阴离子协助镍催化碳氟键官能团化反应机理研究

由于碳-氟键的化学惰性,其高效催化转化一直是有机化学中的难题之一.本文运用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,研究了镍催化碳-氟/碳-氢键交叉偶联反应构建2-芳基噁唑衍生物的机理.计算结果表明,体系中氟负离子能够稳定零价镍金属催化剂,得到氟负离子配位的阴离子镍活性催化物种.在氟负离子协助下碳-氟键对阴离子镍氧化加成得到二价芳基镍物种,是催化循环的速控步骤.在碳氢键切断过程中,Br?nsted碱直接进攻去质子,得到二芳基镍中间体,最终通过还原消除得到交叉偶联产物.在这一过程中,阴离子镍活性催化物种的稳定性明显高于通常推测的中性镍催化物种,这一模型为理解惰性碳-氟键活化反应机理提供了新的思路.     

茶园土壤水溶性氟与全氟和pH值的相关性研究

研究了遂昌茶园土壤水溶性氟与全氟和pH的相关关系。结果表明,茶园土壤水溶性氟和全氟均随土层深度的增大而减小,茶园土壤pH随土层深度的增大而增大;在同一土层深度,土壤全氟含量比土壤水溶性氟含量高得多,随着土层深度的增加,茶园土壤水溶性氟在全氟中所占比例增加;在0～20cm深土层中,土壤水溶性氟与全氟和pH之间存在显著的相关性;在20～40cm深土层中,土壤水溶性氟含量与pH之间存在相关性,而土壤水溶性氟与全氟含量无相关性;在40～60cm深土层中,土壤水溶性氟与全氟含量和pH均无相关性。     

胎儿肾发育中化学元素的时序变化特征与意义

为探讨胎儿肾脏化学元素含量的时序变化特征和生长发育的关系及其生理功能，分析了4－10个月龄胎儿肾脏中21个化学元素的含量，用统计学方法研究其时序变化规律和与胚胎某些发育特征的关系。结果表明，胎儿肾脏的发育和元素含量是一个变量，元素与发育时序的关系可区分为显著正相关、负相关和相关不显著3类。可见胎儿肾脏化学元素含量和时序变化规律可为调控胎儿－新生儿和妊娠－哺乳期妇女营养平衡提供依据，为诠释胎儿期物质代谢的某些特征和功能提供信息。     

空间位阻与氟效应协同增强镍系乙烯聚合

烯烃聚合在工业上是最重要的化学反应之一. 过渡金属催化剂是烯烃聚合反应发展的核心, 其中水杨醛亚胺后过渡金属中性镍催化剂由于杂质耐受性强与无需助催化剂的双重优势备受青睐. 为增强镍催化剂的催化性能, 空间位阻效应或者氟效应策略已有广泛报道; 然而将两者结合形成协同策略仍鲜有研究. 在本工作中, 对位氢和空间位阻取代基(苯基、萘基和蒽基)与邻位氟取代基被同时引入至水杨醛亚胺中性镍催化剂中, 利用空间位阻效应与氟效应来协同增强镍系乙烯聚合. 系统研究空间位阻效应、氟效应、聚合反应温度、聚合时间对乙烯聚合反应的活性、分子量、支化度的影响. 结果表明, 邻位氟取代基显著提升活性、催化剂寿命与聚合物分子量, 降低聚合物支化度; 对位空间位阻取代基的体积根据催化活性或聚合物分子量的需求而定, 但对聚合物支化度几乎无影响. 本工作发展了一种新的调控水杨醛亚胺镍烯烃聚合催化剂手段.     

鸡铝氟联合作用--铁与骨矿化和矿物元素的关系

为探讨铝氟联合作用时铁与矿物代谢的关系,在鸡铝氟病及铝危害模型基础上对全血铁和骨铁用 AAS法进行了检测.结果表明,性成熟前各实验组全血铁均升高,但以加氟组更为明显;性成熟后饲料加入氟化物的 3个组全血铁仍高于对照,未加的另3个组则低于或接近对照组.骨铁含量均有所下降.饲氟、骨氟、骨铝与全血铁有明显正相关(P＜0.2)或显著正相关(P＜0.05),与骨铁有明显负相关,差异均有显著或非常明显(P＜0.1) 意义.全血铁与全血钙、镁、磷,骨灰化率、骨矿含量、平均骨壁厚度、骨矿沉积率均呈显著正相关.骨铁与骨钙、镁呈显著或明显负相关,与成骨细胞指数、破骨细胞指数、类骨质体积呈明显或非常显著(P＜0.01)负相关,与骨单位吸收周期呈明显正相关.全血铁与骨铁呈明显负相关.提示,全血与骨骼铁代谢是能分离又相对应的体系,可能有相互平衡、调节和补偿作用.铁不仅是血红蛋白的必需成分,还与骨矿化和骨细胞及矿物元素有密切关系.     

氟效应在酮亚胺镍催化乙烯聚合与共聚中的系统研究

相比于烯烃聚合过渡金属催化剂的空间位阻与电子效应,氟效应是一种简单且有效调控烯烃聚合反应的重要方法,但研究却相对较少.在本工作中,通过把不同位置(邻、间、对)和不同数目(0、1、2、3、5)的氟原子引入到N,O配位型的单组分阳离子酮亚胺镍催化剂中,系统地考察了氟效应对乙烯聚合反应的催化活性、催化剂热稳定性、聚合物分子量以及聚合物支化度的全面影响.发现邻位氟取代基有利于聚合物分子量的显著提高,而间位与对位氟取代基导致聚合活性下降;特别是全氟取代基不仅造成催化剂热稳定性的下降,同时导致聚合活性与聚合物分子量的大幅下降.在乙烯与丙烯酸甲酯的共聚合研究中,无氟取代的镍催化剂出现失活,但邻氟取代的镍催化剂则表现出聚合活性以及赋予共单体插入率,这些行为在长链极性单体共聚中表现更加优异.本工作有助于理解氟效应在烯烃聚合中的重要作用.     

湖北典型地区茶叶-土壤重金属相关性研究

本文旨在分析湖北典型地区茶叶以及土壤中各种元素的含量,采用原子荧光法(AFS)和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)等方法对135对茶叶及土壤样品进行测定,并探讨各种元素之间的相互关系和影响。研究结果表明,土壤中元素的分布对茶叶中元素含量分布有一定意义,典型区土壤养分有效磷和碱解氮较丰富,有机质和速效钾较缺乏。典型区茶叶作物表层土壤 Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、As 均存在不同程度的超标。土壤 Cd 和 Hg 的污染指数高,潜在生态风险强。典型区茶叶可食部分重金属含量均值依次为 Cu>Pb>Cd>Hg>As>Cr,重金属元素在茶叶中含量均为中等变异性。 茶叶对 Cu、Pb 的富集系数明显高于 Hg、As、Cd、Cr,不同茶叶对同一元素的富集能力存在差异。土壤重金属含量与土壤 pH 值、CEC、有效磷、总氮等理化指标关系密切。茶叶重金属含量与土壤重金属含量水平相关性较弱,但与茶叶对重金属的富集能力均呈显著正相关关系。     

抗衰老微量元素谱

刘汴生等分析了百岁老人聚居区(有百岁老人27人)为对照区的土壤、饮水、大米、小麦、黄豆以及百岁老人血液、头发的16种微量元素。无百岁老人区结果显示,所研究的百岁老人聚居区饮水中锰、锌、锶、氟和土壤中锶、氟、钼、铜、镍含量高于对照区;大米和小麦中硒、铁、氟高于对照区,铜等低于对照区。全血铜含量低于对照组,全血锌与国内健康成年人的水平相差无几,血硒含量也在一般健康成年人的适宜水平。百岁老人发铁含量低于对照组。含锰量约高于一般健康老人6倍。由上述结果不难看出,属于抗氧化剂或抗氧化酶成分的硒、锰在百岁老人组供应量充…     

植物样品中痕量氟的离子色谱法分析

建屯了碱熔法/离子色潜法测定植物样品中痕量氟的分析方法.样品于镍坩锅中500 ℃碱熔融后,经溶解、过滤,进样分析.氟离子经Metrosep A Supp 5阴离子交换柱分离,化学抑制电导检测.氟离子的线性范围为0.005～50 mg/L,相对标准偏差为5.3%,氟的检出限为0.01 mg/kg.该法适合于批量植物样品中痕量氟的测定.     

氟改变了醇在镍(100)表面上的氧化机理

利用程序热脱附(TPD)实验研究了2-丙醇和三氟-2-丙醇在Ni(100)表面的吸附和热反应过程. 实验结果表明, 电负性大的氟原子取代丙醇中γ-位氢原子后, 使丙醇从脱氢反应转化为脱水反应. 在这两种化合物的TPD 实验产物中发现, 有以脱水反应生成的烯烃(丙烯, 三氟丙烯), 脱氢反应产生的酮类(丙酮, 三氟丙酮)等分子析出. 实验结果表明, 氟原子取代γ-H后阻止了产生中间产物醇盐的β-H 脱氢反应, 打开了γ-H脱氢反应的通道, 导致烯烃的产生. 在2-丙醇吸附于镍表面的TPD实验中观察到了消去β-H产生丙酮的脱氢反应, 而1,1,1-三氟-2-丙醇在镍表面上经过脱水反应则产生了3,3,3-三氟丙烯.     

Can fluorine chemistry be green chemistry?

The roles of the element fluorine and its compounds in relationship to green chemistry and clean chemical manufacturing are considered.     

Impacts of fluorine on the electrochemical properties of Li[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2 and Li[Li0.2Ni0.15Co0.1Mn0.55]O2

The impact of the fluorine substitution on the electrochemical properties of layered lithium nickel manganese positive electrode materials for lithium ion batteries is summarized. The addition of a controlled amount of fluorine to the oxygen lattice can effectively improve the capacity retention as well as reduce the impedance of the positive electrode materials. The fluorination of the nickel and manganese based layered oxide cathode material has also led to significant improvement in cycle life and power capability of the battery.     

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Propensity of Different Fluorine Atom Types: An Analysis of Experimentally and Computationally Derived Parameters

The propensity of organic fluorine acting as a weak hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) in intermolecular and intramolecular interactions has been the subject of many experimental and theoretical studies often reaching different conclusions. Over the last few years, new and stronger evidences have emerged for the direct involvement of fluorine in weak hydrogen bond (HB) formation. However, not all the fluorine atom types can act as weak HBA. In this work, the differential HBA propensity of various types of fluorine atoms was analyzed with a particular emphasis for the different types of alkyl fluorides. This was carried out by evaluating ab initio computed parameters, experimental ¹⁹F NMR chemical shifts and small molecule crystallographic structures (extracted from the CSD database). According to this analysis, shielded (with reference to the ¹⁹F NMR chemical shift) alkyl mono-fluorinated motifs display the highest HBA propensity in agreement with solution studies. Although much weaker than other well-characterized HB complexes, the fragile HBs formed by these fluorinated motifs have important implications for the chemical-physical and structural properties of the molecules, chemical reactions, and protein–ligand recognition.     

碘、氟、硅与人体健康的关系

碘、氟、硅是人体必需微量元素,它们的摄入量对人体健康起着重要作用。对碘、氟、硅的缺乏与疾病之间的关系进行了讨论,并对其治疗和防治方法作了介绍。     

Vapor pressures by differential thermal analysis: application to some nickel chelates

A simple and rapid DTA procedure is described for determining the vapor pressures of metal-organic compounds. We have applied the method to six volatile nickel β-ketoamine chelates which have proved useful, in previous work, for the chemical vapor deposition of nickel metal. The volatilities of these compounds are strongly influenced by the configuration (cis or trans planar) about the bonded metal atom and by the presence or absence of fluorine as part of the organic portion of the molecules. Some of the chelates have vapor pressures of several hundred torr at temperatures where thermal decomposition is not significant.     

Determination of Fluorine in Vegetation by Proton Activation Analysis

Abstract

Techniques have been developed for proton activation analysis using the ¹⁹F(p,p′y)¹⁹F reaction to measure the fluorine content of pulverized samples of vegetation which have been exposed to fluorides in the atmosphere or soil. The method is non-destructive and neither the chemical form of fluorine in the sample nor the type of vegetation analyzed appears to affect results. Calibration is performed by analyzing samples to which known amounts of fluorine are added. The fluorine content of 11 vegetation samples was determined by proton activation analysis and by standard chemical techniques. The values obtained by the two methods were in generally good agreement. Fluorine concentrations greater than 1 ppm can be measured with uncertainties ranging from about 50% at 5 ppm to less than 10% at concentrations above 50 ppm.     

Fluorine sorption by soils developed from various parent materials in Galicia (NW Spain)

Fluorine is a phytotoxic element that can reach the soil from various industrial activities. Fluorine sorption by soil is crucial to protect water and food chain from fluorine pollution. In Galicia (NW Spain), various activities emit fluorine into the atmosphere, mainly ceramic industries and an aluminium smelter. This study, aiming to investigate fluorine sorption by Galician soils, was conducted on natural soil horizons representative of the area. Most soils were acid and rich in organic matter and showed strong fluorine sorption. The lowest sorptions were exhibited by a near-neutral serpentinite-derived soil (1001 mg kg(-1)) and the B horizons of soils developed from quartz schist (989 mg kg(-1)), and the highest by the A horizons of amphibolite-derived soils (1783 mg kg(-1)). In soils developed from quartz schist, biotitic schist and amphibolite, A horizons sorbed more fluoride than the corresponding B horizons (average 1621 and 1324 mg kg(-1), respectively), while the opposite is true in granite-derived soils (average 1644 and 1324 mg kg(-1), respectively). In the A horizons, the F sorption significantly correlated to soil pH (r=-0.79), pH in NaF (r=0.83) and oxalate Al (r=0.81). In the B horizons, sorption correlated to soil pH (r=-0.78), oxalate Fe (r=0.71) and organic C (r=0.66). F sorption can be described by both the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The concentration of free fluoride in the equilibrium solutions increased above pH 6.     

钙对氟污染酸性土壤的改良效应

对珠三角典型土壤（潮土和水稻土）加入一系列硝酸钙、氧化钙和碳酸钙进行室内培养,采用连续化学提取方法对原土及添加上述成分后各种形态氟进行提取,并采用极谱测定方法进行检测,研究各形态的转化行为。试验结果表明：加入氧化钙和碳酸钙可使两种土壤pH值明显上升,有利于改善土壤酸性;但使两种土壤有效态氟（水溶态氟、可交换态氟）含量上升,而铁锰结合态氟总体下降。故氧化钙不适用于该类高氟土的酸性改良,而碳酸钙的适用性则由土壤理化性质决定。硝酸钙的加入使各形态氟含量均呈下降趋势,在施用剂量大于20mg／25g时,对土壤中有效态氟有较好的抑制作用,但对土壤酸化没有改善。     

Weak Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds with Fluorine: Detection and Implications for Enzymatic/Chemical Reactions,Chemical Properties,and Ligand/Protein Fluorine NMR Screening

It is known that strong hydrogen‐bonding interactions play an important role in many chemical and biological systems. However, weak or very weak hydrogen bonds, which are often difficult to detect and characterize, may also be relevant in many recognition and reaction processes. Fluorine serving as a hydrogen‐bond acceptor has been the subject of many controversial discussions and there are different opinions about it. It now appears that there is compelling experimental evidence for the involvement of fluorine in weak intramolecular or intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Using established NMR methods, we have previously characterized and measured the strengths of intermolecular hydrogen‐bond complexes involving the fluorine moieties CH₂F, CHF₂, and CF₃, and have compared them with the well‐known hydrogen‐bond complex formed between acetophenone and the strong hydrogen‐bond donor p‐fluorophenol. We now report evidence for the formation of hydrogen bonds involving fluorine with significantly weaker donors, namely 5‐fluoroindole and water. A simple NMR method is proposed for the simultaneous measurement of the strengths of hydrogen bonds between an acceptor and a donor or water. Important implications of these results for enzymatic/chemical reactions involving fluorine, for chemical and physical properties, and for ligand/protein ¹⁹F NMR screening are analyzed through experiments and theoretical simulations.