二维层状Ti3C2Tx-MXene@VS2用于高性能锂离子电池负极

为探索一种高性能的锂离子电池负极材料,采用酸刻蚀法制备了高导电性、高稳定性的二维层状Ti₃C₂T_x,通过溶剂热法制备了具有高理论比容量的花瓣状VS₂纳米片,再经过简单的液相混合得到了二维层状Ti₃C₂T_x-MXene@VS₂复合物。通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射和能谱分析对复合材料的形貌和结构进行了表征,采用循环伏安、恒流充放电、长循环和交流阻抗谱对复合材料的电化学性能进行了研究。结果表明：VS₂纳米片均匀地分布在Ti₃C₂T_x的层间及表面,该复合物具有高的可逆容量(电流密度为0.1A·g^-1时,比容量为610.5mAh·g^-1)、良好的倍率性能(电流密度为2A·g^-1时,比容量为197.1mAh·g^-1)和良好的循环稳定性(电流密度为0.2 A·g^-1时,循环600圈后比容量为874.9 mAh·g^-1;电流密度为2 A·g^-1时,循环1 500圈后比容量为115.9mAh·g^-1)。     

N掺杂MnO2/碳布复合材料的制备及储锂性能

采用碳布（CC）为柔性基底,通过水热法制备了MnO₂/CC及N掺杂MnO₂/CC无黏结剂负极材料,借助X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、比表面积测试和恒电流充放电对材料进行了结构表征及电化学性能测试。结果表明N掺杂MnO₂/CC具有良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性。在0.1 A·g^-1的电流密度下,其首次充电比容量为948.8 mAh·g^-1,经过不同倍率测试后电流密度恢复至0.1 A·g^-1时仍然保持有907.9 mAh·g^-1的可逆比容量,容量保持率为95.7%。在1 A·g^-1的大电流密度下,其首次充电比容量为640.3 mAh·g^-1,循环100次后仍然保持有529.9 mAh·g^-1的可逆比容量,容量保持率为82.8%,可逆比容量远高于商用MnO₂。     

ZnCo2O4纳米颗粒组装的毛线团状的微球用于锂离子电池负极材料

通过液相共沉淀法获得Zn和Co的前驱,经过600℃煅烧处理获得ZnCo₂O₄纳米颗粒组装的毛线团状的微球。电化学测试表明,在0.5 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环200次可逆比容量保持为965 mAh·g^-1;在0.8 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环350次可逆比容量保持为882 mAh·g^-1。倍率性能测试表明在2 A·g^-1的电流密度时可逆比容量为736 mAh·g^-1。     

ZnCo2O4纳米颗粒组装的毛线团状的微球用于锂离子电池负极材料

通过液相共沉淀法获得Zn和Co的前驱,经过600℃煅烧处理获得ZnCo₂O₄纳米颗粒组装的毛线团状的微球。电化学测试表明,在0.5 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环200次可逆比容量保持为965 mAh·g^-1;在0.8 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环350次可逆比容量保持为882 mAh·g^-1。倍率性能测试表明在2 A·g^-1的电流密度时可逆比容量为736 mAh·g^-1。     

EDTA辅助合成Li2MnSiO4/C纳米复合锂离子电池正极材料及性能

以乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）为配位剂,采用溶胶凝胶和溶剂热法相结合的方法合成了Li₂MnSiO₄/C纳米复合正极材料。经过EDTA配位的锂锰硅前驱体在氩气中经过700℃煅烧后,产生为颗粒尺寸约为50nm的Li₂MnSiO₄/C纳米复合粉体。在0.1C=33mA·g^-1进行充放电测试时,其首次充电和放电比容量分别为223和140mAh·g^-1,第5次循环放电比容量仍为138mAh·g^-1;电流密度升至0.2C=66mA·g^-1时,在第20次循环的放电比容量仍可稳定在80mAh·g^-1左右。这些结果表明,EDTA的配位作用可抑制杂相的形成,这种分散性相对较好的纳米复合粉体Li₂MnSiO₄正极材料表现出提高的循环稳定性。     

异质双碳源对LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4复合材料电化学性能的影响

采用水基流变相辅助的固相法,以异质碳蔗糖和石墨为碳源,合成了LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄/C复合材料,研究了不同石墨加入方式对所制复合材料电化学性能的影响,并对所制备的LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄/C复合材料进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征。结果表明,不同石墨包覆工艺对材料结构和电化学性能具有显著影响。前驱体煅烧后再加入石墨获得的样品纯度高,形貌呈均一的椭圆形,在0.1C下的放电比容量为149 mAh·g^-1,达到其理论比容量的 87%;在 5C 下最大的放电比容量为 133 mAh·g^-1;在 2C 倍率下经过 300 次循环后比容量维持在 127 mAh·g^-1,衰减率仅为1.9%,表现出了优良的循环稳定性。     

CuO表面修饰锐钛矿TiO2纳米管阵列及其电化学嵌锂性能

以（CH₂OH）₂、NH₄F和HCl为电解液,纯Ti片、CuCl₂和NaNO₃为主要原料,联用阳极氧化和水热法制备CuO表面修饰锐钛矿TiO₂纳米管阵列锂离子电池负极材料（CuO/TiO₂）。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、能谱仪（EDS）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）和X射线衍射（XRD）,研究样品的形貌特征、元素分布、价态和微观物相组成。利用电池充放电测试仪和电化学工作站,探讨材料的电化学嵌锂性能。结果表明,表面修饰后的锐钛矿TiO₂纳米管阵列外侧出现了大量绒毛状纳米CuO,单个绒毛结构的宽度约4 nm,长度约10 nm。在0.3C的电流密度下进行恒电流充放电测试,首次放电容量为550 mAh·g^-1,充电容量为490 mAh·g^-1。50次循环后,可逆电流容量仍保持在320 mAh·g^-1,具有良好的循环稳定性和电化学特性。     

碳包覆LiFe0.5Co0.5PO4固溶体正极材料的制备及其电化学性能

分别以四水磷酸铁（FePO₄·4H₂O）和二水草酸亚铁（FeC₂O₄·2H₂O）为铁源,采用简单便捷的流变相法制备了碳包覆LiFe_0.5Co_0.5PO₄固溶体材料（LiFe_0.5Co_0.5PO₄/C,简称为LFCP/C）。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、恒流充放电等测试手段对复合材料的物相、形貌结构和电化学性能进行了表征和测试。结果表明,2种铁源得到的材料均为橄榄石晶型结构且结晶度良好,二者在颗粒尺寸分布、碳包覆效果和电化学性能方面具有显著的差别。用作锂离子电池正极材料时,以FeC₂O₄·2H₂O为原料得到的LFCP/C具有更优异的电性能：在2.5~5.0 V电压范围内,0.1C倍率下（1C=150 mA·g^-1）,放电比容量为137.5 mAh·g^-1,在10C仍具有57.6 mAh·g^-1的放电比容量;0.5C循环100次后容量仍保持78.1%。该样品更佳的电化学性能主要得益于其更小的平均颗粒尺寸,更高的比表面积和理想的碳包覆效果。     

脉冲激光沉积NiCo2S4薄膜及其电化学特征

采用脉冲激光沉积法制备了NiCo₂S₄薄膜,利用恒流充放电和循环伏安测试研究了NiCo₂S₄薄膜作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能和充放电机理。采用高分辨电子显微镜和选区电子衍射(TEM&SAED)表征了NiCo₂S₄薄膜首次循环过程中的组成与结构变化。恒流充放电测试结果显示NiCo₂S₄薄膜在3 μA·cm^-2的放电电流下,0~3 V(vs Li⁺/Li)范围内,薄膜的首次放电容量为698 mAh·g^-1,经过200次循环之后的放电容量为365 mAh·g^-1;在循环伏安测试中得到了分步反应的可逆氧化还原峰。TEM和SAED分析结果揭示了NiCo₂S₄薄膜与Li的电化学反应机理：首次放电过程中NiCo₂S₄与Li发生转化反应生成了Li₂S、Ni和Co,充电后生成了CoS和NiS复合薄膜。后续循环为CoS和NiS复合薄膜的可逆分解与形成。研究表明NiCo₂S₄是一种有潜在应用价值的锂离子电池负极材料。     

松针状NiCo2O4@碳布复合材料在锂硫电池中的应用

以碳布（CC）作为柔性基底,采用水热法在其表面原位生长松针状网络结构NiCo₂O₄,制得NiCo₂O₄@CC复合材料,并应用于锂硫电池。NiCo₂O₄在碳纤维表面竖直生长形成三维纳米针簇网络,为硫的存储提供更多的空间,有效缓解硫电极的体积膨胀。通过吸附实验,证明了NiCo₂O₄@CC能有效吸附多硫化物,从而抑制多硫化物的穿梭效应。与CC/S相比（933 mAh·g^-1）,NiCo₂O₄@CC/S复合材料用于锂硫电池具有更优异的电池性能,在0.1C下初始放电比容量高达1 467 mAh·g^-1,在0.2C下初始放电比容量为1 098 mAh·g^-1,经200次循环后,放电比容量仍然保持在879 mAh·g^-1,平均每圈衰减率为0.09%,表现出良好的循环性能。     

Li_(1.3)Ti_(1.7)Al_(0.3)(PO_4)_3,Na_(1.3)Ti_(1.7)Al_(0.3)(PO_4)_3的离子交换研究

研究了在不同温度下的NaNO3和AgNO3水溶液中Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3和Na1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3离子交换行为.实验表明Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3和Na1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3均显示出了高选择性与Na+和Ag+进行离子交换的特征,且对Ag+的选择性高于Na+.升高温度可显著提高Ag/Li和Ag/Na的交换反应速度.     

Crystal growth, structure determination, and optical properties of new potassium-rare-earth silicates K3RESi2O7 (RE=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)

Single crystals of K₃RESi₂O₇ (RE=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) were grown from a potassium fluoride flux. Two different structure types were found for this series. Silicates containing the larger rare earths, RE=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb crystallize in a structure K₃RESi₂O₇ that contains the rare-earth cation in both a slightly distorted octahedral and an ideal trigonal prismatic coordination environment, while in K₃LuSi₂O₇, containing the smallest of the rare earths, lutetium is found solely in an octahedral coordination environment. The structure of K₃LuSi₂O₇ crystallizes in space group P6₃/mmc with a=5.71160(10) Å and c=13.8883(6) Å. The structures containing the remaining rare earths crystallize in the space group P6₃/mcm with the lattice parameters of a=9.9359(2) Å, c=14.4295(4) Å, (K₃GdSi₂O₇); a=9.88730(10) Å, c=14.3856(3) Å, (K₃TbSi₂O₇); a=9.8673(2) Å, c=14.3572(4) Å, (K₃DySi₂O₇); a=9.8408(3) Å, c=14.3206(6) Å, (K₃HoSi₂O₇); a=9.82120(10) Å, c=14.2986(2) Å, (K₃ErSi₂O₇); a=9.80200(10) Å, c=14.2863(4) Å, (K₃TmSi₂O₇); a=9.78190(10) Å, c=14.2401(3) Å, (K₃YbSi₂O₇). The optical properties of the silicates were investigated and K₃TbSi₂O₇ was found to fluoresce in the visible.     

Near infrared study of aqueous rare-earth ethylsulfates

The near infrared spectra of aqueous solutions of the ethylsulfates of La, Nd, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb, Lu, Y, and Na have been determined from about 0.2 mol-dm^–3 to nearly saturation. The extinction coefficients of water have been calculated taking into account the absorption of ethylslfate anions determined in separate experiments. Their values appeared to be nearly the same as that of pure water. The relative contents of free OH groups in 0.5 and 0.7M solutions have been estimated from the absorbances at 1160 nm. They were lower in solutions of the heavy rare-earth ethylsulfates (Tb, Er, Yb, Lu) than in equimolar solutions of the lighter ones (La, Nd), confirming our previous view that secondary hydration of the heavy trivalent rare-earth cations is distinctly stronger than that of the lighter ones. A comparison of the spectra of these aqueous ethylsulfates with those of perchlorates shows that the structure-breaking ability of the C₂H₅SO ₄ ^– ion is much smaller than that of perchlorate anion.     

B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Al2O3玻璃助烧剂对BaTiO3陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响

通过调节B₂O₃-Bi₂O₃-ZnO-Al₂O₃(BBZA)玻璃的添加量研究其对钛酸钡(BaTiO₃)陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响。结果表明：添加适量的BBZA玻璃能够有效地将BaTiO₃陶瓷烧结温度由1 350℃降至950℃,并使其致密化。同时,添加BBZA玻璃后,BaTiO₃的晶体结构随着烧结温度的升高而发生转变(立方相→四方相)。另外,BBZA玻璃的引入使BaTiO₃陶瓷的居里峰得到了有效的抑制和拓宽。陶瓷微观形貌显示,玻璃相均匀分布在BaTiO₃晶粒表面。优化的BaTiO₃陶瓷制备条件如下：BBZA添加量(质量分数)为2.0%,烧结温度为950℃。在该条件下制备的BaTiO₃陶瓷介电常数达到1 364,介电损耗低至1.2%。     

The crystal chemistry of Bi6TP2O15+x, T=Fe, Ni, Zn: Isomorphism and polymorphism, structural relationship to Bi6TiP2O16

The crystal structures of compounds with nominal compositions Bi₆FeP₂O_15+x (I), Bi₆NiP₂O_15+x (II) and Bi₆ZnP₂O_15+x (III) were determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. They are monoclinic, space group I2, Z=2. The lattice parameters for (I) are a=11.2644(7), b=5.4380(3), c=11.1440(5) Å, β=96.154(4)°; for (II) a=11.259(7), b=5.461(4), c=11.109(7) Å, β=96.65(1)°; for (III) a=19.7271(5), b=5.4376(2), c=16.9730(6) Å, β=131.932(1)°. Least squares refinements on F² converged for (I) to R1=0.0554, wR₂=0.1408; for (II) R₁=0.0647, wR₂=0.1697; for (III) R₁=0.0385, wR₂=0.1023. The crystals are complexly twinned by 2-fold rotation about , by inversion and by mirror reflection. The structures consist of edge-sharing articulations of OBi₄ tetrahedra forming layers in the a-c plane that then continue by edge-sharing parallel to the b-axis. The three-dimensional networks are bridged by Fe and Ni octahedra in (I) and (II) and by Zn trigonal bipyramids in (III) as well as by oxygen atoms of the PO₄ moieties. Bi also randomly occupies the octahedral sites. Oxygen vacancies exist in the structures of the three compounds due to required charge balances and they occur in the octahedral coordination polyhedron of the transition metal. In compound (III), no positional disorder in atomic sites is present. The Bi-O coordination polyhedra are trigonal prisms with one, two or three faces capped. Magnetic susceptibility data for compound (I) were obtained between 4.2 and 350 K. Between 4.2 and 250 K it is paramagnetic, μ_eff=6.1 μ_B; a magnetic transition occurs above 250 K.     

电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP-AES)测定银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量

针对银精矿样品复杂,难消解的特点,研究了不同酸溶法和碱熔法对样品的消解情况,建立了硝酸,盐酸,氢氟酸,高氯酸消解银精矿的方法。根据元素灵敏度和抗干扰性,选定各元素的测定波长。通过酸溶样和碱熔样测定结果比对,验证了方法准确性。建立了四酸消解-电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量的方法,元素的线性相关系数均在0.9999以上。通过共存元素干扰实验,确定了银精矿中高含量元素(铜、铅、锌、铁、锑、铋等)对测定元素结果没有影响。方法检出限：Cu 0.0063 mg/L, Pb 0.0159 mg/L ,Zn 0.0090 mg/L,As 0.0192 mg/L, Cd 0.0093 mg/L ,Ca 0.0084 mg/L, Mg 0.0075 mg/L, Mn 0.0081 mg/L。测定下限：Cu 0.0105mg/L,Pb 0.0265 mg/L, Zn 0.0150 mg/L, As 0.0320 mg/L, Cd 0.0155 mg/L, Ca 0.0140 mg/L, Mg 0.0125 mg/L,Mn 0.0135 mg/L。3个样品的相对标准偏差在0.87%~3.56%之间,加标回收率在95.00%~103.56%之间。方法流程短,操作简单,快速,灵敏度和再现性高,结果准确可靠,可以满足银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量的测定。     

Structural studies of five layer Aurivillius oxides: A2Bi4Ti5O18 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb)

The room temperature structures of the five layer Aurivillius phases A₂Bi₄Ti₅O₁₈ (A=Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb) have been refined from powder neutron diffraction data using the Rietveld method. The structures consist of [Bi₂O₂]²⁺ layers interleaved with perovskite-like [A₂Bi₂Ti₅O₁₆]²⁻ blocks. The structures were refined in the orthorhombic space group B2eb (SG. No. 41), Z=4, and the unit cell parameters of the oxides are a=5.4251(2), b=5.4034(1), c=48.486(1); a=5.4650(2), b=5.4625(3), c=48.852(1); a=5.4988(3), b=5.4980(4), c=50.352(1); a=5.4701(2), b=5.4577(2), c=49.643(1) for A=Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb, respectively. The structural features of the compounds were found similar to n=2-4 layers bismuth oxides. The strain caused by mismatch of cell parameter requirements for the [Bi₂O₂]²⁺ layers and perovskite-like [A₂Bi₂Ti₅O₁₆]²⁻ blocks were relieved by tilting of the TiO₆ octahedra. Variable temperature synchrotron X-ray studies for Ca and Pb compounds showed that the orthorhombic structure persisted up to 675 and 475 K, respectively. Raman spectra of the compounds are also presented.     

Structure Study of Bi2.5Na0.5Ta2O9 and Bi2.5Nam−1.5NbmO3m+3 (m=2-4) by Neutron Powder Diffraction and Electron Microscopy

The crystal structures of Bi_2.5Na_0.5Ta₂O₉ and Bi_2.5Na_m-1.5Nb_mO_3m+3 (m=3,4) have been investigated by the Rietveld analysis of their neutron powder diffraction patterns (λ=1.470 Å). These compounds belong to the Aurivillius phase family and are built up by (Bi₂O₂)²⁺ fluorite layers and (A_m-1B_mO_3m+1)^2- (m=2-4) pseudo-perovskite slabs. Bi_2.5Na_0.5Ta₂O₉ (m=2) and Bi_2.5Na_2.5Nb₄O₁₅ (m=4) crystallize in the orthorhombic space group A2₁am, Z=4, with lattice constants of a=5.4763(4), b=5.4478(4), c=24.9710 (15) and a=5.5095(5), b=5.4783(5), c=40.553(3) Å, respectively. Bi_2.5Na_1.5Nb₃O₁₂ (m=3) has been refined in the orthorhombic space group B2cb, Z=4, with the unit-cell parameters a=5.5024(7), b=5.4622(7), and c=32.735(4) Å. In comparison with its isostructural Nb analogue, the structure of Bi_2.5Na_0.5Ta₂O₉ is less distorted and bond valence sum calculations indicate that the Ta-O bonds are somewhat stronger than the Nb-O bonds. The cell parameters a and b increase with increasing m for the compounds Bi_2.5Na_m-1.5Nb_mO_3m+3 (m=2-4), causing a greater strain in the structure. Electron microscopy studies verify that the intergrowth of mixed perovskite layers, caused by stacking faults, also increases with increasing m.     

Sol-gel synthesis of K3InF6 and structural characterization of K2InC10O10H6F9, K3InC12O14H4F18 and K3InC12O12F18

K₃InF₆ is synthesized by a sol-gel route starting from indium and potassium acetates dissolved in isopropanol in the stoichiometry 1:3, with trifluoroacetic acid as fluorinating agent. The crystal structures of the organic precursors were solved by X-ray diffraction methods on single crystals. Three organic compounds were isolated and identified: K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉, K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈. The first one, deficient in potassium in comparison with the initial stoichiometry, is unstable. In its crystal structure, acetate as well as trifluoroacetate anions are coordinated to the indium atom. The two other precursors are obtained, respectively, by quick and slow evaporation of the solution. They correspond to the final organic compounds, which give K₃InF₆ by decomposition at high temperature. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ is characterized by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₄(OH_x)₂]^(5−2x)− and isolated [CF₃COOH_2−x]^(x−1)− molecules with x=2 or 1, surrounded by K⁺ cations. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ is only constituted by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₆]³⁻ and K⁺ cations. For all these compounds, potassium cations ensure only the electroneutrality of the structure. IR spectra of K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ were also performed at room temperature on pulverized crystals.     

B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Al2O3玻璃助烧剂对BaTiO3陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响

通过调节B₂O₃‐Bi₂O₃‐ZnO‐Al₂O₃(BBZA)玻璃的添加量研究其对钛酸钡(BaTiO₃)陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响。结果表明：添加适量的BBZA玻璃能够有效地将BaTiO₃陶瓷烧结温度由1350℃降至950℃,并使其致密化。同时,添加BBZA玻璃后,BaTiO₃的晶体结构随着烧结温度的升高而发生转变(立方相→四方相)。另外,BBZA玻璃的引入使BaTiO₃陶瓷的居里峰得到了有效的抑制和拓宽。陶瓷微观形貌显示,玻璃相均匀分布在BaTiO₃晶粒表面。优化的BaTiO₃陶瓷制备条件如下：BBZA添加量(质量分数)为2.0%,烧结温度为950℃。在该条件下制备的BaTiO₃陶瓷介电常数达到1364,介电损耗低至1.2%。