平头pH电极-流动注射联用技术快速滴定食醋中醋酸的方法研究

采用一种具有平头结构的pH电极作为流动注射分析(FIA)的检测器,构建了流动注射自动化酸度滴定系统.优化了样品进样量、流速、载液浓度和反应管长度等参数.用NaOH溶液作为载液,在4.639×10-4～0.212 mol·L-1范围内醋酸浓度的对数与FIA峰的峰面积成正比,该方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于0.5%.采用...     

顶空-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定土壤中6种有机胺的含量北大核心CSCD

提出了顶空-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中甲胺、乙胺、二甲胺、二乙胺、三甲胺、三乙胺等6种有机胺含量的方法。土壤样品在顶空瓶中经盐酸溶液提取,加入一定量的氢氧化钠溶液、氨水,然后在顶空进样器中于80℃平衡30 min,使气液两相达到动态平衡。采用CP-Volamine色谱柱对目标物进行分离,质谱仪检测,外标法定量。结果显示:6种有机胺的质量浓度在一定范围内与其对应峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3.143s)为0.00033~0.18 mg·kg^(-1);混合标准溶液中6种有机胺测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.3%~4.7%;对空白样品进行3个浓度水平的加标回收试验,回收率为80.0%~108%;方法用于5种不同类型实际土壤样品分析,两种土壤样品中检出三乙胺,检出量为11.3,391 mg·kg^(-1)。     

银(Ⅲ)配合物-鲁米诺体系流动注射法测定醋酸泼尼松

在碱性环境下,银(Ⅲ)配合物可与鲁米诺产生化学发光,醋酸泼尼松对该发光体系具有显著的增敏作用,据此提出了流动注射银(Ⅲ)配合物-鲁米诺化学发光体系测定醋酸泼尼松含量的方法。优化的试验条件如下:1鲁米诺溶液中氢氧化钠的浓度为0.6mol·L-1;2鲁米诺溶液的浓度为8.0×10-7 mol·L-1;3银(Ⅲ)配合物溶液中氢氧化钠的浓度为1.7mol·L-1;4银(Ⅲ)配合物溶液的浓度为5.0×10-5 mol·L-1。醋酸泼尼松的线性范围为6.0×10-8~8.0×10-5 mol·L-1,方法的检出限(3s/k)为2.9×10-9 mol·L-1。对1.0×10-6 mol·L-1醋酸泼尼松标准溶液连续测定11次,测定值的相对标准偏差为2.9%。加标回收率在100%~105%之间。     

连续流动注射分光光度法测定杏仁中氰化物和挥发酚的含量北大核心CSCD

提出了连续流动注射分光光度法同时测定杏仁中氰化物和挥发酚含量的方法。2.00 g杏仁样品经25 mL 0.05 mol·L^(-1)硫酸溶液涡旋1 min,浸泡10 min,水解释放样品中氰苷后,用2 g·L^(-1)氢氧化钠溶液固定待测物,并定容至50 mL。取上清液,经0.45μm滤膜过滤,滤液在优化的试验条件下采用连续流动注射分光光度法测定其中氰化物和挥发酚的含量。结果表明,氰化物和挥发酚的质量浓度在0.002~0.200 mg·L^(-1)内与对应的峰高呈线性关系,检出限分别为0.005 mg·kg^(-1)和0.0175 mg·kg^(-1)。取3份样品,每个样品重复测定6次,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于2.0%。按照标准加入法对实际样品进行回收试验,回收率为97.6%~105%。方法用于分析10份杏仁样品,氰化物的检出量为10.6~56.4 mg·kg^(-1),平均值为32.3 mg·kg^(-1),挥发酚的检出量为14.7~54.8 mg·kg^(-1),平均值为31.9 mg·kg^(-1)。方法利用硫酸溶液水解样品中氰苷后用碱溶液固定,解决了碱溶液直接提取结果偏低的问题。     

高效液相色谱法测定不同基质的食品中防腐剂含量

取固体样品(如糕点、肉肠等)2.000g,或液态样品(如饮料等)10.00mL,加少量水稀释后,加入220g·L~(-1)乙酸锌和106g·L~(-1)亚铁氰化钾溶液各2mL沉淀蛋白质并离心除去;取半固体样品(如果冻等)2.000g,加水稀释后用氨水(1+1)溶液调节其酸度至pH 7~8,上述3种样品溶液均分别用水定容至25.0mL。所得溶液进行高效液相色谱分离,以TSK Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱为固定相,和pH 5.0的甲醇-三乙胺缓冲溶液(1+9)为流动相。苯甲酸和山梨酸的质量浓度均在0.1~10.0mg·L~(-1)内与峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)分别为1.8,1.2mg·kg~(-1)。按标准加入法在3个浓度水平上进行回收试验,回收率在90%~97%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于10%。     

流动注射电位滴定研究：氟化物沉淀滴定测锂

设计制作了一种简便的梯度混合室,并考察了其性能,试验结果证实了此混合室的合理性和有效性.用此混合室建立了流动注射电位滴定测锂的新方法,载流为1×10~(-5)～1×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1)的F~乙醇-水(9 1)溶液,流速4.2ml·min~(-1),混合室体积400μl,进样体积120μl,分析速度60样·h~(-1),检出范围取决于载流中滴定剂的浓度,方法用于卤水中锂的测定,结果令人满意.     

鲁米诺-铁氰化钾流动注射化学发光法测定红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的含量

基于白藜芦醇对鲁米诺-铁氰化钾化学发光反应的增敏作用,对其最佳反应条件进行了系统试验,并结合流动注射,提出了测定红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量的流动注射化学发光法。在1×10^-3 mol·L^-1氢氧化钠溶液中,鲁米诺溶液及铁氰化钾溶液的最佳浓度依次为8×10-6,2×10^-5 mol·L^-1。在此条件下,白藜芦醇的线性范围为1.00×10-8~1.00×10^-6 mol·L^-1,检出限(3S/N)为3.0×10^-9 mol·L^-1。对4.00×10^-7 mol·L^-1白藜芦醇标准溶液进行精密度试验,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)为2.6%。分析实际样品时,将红葡萄酒样品减压抽滤除去不溶性颗粒,取滤液50mL,煮沸2min,除去挥发性芳香物质,冷却后离心5min,取上清液按仪器工作条件进行测定。按此方法在样品的基础上进行加标回收试验,测得回收率为95.9%~130%。     

紫外-可见分光光度法间接测定西咪替丁的含量

建立了紫外-可见分光光度法间接测定西咪替丁含量的方法。在西咪替丁样品溶液中加入Cu~(2+)溶液,用0.1 mol·L~(-1)氢氧化钠溶液和0.1 mol·L~(-1)盐酸溶液调节溶液至pH 7,并用pH 7的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液维持溶液酸度,西咪替丁与Cu~(2+)形成稳定的Cu~(2+)-西咪替丁配合物,该配合物在325 nm处产生明显的特征紫外吸收峰,通过测定其吸光度来间接测定西咪替丁的含量。结果显示:西咪替丁的质量浓度在一定范围内与其对应的Cu~(2+)-西咪替丁配合物体系的吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为3.00 mg·L~(-1)。对实际样品进行3个浓度水平的加标回收试验,西咪替丁的回收率为95.3%～102%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)为1.2%～2.9%。     

凯氏蒸馏-自动光度滴定法测定水果干制品中二氧化硫残留量

建立了凯氏蒸馏-自动光度滴定法测定水果干制品中二氧化硫残留量的方法,并采用单因素试验和响应面Box-Behnken设计试验优化了[水体积(mL)和样品质量(g)的比值(液料比)、盐酸溶液浓度、超声浸提时间、蒸汽输出量等]试验条件。称取5 g粉碎后的样品,用水270 mL和7 mol·L~(-1)盐酸溶液10 mL超声浸提15 min,在90%的蒸汽输出量下蒸馏9 min,冷凝得到的液体用25 mL吸收液(20 g·L~(-1)乙酸铅溶液)收集。在吸收液中加入盐酸10 mL、10 g·L~(-1)淀粉指示液1 mL,在自动光度滴定仪上滴定,设定信号漂移值为15 mV·min~(-1),检测波长为640 nm,利用滴定曲线的一阶导数确定滴定终点。结果显示:在最优试验条件下,所得测定值(0.367 g·kg~(-1))和预测值(0.365 g·kg~(-1))基本一致;对实际样品进行加标回收和精密度试验,回收率为94.3%～99.7%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)不大于0.90%;将该方法所得结果同GB 5009.34-2016所采用的全玻璃蒸馏-人工滴定法进行比对,在95%置信水平下,2种方法无显著性差异。     

微波消解样品-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定橡胶及其制品中微量汞

称取经冷冻粉碎的橡胶样品0.2g,用硝酸6mL和过氧化氢2mL在密闭的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)消解罐中进行微波消解,所得溶液定容至50mL。分取此溶液5.00mL,加盐酸(5+95)溶液至10mL,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定此溶液中的汞含量。经试验选定分析条件:1用0.5g·L-1硼氢化钾溶液(溶于2g·L-1氢氧化钠溶液中)作还原剂;2以盐酸(5+95)溶液作载流;3光电倍增管负高压为260V;4灯电流为15mA;5原子化器高度为10mm;6载气和屏蔽气流量依次为300,800mL·min-1。方法的检出限(3s/k)为3μg·L-1。用标准加入法做回收试验,测得平均回收率为95.7%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)为4.3%。选取含汞高及低量的样品各1个,分别由10家实验室对所提出的方法做验证,结果较好。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.