pt-MWNTs thin films are stable after several cycles of adsorption and desorption. The change in electrical resistance due to hydrogen adsorption is reversible, with increases to saturation on exposure to hydrogen gas. The result demonstrates that the Pt-MWNTs are p-type semiconductor materials, and chemically treated MWNTs functionalized with Pt show the better hydrogen sensing response at room temperature.     

Reversible Hydrogenation of Graphene on Ni(111)—Synthesis of “Graphone”

Understanding the adsorption and reaction between hydrogen and graphene is of fundamental importance for developing graphene‐based concepts for hydrogen storage and for the chemical functionalization of graphene by hydrogenation. Recently, theoretical studies of single‐sided hydrogenated graphene, so called graphone, predicted it to be a promising semiconductor for applications in graphene‐based electronics. Here, we report on the synthesis of graphone bound to a Ni(111) surface. We investigate the formation process by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD), and density‐functional theory calculations, showing that the hydrogenation of graphene with atomic hydrogen indeed leads to graphone, that is, a hydrogen coverage of 1 ML (4.2 wt %). The dehydrogenation of graphone reveals complex desorption processes that are attributed to coverage‐dependent changes in the activation energies for the associative desorption of hydrogen as molecular H₂.     

Effect of titanium based complex catalyst and carbon nanotubes on hydrogen storage performance of magnesium

Mg (MgH₂)-based composites, using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and pre-synthesized titanium based complex (TCat) as the catalysts, were prepared by high energy ball milling technique. The use of both catalysts demonstrated markedly improved the hydrogen storage performance, e.g. a significant increase of hydrogen release rate and decrease of desorption temperature. The synthesized composites can absorb almost 6 wt% of hydrogen within 3 min at 200 °C and desorb 6 wt% hydrogen in 10 min at 310 °C. The influence of CNTs and TCat on desorption temperature was also investigated by using temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The TPD results reveal that the peak desorption temperature and the onset temperature can be lowered by 109 °C and 155 °C, respectively, compared to the non-catalyzed MgH₂. The reaction enthalpy and entropy of hydrogen desorption for the synthesized MgH₂-based composites are calculated by the van’t Hoff analysis to be 73.1 kJ/mol H₂ and 130.2 J/mol H₂ K, respectively.     

Pt/TiO_2催化剂上的氢—氧作用 Ⅰ.氢、氧的吸咐—脱附行为以及相互促进作用

本文采用程序升温脱附(TPD)技术研究了光沉积方法制备的Pt/TiO_2催化剂经过氧化、还原后氧、氢的脱附行为.光沉积过程中,Pt/TiO_2表面上可以生成大量的吸咐氢,在TPD中脱附;同时Pt/TiO_2表面上化学吸附的水在TPD过程中也可以分解释氢.氧化处理的Pt/TiO_2在TPD过程中于550～750K温区出现氧脱附峰,随着氧化温度升高,脱附峰位向高温移动,经实验证明,这种可脱附活泼氧物种的生成是由样品前身中留存氢引起的.还原处理的Pt/TiO_2在TPD过程中分别在300～600和大于600K出现两个氢脱附峰,认为是由于表面羟基和钛—氢(Ti~(4+)—H~-)物种的分解释氢引起的Pt/TiO_2上活泼氧物种的存在,增加了样品在室温条件下的吸氢量;在中温(473～573K)这种活泼氧物种则和氢发生反应,减少了TPD过程中的脱氢量;Pt/TiO_2在大于673K温度还原,可以消除活泼氧物种的影响.     

Structural and kinetic effects on a simple catalytic reaction: oxygen reduction on Ni(110)

Oxygen hydrogenation at 100 K by gas phase atomic hydrogen on Ni(110) has been studied under ultrahigh vacuum conditions by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Formation of adsorbed water and hydroxyl species was observed and characterized. The coverage of the reaction products was monitored as a function of both temperature and initial oxygen precoverage. On the contrary, when high coverage oxygen overlayers were exposed to gas phase molecular hydrogen, no hydrogenation reaction took place. The results are compared to the inverse process, exposing the hydrogen covered surface to molecular oxygen. In this case, at 100 K, simple Langmuir-Hinshelwood modeling yields an initial sticking coefficient for oxygen adsorption equal to 0.26, considerably lower than for the clean surface. Moreover, formation of hydroxyl groups is found to be twice as fast as the final hydrogenation of OH groups to water. Assuming a preexponential factor of 10(13) s(-1), an activation barrier of 6.7 kcal/mol is obtained for OH formation, thus confirming the high hydrogenating activity of nickel with respect to other transition metals, for which higher activation energies are reported. However, oxygen is hardly removed by hydrogen on nickel: this is explained on the basis of the strong Ni-O chemical bond. The hydrogen residual coverage is well described including a contribution from the adsorption-induced H desorption process which takes place during the oxygen uptake and which is clearly visible from the TPD data.     

Temperature-programmed Desorption Mass Spectrometry

Temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD MS) is discussed with reference to studies of modified pyrogenic oxides. Simple theoretical models are presented in order to allow an approximate analytical treatment of TPD MS data. The formulae for rate constant are presented for first-, second- and third-order reactions. Products of thermal decomposition of carbonized surface layer are observed and identified. The different pathways of uni- and bimolecular desorption were investigated by temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry. The rate constants of reactions were derived from TPD MS measurements. Applications of TPD MS to investigation of endocrine disruptors fate and formations on the solid aerosol surface are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CuO-WO3-ZrO2的结构和性质对苯甲醛加氢反应催化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了不同CuO和WO₃含量的CuO-WO₃-ZrO₂催化剂. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、 N₂气物理吸附、 氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及程序升温脱附(TPD)等手段对催化剂的结构和表面性质进行了表征. 结果表明, WO₃的引入可以调变ZrO₂的晶型, 从而使催化剂的比表面积和孔径发生变化, 促进CuO在催化剂表面的分散, 并影响催化剂的酸碱性. 在苯甲醛加氢制备苯甲醇反应中, 以CuO质量分数为18%, WO₃质量分数为10%的CuO-WO₃-ZrO₂为催化剂时苯甲醛单程转化率达到92.03%, 产物苯甲醇的选择性为94.76%.