Highly active and stable performance of catalytic vapor phase Koch-type carbonylation of tert-butyl alcohol over H-zeolites

A high catalytic activity and excellent stability of the vapor phase Koch-type carbonylation of tert-butyl alcohol towards 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid on a H-ZSM-5 catalyst were achieved with a yield as high as 90% without any threat of deactivation in 120 h.     

Ionic equilibria in neutral amphiprotic solvents: Structural effects on dissociation constants of several substituted phenols and mercaptopyrimidines in isopropyl alcohol

The dissociation constants of several families of acids (substituted phenols and mercaptopyrimidines) in isopropyl alcohol medium have been determined by potentiometric titration with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. Because of ion-pair formation the incomplete dissociation of the tetrabutylammonium salt has been taken into account in the calculation of pK_a. The dissociation constants of the salts were previously measured conductometrically. The resolution of acid strength in isopropyl alcohol relative to that in water has been determined for each series of acids by plotting the pK_a values in isopropyl alcohol vs. those in water. The results show greater resolution in isopropyl alcohol than in water. The resolution of acid strength in tert-butyl alcohol relative to that in isopropyl alcohol has also been determined.     

SBA-15 supported HPW: Effective catalytic performance in the alkylation of phenol

SBA-15 was synthesized using non-ionic surfactant as the structure directing agent at 40 °C. It was then impregnated with different loadings (10, 30, 50 and 70%) of phosphotungstic acid. They were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption, FT-IR and DRIFT techniques. The physicochemical characterization revealed that SBA-15 could accommodate discrete phosphotungstic acid due to its large pore volume and high surface area. The catalytic activity of these materials was examined in the vapour phase tert-butylation of phenol using tert-butyl alcohol as the alkylating agent. The influence of reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, reactant feed ratio, WHSV and time on stream was studied, and the results were correlated with physicochemical characteristics of the catalysts. 4-tert-Butyl phenol was observed as the major product with high selectivity. Among the catalysts, 30% phosphotungstic acid supported SBA-15 showed high phenol conversion under optimum conditions, which is significantly higher than either phosphotungstic acid loaded mesoporous AlPO or AlMCM-41.     

Isothermal vapour–liquid equilibria in the ternary system tert-butyl methyl ether + tert-butanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and the three binary subsystems

Vapour–liquid equilibrium data are reported for the ternary tert-butyl methyl ether+tert-butanol+2,2,4-trimethylpentane and the three binary tert-butyl methyl ether+tert-butanol, tert-butyl methyl ether+2,2,4-trimethylpentane, tert-butanol+2,2,4-trimethylpentane subsystems. The data were measured isothermally at 318.13, 328.20, and 339.28 K covering pressure range 15–100 kPa. Azeotropic data are presented for the tert-butanol+2,2,4-trimethylpentane system. Molar excess volumes at 298.15 K are given for the three binary systems. The binary vapour–liquid equilibrium data were correlated using Wilson, NRTL, and Redlich–Kister equations; the parameters obtained were used for calculation of phase behaviour in ternary system and for subsequent comparison with experimental data.     

Synthesis, characterization and antifungal activity of copper (II) complexes of sterically hindered o-diphenol derivatives

Cu (II) complexes with 3,5-di(tert-butyl)-1,2-benzenediol (I), 4,6-di(tert-butyl)-1,2,3-benzentriol (II) and sulfur-containing sterically hindered o-diphenol derivatives such as 4,6-di(tert-butyl)-3-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-1,2-benzenediol (III) and 2-[4,6-di(tert-butyl)-2,3-dihydroxyphenylsulfanyl]acetic acid (IV) have been synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, TG/DTA, FT-IR, ESR, XPS, XPD and conductivity measurements. Antifungal activities of these ligands and their respective Cu (II) complexes have been determined against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp., Penicillium lividum, Mucor sp. and Botrytis cinerea. Most of the compounds (both the free ligands and the complexes) exert pronounced antifungal activities (RI  70%), and virtually all of them (apart from the Cu(L^II)₂ complex) have the highest inhibitory properties (RI = 100%) against B. cinerea.     

Influence of temperature on thermodynamics of ethers + xylenes

The densities and ultrasonic velocity of the binary mixtures methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) + (o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene) at the range 288.15–323.15 K and atmospheric pressure, have been measured over the whole concentration range. The experimental excess volumes and deviation of isentropic compressibilities data have been analyzed. The experimental values have been studied in terms of different theoretical models. The gathered data improve open literature related to gasoline additives, as the comparison has proved, and help to understand the ether effect into aromatic environment in terms of steric hindrance and oxygen group polar potency.     

An effective Pd-catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of olefins with CO and HCOOH

A new protocol for Pd-catalyzed regioselective hydroxy-carbonylation of olefins with formic acid under low pressure of carbon monoxide has been developed. The same catalytic system provides good selectivity to 2-phenylpropionic acid in carbonylation of styrene and to linear acids in carbonylation of terminal alkenes. The reaction is highly susceptible to catalyst precursor and solvent nature.     

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Catalytic Activity and Textual Property of Cu/HMOR Catalysts in Dimethyl Ether Carbonylation Reaction

The effect of calcination temperature on the catalytic activity for the dimethyl ether (DME) carbonylation into methyl acetate (MA) was investigated over mordenite supported copper (Cu/HMOR) prepared by ion-exchange process. The results showed that the catalytic activ-ity was obviously affected by the calcination temperature. The maximal DME conversion of 97.2% and the MA selectivity of 97.9% were obtained over the Cu/HMOR calcined at 430 oC under conditions of 210 oC, 1.5 MPa, and GSHV of 4883 h^-1. The obtained Cu/HMOR catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, N₂ absorption, NH₃ temperature program desorption, CO temperature program desorption, and Raman techniques. Proper calcination temperature was effective to promote copper ions migration and diffusion, and led the support HMOR to possess more acid activity sites, which exhibited the complete decomposing of copper nitrate, large surface area and optimum micropore structure, more amount of CO adsorption site and proper amount of weak acid centers.     

Cu(Ⅰ)/SO42-/ZnO和Cu(Ⅰ)/S2O82-/ZnO催化剂的制备与表征

采用浸渍法对无定形ZnO分别用稀H2SO4和(NH4)2S2O8溶液处理, 制备了SO42-/ZnO和S2O82-/ZnO固体酸. 通过固体离子交换法制备了Cu(Ⅰ)/SO42-/ZnO和Cu(Ⅰ)/S2O82-/ZnO两种催化剂, 并采用XRD, FTIR, TPD和TPR等进行了表征. 研究结果表明, 用稀H2SO4和(NH4)2S2O8溶液分别浸渍处理无定形ZnO, 经过500-600 ℃高温焙烧后得到的SO42-/ZnO和S2O82-/ZnO固体酸表面形成了Zn3O(SO4)2物种; py-FTIR结果表明, 两者均具有B酸中心和L酸中心, 进一步的NH3-TPD研究结果证明, 制备的固体酸NH3脱附峰均出现在543 ℃附近, 属于高强度固体酸. 结构分析认为, 由于SO42-强烈的电子诱导作用, SO42-和ZnO形成的桥式配位物种产生了B酸中心和L酸中心, 而其螯合配位形成的物种没有酸性. SO42-/ZnO和S2O82-/ZnO固体酸与CuCl进行离子交换所制备的Cu(Ⅰ)/SO42-/ZnO和Cu(Ⅰ)/S2O82-/ZnO催化剂的Cu(Ⅰ)易于还原, 对甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)表现出较高的活性和选择性, DMC选择性为98.3%, 时空收率可达到1.9 g(g·h).     

Catalysis by hetropoly compounds. Part XXVI. Gas phase synthesis of methyl tert-butyl ether over heteropolyacids

Gas phase synthesis of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) from methanol and isobutylene has been studied with several heteropolyacids at 303–383 K. It was found that a Dawson-type heteropolyacid, H₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂, was much active than Keggin-type heteropolyacids, H_nXW₁₂O₄₀ (X = P, Si, Ge, B, and Co), and other solid acids such as SO²⁻₄/ZrO₂, SiO---Al₂O₃ and H-ZSM-5 at 323 K. Since the acid strength of H₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂ was weaker than H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ and H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀, factors other than the acid strength are important for the catalytic activity. Pseudoliquid phase behavior was demonstrated for H₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂ and H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ by the measurements of the absorption of methanol during the reaction and by the unique pressure dependencies of the rate of synthesis. From the absorption data (the amount and rate), it is concluded that the high catalytic activity of H₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂ is brought about by a high-activity state of the pseudoliquid phase in which controlled amounts of molecule are absorbed and the absorption-desorption is rapid. On the other hand, the pseudoliquid phase of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ is in a low-activity state absorbing excessive amounts of molecule.     

Synthesis of Methyl Acetate by Dimethyl Ether Carbonylation over Cu/HMOR: Effect of Catalyst Preparation Method (cited: 2)

Dimethyl ether carbonylation to methyl acetate was comparatively investigated over mor-denite supported copper (Cu/HMOR) catalysts prepared by different methods including evaporation, urea hydrolysis, incipient wetness impregnation and ion-exchange. The resultsshowed that Cu/HMOR prepared via iron-exchange method exhibited the highest catalytic activity due to the synergistic effect of active-site metal and acidic molecular sieve support. Conversion of 95.3% and methyl acetate selectivity of 94.9% were achieved under conditions of 210 oC, 1.5 MPa, and GSHV of 4883 h^-1. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen absorption, X-ray diffraction, NH₃ temperature program desorption, and CO temperature program desorption techniques. It was found that Cu/HMOR prepared by ion-exchange method possessed high surface area, moderate strong acid centers, and CO adsorption cen-ters, which improved catalytic performance for the reaction of CO insertion to dimethyl ether.     

Palladium-Catalyzed Low Pressure Carbonylation of Allylic Alcohols by Catalytic Anhydride Activation

A direct carbonylation of allylic alcohols has been realized for the first time with high catalyst activity at low pressure of CO (10 bar). The procedure is described in detail for the carbonylation of E-nerolidol, an important step in a new BASF-route to (−)-ambrox. Key to high activities in the allylic alcohol carbonylation is the finding that catalytic amounts of carboxylic anhydride activate the substrate and are constantly regenerated with carbon monoxide under the reaction conditions. The identified reaction conditions are transferrable to other substrates as well.     

ZrO_2负载Pt催化巴豆醛选择性加氢

以高比表面积ZrO2为载体,采用浸渍法制备了负载型Pt催化剂,应用于常压下气相巴豆醛加氢反应,考察了Pt负载量和H2还原温度等对巴豆醛选择性加氢性能的影响.实验结果表明,Pt负载量(质量分数)为3%的3Pt/ZrO2催化剂经500℃还原后,具有较高的巴豆醛选择性加氢性能:巴豆醛转化率为27%,巴豆醇的选择性为55%.X射线粉末衍射(XRD)分析,CO化学吸附,NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)表征结果表明Pt/ZrO2催化剂上Lewis强酸中心和适宜的Pt颗粒(约为8nm)有利于巴豆醛选择性加氢生成巴豆醇.     

新形态全氟磺酸树脂催化剂研究进展

全氟磺酸树脂是绿色固体酸催化剂，对许多反应有较好的催化活性和选择性。但由于全氟磺酸树脂比表面较低，埋没在氟碳基体中的酸性中心不易被反应物所接近，质量比活性低。本文对近年来新形态全氟磺酸树脂，如多孔、负载化、纳米复合物及其改性的全氟磺酸树脂的催化作用进行了综述，文献结果表明全氟磺酸树脂纳米复合物对很多有机合成反应具有很高的催化活性。     

Percarbamate de t-butyle et ses dérivés N-alkylés, N,N-dialkylés et N-azacyclaniques: préparation et thermolyse en solution

Several tert-butyl percarbamates have been prepared by the reaction of amines with tert-butyl imidazolylpercarboxylate. The thermal decomposition of these peresters in solution led to the characteristic products of homolytic processes. The kinetic study of the thermolysis has been performed by Differential Scanning Microcalorimetry. It showed the influence of the nitrogen atom substitution on the percarbamate stability. The kinetic study of the decompositions of percarbamates derived from cyclic amines showed an important effect of the cycle size on the rate constant. Very different transition state levels are responsible for this phenomenon. A stereoelectronic origin—from the overlapping of the p-orbital of the nitrogen atom and the π bond of the carboxyl—has been advanced to account for this result.     

二乙胺液相催化羰化制备二乙基甲酰胺

考察了反应压力、催化剂、助催化剂和反应温度对二乙胺（ＤＥＡ）液相羰基化合成二乙基甲酰胺（ＤＥＦ）反应的影响，确定了量佳反应条件．结果表明，ＣＯ分压（Ｐ∞）对反应有明显影响，生成ＤＥＦ的速率随Ｐ∞增大而增大；催化剂浓度对反应的速率影响较小，添加剂环氧丙烷（ＰＯ）对催化剂有较强的助催化作用，而且助催化作用随ＰＯ浓度的增加而增大，生成ＤＥＦ的选择性随ＰＯ浓度的增加而降低，温度对反应也有明显的影响，确定最佳反应条件为：ＣＯ分压小于６．０ＭＰａ，反应温度为８０℃至９０℃，催化剂浓度不大于０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，助催化剂ＰＯ浓度不大于４．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ．此时选择性不小于９６％．     

A Novel Desilylating Method for tert-Butyldimethylsilyl,tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl and Triisopropylsilyl Ethers

In order to synthesize complicated medicinal compounds, chemists have developed increasingly satisfactory protective groups and effective methods for the formation and cleavage of protected compounds. The selective method to remove protective groups is an important tool in organic synthesis. Transformation of an alcohol to its corresponding silyl ether is a common and useful method for protecting hydroxyl groups. Within the silyl ethers,tert-butyldimethylsilyl,tert-butyldiphenylsilyl and triisopropylsilyl ethers are the most commonly used protecting groups. The cleavage of the Si-O bonds of these silyl ethers is typically performed with fluoride ion or under harsh acidic or basic conditions. Herewith, we wish to report a highly efficient and mildly acidic desilylating method for tert-butyldimethylsilyl,tert-butyldiphenylsilyl and triisopropylsilyl ethers.     

钯催化炔丙醇与叔丁基异腈选择性合成吡咯并呋喃衍生物和氨基甲酸酯

报道了钯催化下炔丙醇与叔丁基异腈反应高选择性合成吡咯并呋喃衍生物和氨基甲酸酯的新方法.在10%(摩尔分数)Pd(OAc)₂与110%(摩尔分数)LiBr存在下,一分子炔丙醇与三分子叔丁基异腈在水的参与下发生“有序的”异腈三重插入反应,以56%～73%的产率高选择性地生成了吡咯并呋喃衍生物;而在10%(摩尔分数)Pd(PPh₃)₄和110%(摩尔分数)K₃PO₄存在下,一分子炔丙醇与一分子叔丁基异腈在空气中氧气的参与下发生简单氧化偶联反应,以51%～74%的产率生成了氨基甲酸酯.该方法仅通过简单改变钯催化剂与盐的种类就能得到不同产物,且反应选择性高,分别为吡咯并呋喃亚胺衍生物和氨基甲酸酯提供了有吸引力的合成途径.     

芳炔烯基化制烯基芳香化合物用硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂的织构和酸性质调控研究

烯基芳香化合物作为重要的精细化学品及中间体在医药、染料、农药、香料、新型高分子材料、天然产品等化学工业领域占据显著地位.芳香化合物与烯基化合物进行反应是该化合物的经典合成方法,但其存在诸多缺陷：(1)芳环需要预活化,如卤代、三氟甲磺酸取代等;(2)产生氢卤酸和无机盐废物,污染环境;(3)原子经济性差.如何高效绿色合成烯基芳香化合物已引起国际学术界的极大兴趣.近年来发现的芳香化合物与炔的烯基化,亦称炔的氢芳化,被认为是颇具应用前景的简单、清洁、原子经济的烯基芳香化合物合成新路线.与烯基芳香化合物的经典合成路线相比,经由芳香化合物与炔的烯基化来合成该目标化合物具有如下优点：(1)芳环无需预活化;(2)不产生氢卤酸和无机盐,合成过程环境友好;(3)原子经济性好(100%).因此,采用芳香化合物与炔的烯基化路线来合成烯基芳香化合物得到了国际学术界的广泛关注.芳香化合物与炔的烯基化反应主要经由两种路径：(1)活化芳环,形成σ-芳基金属络合物;(2)活化炔基,形成烯基阳离子.活化芳环烯基化催化剂的研究主要集中在贵金属盐、贵金属配合物或有机金属.采用贵金属或有机金属催化,活性高、选择性好,但存在价格高、多需昂贵配体、分离和催化剂回收困难、操作条件苛刻等问题,缺乏实用性.酸催化活化炔基是芳香化合物烯基化反应的另一途径.酸催化芳烃烷基化已得以广泛而深入地研究,并在化学工业中占据着突出的历史地位,但酸催化烯基化相关文献报道尚少.相对于酸催化的烷基化,烯基化面临更多挑战.尽管如此,成本低、实用性强的酸催化烯基化路线仍得到了国际学术界的极大关注.但是,仍存在腐蚀设备、污染环境、催化效率差、收率低、催化剂分离困难及炔聚合严重等不足之处.因此,开展清洁、高效、实用的新型烯基化固体酸催化剂的研究意义深远.微孔沸石分子筛克服了液体酸所固有的上述缺点,作为环境友好的固体酸催化剂在烷基化、酰基化等诸多反应中均得到了广泛应用,用于烯基化,存在底物适用范围窄、催化效率低、选择性差和炔聚合严重的问题.以介孔固体酸取代微孔沸石分子筛并结合催化剂微结构和酸性质调控,有望实现对反应底物和烯基化产品的扩散、炔的活化及芳烃与烯基阳离子之间的碰撞过程进行调控,从而解决现有固体酸催化该反应存在的问题.我们开展了芳烃与炔烃的付-克烯基化制烯基芳香化合物用硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂的织构和酸性质调控研究.通过介孔镧锆复合氧化物的制备过程参数,如模板剂和氨水的加入量、水热温度、水热时间的调节,来调控硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂的织构和酸性质,进而调控固体酸的烯基化催化性能.结果表明,介孔镧锆复合氧化物的制备过程参数对所制备的硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂的织构和酸性质影响显著,需要合适的模板剂和氨水的加入量、水热温度、水热时间,才能获得适宜的织构和酸性质.介孔镧锆复合氧化物的最佳制备条件为：模板剂与金属离子摩尔比0.18、氨水与金属离子摩尔比16、水热温度90oC、水热时间60 h.相对于研究组先前报道的硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂,经织构和酸性质调控优化的硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂的催化活性和稳定性均得以显著提升.采用本文所构筑的固体酸催化剂,用于不同芳香化合物的烯基化,也展示出了良好的催化性能.研究结果表明,具有适宜织构和酸性质的介孔固体酸用于芳香化合物与炔烃的烯基化,来制备烯基芳香化合物,具有很好的发展前景.     

Heterocyclic derivative syntheses by palladium-catalyzed oxidative cyclization-alkoxycarbonylation of substituted gamma-oxoalkynes

4-Yn-1-ones containing different substituents, prop-2-ynyl alpha-ketoesters, and prop-2-ynyl alpha-ketoamides have been caused to react catalytically under oxidative carbonylation conditions to give tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane and oxazoline, dihydropyridinone, and tetrahydropyridinedione derivatives in satisfactory yields. Reactions were carried out in MeOH or MeCN/MeOH mixtures at 65-100 degrees C in the presence of catalytic amounts of PdI(2) in conjunction with KI under 32 bar (at 25 degrees C) of a 3:1 mixture of CO and air. Anti and syn 5-exo-dig cyclization modes account for the formation of different products. It has been found that cyclopentenone, dihydropyridinone, and tetrahydropyridinedione derivatives, formed when the reaction is carried out at higher temperature and for a longer time, can also be selectively obtained through an acid treatment of tetrahydrofuran and oxazoline derivatives involving an unusual rearrangement. The structures of 6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester and 2,2,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester have been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.