金属助剂对Pt/SAPO-11催化剂物化及异构性能的影响

通过浸渍法制备了Pt/SAPO-11催化剂,分步浸渍法制备了LaPt/SAPO-11、CePt/SAPO-11和SnPt/SAPO-11双金属催化剂。通过X射线衍射、低温氮物理吸附、氨程序升温脱附、氢气化学吸附和吡啶吸附红外等手段对所得样品进行了表征。实验结果表明,助剂的引入导致了催化剂的比表面积和微孔孔容降低,B酸量减少而L酸量增加,总酸量有所下降,Pt组分的分散度提高。在360℃时,对正庚烷的临氢异构化反应中,Pt/SAPO-11催化剂的正庚烷转化率为65.14%,C7异构体收率为61.67%;当分别加入La和Ce,Pt/SAPO-11的正庚烷转化率提高至77.40%和78.12%,C7异构体收率分别提高至69.72%和68.48%;而加入Sn后,Pt/SAPO-11的正庚烷转化率和C7异构体收率分别降至63.22%和59.09%。     

Zn对Pt/SAPO-11催化剂物化及异构性能影响

通过浸渍法制备了Pt/SAPO-11催化剂, 分步浸渍法制备了Zn-Pt/SAPO-11双金属催化剂. 通过X射线衍射、低温氮物理吸附、氨程序升温脱附和吡啶吸附红外等手段对所得样品进行了表征. 实验结果表明, 助剂Zn的引入导致了催化剂的比表面积和孔容降低, B酸量减少而L酸量增加, 总酸量有所增加. 在300～380 ℃范围内对正庚烷的临氢异构化反应考察发现, 引入金属助剂Zn可以明显改变正庚烷的转化率, 而对C₇异构体的选择性影响不明显. 当Zn质量分数为0.2%, Pt质量分数为0.2%时, Zn-Pt/SAPO-11催化剂的正庚烷转化率及C₇异构体收率达到最大值; Zn含量继续增加时, 正庚烷转化率及C₇异构体收率均随之下降. 实验结果表明, 双功能催化剂中金属功能与酸性功能的匹配对正庚烷临氢异构化反应非常重要.     

Ce促进Ni/SAPO-11催化剂上正庚烷的临氢异构化

通过浸渍法制备了Ni/SAPO-11催化剂, 并进一步通过分步浸渍法制备了Ni-Ce /SAPO-11双金属催化剂, 对其晶相结构和表面酸性进行了表征. 实验结果表明, Ce的引入导致比表面积和孔容增大, 总酸量升高而酸强度降低, 金属Ni在载体SAPO-11表面的分散度提高. 通过对正庚烷的临氢异构化反应研究发现, 引入Ce可以显著提高异庚烷的选择性. 在n(H₂)/n(n-C₇H₁₆)=12, MHSV=3.52 h^-1, 催化剂量0.3 g, 反应温度300 ℃条件下, Ni-2%Ce/SAPO-11催化剂的正庚烷转化率可达25.4%, 异庚烷的选择性可达90.4%.     

正庚烷在Ni-Sn/SAPO-11催化剂上的临氢异构化反应

分别以浸渍法和分步浸渍法制备了Ni/SAPO-11催化剂和Ni-Sn/SAPO-11双金属催化剂,利用XRD、F T-IR、NH_3-TPD、Py-IR、SEM等手段对其进行了表征,考察了Sn含量对分子筛结构和酸性的影响,并以正庚烷临氢异构化为探针反应,考察了Sn含量及反应条件对催化剂临氢异构化性能的影响.结果表明,在我们所考察的Sn含量范围(加入锡含量)内,所制备的催化剂均能保持SAPO-11分子筛晶相,金属Sn均可调节催化剂酸性.加入Sn可以明显提高正庚烷的转化率和异庚烷的选择性,其中,在氢烃比n(H_2)/n(n-C_7H_(16))为14、H_2流速为30m L/min、还原温度为430℃、还原时间为5 h、反应温度为300℃、反应时间为5 h、重时空速(WHSV)为6.8 h-1、反应压力为常压条件下,5%Ni-4%Sn/SAPO-11催化剂的催化性能较佳,其正庚烷转化率可达43%,异庚烷的选择性可达71%.     

乙醇对Pt/SAPO-11和Pt/ZSM-22催化剂烷烃异构化性能的影响

选用SAPO-11、ZSM-22两种分子筛为载体,浸渍Pt制备了Pt/SAPO-11和Pt/ZSM-22催化剂,以正庚烷为模型化合物,考察乙醇对催化剂临氢异构化反应性能的影响。并通过BET、XRD、C2H5OH-TPD和C2H5OH-FTIR等表征手段对催化剂的物化性能以及吸附反应性能和不同活性酸性位点进行了研究考察。结果表明,乙醇在临氢异构转化过程优先生成H2O,并以H2O的形式影响催化剂的异构化性能,催化剂异构活性与选择性随乙醇含量的增加而降低。与Pt/ZSM-22催化剂相比,Pt/SAPO-11催化剂由于有P-OH基团,表现出一定的抗含氧化物乙醇的性能。     

酸、盐处理对Pt/SAPO-11物化及其催化性能的影响

采用不同酸和盐浸渍处理SAPO-11分子筛,然后负载Pt制成改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂,用XRF、XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、SEM、NH_3-TPD和Py-IR对催化剂进行表征,分析其物理化学性能。结果表明,酸和盐处理没有破坏SAPO-11的骨架结构,还提高了催化剂的孔容、孔径、比表面积等性质,催化剂的酸性、酸量也明显发生了改变。在固定床反应器中,评价了改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化小桐子油一步加氢制异构烷烃性能;结合催化剂表征数据表明,颗粒粒径、比表面积、孔径、酸性和酸量影响催化剂的活性及产物分布。对比发现,经0.5 mol/L柠檬酸处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂孔径大小、酸性、B酸和L酸量分布合适,因此,一步加氢催化处理小桐子油性能优异;其中,生物航油组分(C_(8-16))的收率为32.47%,异构烷烃(C8-16)选择性为53.13%。     

乙醇对Pt/SAPO-11和Pt/ZSM-22催化剂烷烃异构化性能的影响

选用SAPO-11、ZSM-22两种分子筛为载体,浸渍Pt制备了Pt/SAPO-11和Pt/ZSM-22催化剂,以正庚烷为模型化合物,考察乙醇对催化剂临氢异构化反应性能的影响。并通过BET、XRD、C₂H₅OH-TPD和C₂H₅OH-FTIR等表征手段对催化剂的物化性能以及吸附反应性能和不同活性酸性位点进行了研究考察。结果表明,乙醇在临氢异构转化过程优先生成H₂O,并以H₂O的形式影响催化剂的异构化性能,催化剂异构活性与选择性随乙醇含量的增加而降低。与Pt/ZSM-22催化剂相比,Pt/SAPO-11催化剂由于有P-OH基团,表现出一定的抗含氧化物乙醇的性能。     

Ni/SAPO-11催化剂上棕榈油加氢脱氧制异构烃燃料(英)

采用水热法合成了小粒径、具有介孔结构的SAPO-11分子筛.采用浸渍法制备了不同Ni负载量的Ni/SAPO-11催化剂.并采用X射线衍射,扫描电镜,N₂物理吸附-脱附,NH₃程序升温脱附,热重和H₂化学吸附技术对该类催化剂的物理化学性质进行了详细表征.结果表明,SAPO-11较大表面积和介孔结构可分散Ni,使得Ni粒子尺寸较小.在棕榈油加氢脱氧制备液体烃类燃料反应中,液体烷烃产物由相关脂肪酸中间产物的直接加氢脱氧和脱羰-加氢脱氧两种途径产生.Ni/SAPO-11催化剂的弱/中强酸性质及其匹配的金属-酸双功能可显著抑制积炭反应,提高催化剂的寿命,液体烷烃收率高达70%,异构烷烃选择性超过80%.     

Ni/SAPO-11催化剂上棕榈油加氢脱氧制异构烃燃料(英)

采用水热法合成了小粒径、具有介孔结构的SAPO-11分子筛.采用浸渍法制备了不同Ni负载量的Ni/SAPO-11催化剂.并采用X射线衍射,扫描电镜,N_2物理吸附-脱附,NH_3程序升温脱附,热重和H_2化学吸附技术对该类催化剂的物理化学性质进行了详细表征.结果表明,SAPO-11较大表面积和介孔结构可分散Ni,使得Ni粒子尺寸较小.在棕榈油加氢脱氧制备液体烃类燃料反应中,液体烷烃产物由相关脂肪酸中间产物的直接加氢脱氧和脱羰-加氢脱氧两种途径产生.Ni/SAPO-11催化剂的弱/中强酸性质及其匹配的金属-酸双功能可显著抑制积炭反应,提高催化剂的寿命,液体烷烃收率高达70%,异构烷烃选择性超过80%.     

不同聚合物分散剂对Pt/SAPO-11催化剂性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了经过不同聚合物分散剂处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、N₂吸附-脱附和NH₃程序升温脱附(TPD)等对催化剂的组织结构进行了表征。结果表明,分散剂不会破坏催化剂的结构,反而提高了其孔体积、孔径和比表面积,同时改变了沸石的酸强度和酸量,其中以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂孔体积、孔径和酸性分布最佳。在固定床反应器上对不同分散剂处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂催化性能进行评价,结果表明聚乙烯吡咯烷酮处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂也表现出最佳的催化性能,麻风树油的加氢脱氧率高达99.45%,生物航空煤油组分收率和异构烷烃组分(C₈~C₁₆)的选择性分别达到了44.67%和56.37%。     

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of xylitol and galactitol by hexacyanoferrate(III) ion in aqueous alkaline medium

Kinetics of oxidation of xylitol and galactitol by hexacyanoferrate(III) ion in aqueous alkaline medium is reported. The reaction rate is of first order with respect to hexacyanoferrate(III) in each substrate. The reaction is first order at lower concentrations of xylitol and galactitol and tends towards zero order as the concentration increases. Similarly first order kinetics was obtained with respect to hydroxide ion at lower concentrations and tends to lower order at higher concentration in the oxidation of xylitol; in the oxidation of galactitol the reaction is first order with respect to hydroxide ion even up to manyfold variation. The course of reaction has been considered to proceed through the formation of an activated complex between [K Fe(CN)₆]^2– and substrate anion which decomposes slowly into radical and [K Fe(CN)₆]^3–. A probable reaction mechanism is proposed.

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Kinetik und Mechanismus der Oxidation von Xylit und Galaktit mit Hexacyanoferrat(III) in wäßriger, alkalischer Lösung

Zusammenfassung Das Geschwindigkeitsgesetz der Titelreaktion ist in beiden Fällen erster Ordnung bezüglich Hexacyanoferrat(III). Die Oxidation ist erster Ordnung bei niedrigen Konzentrationen von Xylit und Galaktit und geht bei Erhöhung der Konzentration gegen null. In gleicher Weise wurde eine Kinetik erster Ordnung bezüglich Hydroxyl bei niedrigen Konzentrationen und eine erniedrigte Ordnung bei höheren Konzentrationen für die Oxidation von Xylit beobachtet; bei Galaktit bleibt die Oxidation auch bei höheren Hydroxyl-Konzentrationen erster Ordnung. Es wird angenommen, daß die Reaktion über einen aktivierten Komplex zwischen [KFe(CN)₆]^2– und dem Substrat-Anion verläuft; dieser Komplex zerfällt in [KFe(CN)₆]^3– und ein Substrat-Radikal. Ein möglicher Reaktionsmechanismus wird vorgeschlagen.

     

Physico-chemical properties of Chitosan films

Chitosan films obtained by dry phase inversion were prepared from an aqueous solution of chitosan in acetic acid. The films, of thickness less than 20 μm, were transparent, very flexible and had smooth surfaces. Increasing the film thickness induced an increase of the internal tensions and the consequent formation of a rough surface. Structural investigations by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform IR analysis, showed that the chitosan films, as prepared, are amorphous. Further annealing to evaporate acetic acid and water traces, changed the amorphous phase into a more ordered phase, characterized by diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 9, 17, 20 and 23 degrees. Thermal investigations by TG, DTG, and DTA revealed that the decomposition of the chitosan films as prepared proceeds in two stages, starting from 180°C and 540°C.     

Ein Beitrag zur Kristallchemie der Kobaltoxoniobate: CoNb2O6 mit Rutilstruktur

CoNb₂O₆ can be prepared by reaction of stoichiometric amounts of CoO (thermical decomposition of cobaltoxalate) and Nb₂O₅ in argon-atmosphere up to 1,400 °C. The isolated red-brown single crystals have tetragonal symmetry (a=472.6;c=305.4 pm; space group P4₂/mnm-D _4h ¹⁴ ). Electron probe micro-analysis of the single crystals verifies the composition Co_0.33Nb_0.67O₂. Co²⁺ and Nb⁵⁺ occupy statistically the metal positions of the rutil-type structure. The differences between Co_0.5Nb_0.5O₂ (CoNbO₄AlNbO₄-type) and Co_0.38Nb_0.67O₂ (CoNb₂O₆) are discussed.

     

Pyrazoles as molecular probes to study the properties of co-crystals by solid state NMR spectroscopy

Equimolar mixtures of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (1) with four NH-imidazoles (2–5) have been studied by¹³C and ¹⁵N CPMAS NMR and by DSC. In three cases, the solid mixture behaves as the sum of the individual components [imidazole (2), 2-methylimidazole (3) and 2,4(5)-dimethylimidazole (5)]. In one case [4,5-dimethylimidazole (4)], the mixture corresponds to a new species in which the dynamic behavior of1 no longer exists.     

Aqueous p-nitrotoluene oxidation induced with direct glow discharge plasma

A plasma induced degradation process has been studied to treat 4-nitrotoluene (4-NT) present as an aqueous pollutant. The plasma was locally generated from a glow discharge around a tip of a platinum anode in an electrolytic solution. The influence of initial pH and Fe²⁺ on the degradation was examined. Major intermediates resulting from the degradation process were identified. Amongst the aromatic intermediates, p-hydroxybenzoic acid was the predominant degradation product. The formation of oxalic acid, malic acid was also observed. The final products of degradation were NH ₄ ⁺ , NO ₃ ⁻ and CO₂. Based on the analysis of intermediates and the kinetic considerations, the degradation was shown to follow a pseudo-first order reaction hence, a possible reaction pathway was proposed.     

Zur Kenntnis der Reaktionsfähigkeit des Thiomorpholins und alkylsubstituierter Thiomorpholine, 4. Mitt.

Thiomorpholine as well as alkyl substituted thiomorpholines and their Sdioxides, respectively, are transformed into the corresponding N-Aminothiomorpholines by nitrosation (1–5) followed by the reduction with zinc in acetic acid/acetic acid anhydride under simultaneous formation of the corresponding N-acetyl derivates, and hydrolysis by hydrochloric acid (6–9). Examples of this method are described. 4-Aminothiomorpholines and their Sdioxides react with aldehydes or ketones to give azomethines (10–31). Acylation with mono-and dicarbonic acid chlorides leads to the N-acyl derivatives32–44.Mannich condensation is also possible. By oxidation with yellow mercury oxide tetracenes are formed (46–47).

Teil der DissertationM. Schmitz, Techn. Hochschule Aachen, 1975.     

Catalytic air oxidation of manganese in synthetic waters

An attempt was made to study the oxidation of manganese by air in synthetic waters. A series of batch experments were performed at differnet values of concentration, temperature and pH. Unoxidized manganese in the solution was determined by formaldoxime spectrometric method. Results of these studies indicated that the air oxidation of manganese soluble in water can be effectively performed in basic media and that oxidation yield increasedwith an increase in pH and concentration. The yield was very high in the presence of manganese dioxide, sepiolite or clinoptilolite in solution and, the oxidation was almost completed especially at high values of pH and concentration. The reaction was found to be first order with respect to Mn²⁺ with a very low activation energy. A yield of 62% was obtained for the air oxidation of wastewater taken from the treatment plant of Corum Municipality.     

Beiträge zur Chemie der Pyrrolpigmente, 40. Mitt.: Azafulvene,Schlüsselstellen beim Aufbau von Pyrrolpigmenten? —Eine neue Synthese von verdinoiden und rubinoiden Gallenfarbstoffen

Substituted azafulvenes were generated by dehydrogenation of 5-methyl-substituted pyrromethenones withDDQ and characterized by UV- and¹H-NMR-spectroscopy. Their electrophilic properties were demonstrated using several quenchers and furthermore they were used for a synthesis of verdinoid bile pigments (which easily can be converted to rubinoid systems by the action of NaBH₄) with nearly any desired unsymmetrical alkyl substitution patter: The azafulvene spezies was generated by the action ofDDQ on a 5-methylpyrromethenone and was quenched by an 5-unsubstituted pyrromethenone. The resulting rubinoid adduct was dehydrogenated immediatly byDDQ — yields were good to high.

39. Mitt.:Falk, H., Höllbacher, G., Hofer, O., Müller, N., Mh. Chem.112, 391 (1981).     

Potentiometric studies on the complex formation of lanthanides with proline and hydroxyproline

The formation of the lanthanide (La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu) complexes with proline and hydroxyproline has been investigated by potentiometric methods as well as by a turbidimetric one which has provided some additional conclusions. It has been found that 11 and a slight amount of 21 complexes are formed. The deviation from the typical course of the formation function is discussed. It is suggested that the perturbations of complex formation in the systems are caused by hydrolysis. The stability constants of the complexes are reported.

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Potentiometrische Untersuchungen an Lanthanid-Komplexen von Prolin und Hydroxyprolin

Zusammenfassung Die Bildung von Lanthanid-Komplexen (La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu) mit Prolin und Hydroxyprolin wurde potentiometrisch und mit Hilfe von Trübungsmessungen untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß sich Komplexe der Zusammensetzung 11 und in kleiner Menge auch 21 bilden. Die Abweichung von typischem Verlauf der Bildungskurven wurde untersucht. Es wurde dabei festgestellt, daß für die Störungen in der Komplexbildung die Hydrolyse verantwortlich ist. Die Stabilitätskonstanten wurden bestimmt.

     

Infinite octamolybdate chains cross-linked by paramagnetic iron (II) centers

The paper presents a new polymeric polyoxomolybdate cluster with infinite octamolybdate chains cross-linked by iron (II) centers. The layer-type substance contains sodium cations sandwiched between the [Fe(H₂O)₄Mo₈O₂₇]_∞ layers. The structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Magnetic properties, due to the presence of paramagnetic iron (II) centers, are presented and discussed.