Esterification of phthalic anhydride with 1-butanol and 2-ethylhexanol catalyzed by heteropolyacids

Esterification of phthalic anhydride with 2-ethylhexanol and 1-butanol and ester decomposition of dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in presence of Keggin; H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀, H₄SiMo₁₂O₄₀, Wells–Dawson; H₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂, H₆P₂W₁₇MoO₆₂ and Preyssler; H₁₄[NaP₅W₂₉MoO₁₁₀], H₁₄[NaP₅W₃₀O₁₁₀], type heteropolyacids have been investigated. The heteropolyacids with Preyssler and Wells–Dawson structures and their molybdenum substituted derivatives show higher activity in esterification and ester decomposition reactions than Keggin type heteropolyacids. A complete conversion of phthalic anhydride to dioctyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate are achieved in 2 h in presence of molybdenum substituted Preyssler heteropolyacid. In the decomposition of dioctyl phthalate in the presence of Preyssler heteropolyacid, 2-ethylhexene is formed in quantitative yield.     

A spectroscopic study on the 12-heteropolyacids of molybdenum and tungsten (H3PMo12−nWnO40) combined with cetylpyridinium bromide in the epoxidation of cyclopentene

The epoxidation of cyclopentene with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by 12-heteropolyacids of molybdenum and tungsten (H₃PMo_12−nW_nO₄₀, n = 1–11), 12-tungstophosphoric acid and 12-molybdophosphoric acid combined with cetylpyridinium bromide as a phase transfer reagent was carried out in acetonitrile. Among 13 heteropolyacids investigated, catalyst of H₃PMo₆W₆O₄₀ showed the highest activity, giving a conversion of 60% and a selectivity of 95% in the epoxidation of cyclopentene. The fresh catalysts and the catalysts under reaction condition were characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy, which has revealed that all of the molybdotungstophosphoric acids were degraded in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to form a considerable amount of phosphorus-containing species. The active species resulted from H₃PMo₆W₆O₄₀ are new kinds of phosphorus-containing species, which is different from {PO₄[WO(O₂)₂]₄}³⁻.     

Ammonia sorption by Dawson acid studied by IR spectroscopy and microbalance

Using in-situ microbalance and infrared spectroscopy techniques the double ammonia proton complexation was traced. The results confirm the formation of N₂H₇⁺ dimer in solid Dawson acid H₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂, previously reported only for N₂H₇I and for (N₂H₇)₄SiW₁₂O₄₀. The formation of such dimers was evidenced by the microbalance results, the molar ratio of ammonia to proton was measured as 2:1 at 10.7 kPa and 298 K. The formation of NH₄⁺ monomer (band at 1410 cm⁻¹) and N₂H₇⁺ dimer (1460 cm⁻¹) was revealed by IR spectroscopy. Enthalpy of ammonia sorption on Dawson structure was calculated to be −127.9 kJ mol⁻¹, indicating the lower acid strength of Dawson-type compared to that of the Keggin-type heteropolyacids, like H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀.     

磷钼钨杂多酸修饰金属有机骨架MOF-5复合材料吸附亚甲基蓝

采用水热合成法,在合成金属有机骨架MOF-5的过程中引入活性组分磷钼钨杂多酸(H₆P₂Mo₁₅W₃O₆₂),制备出一种新型吸附剂H₆P₂Mo₁₅W₃O₆₂/MOF-5。 利用H₆P₂Mo₁₅W₃O₆₂/MOF-5材料对亚甲基蓝溶液进行了材料的吸附性能研究,探讨了亚甲基蓝溶液的初始pH值和初始浓度以及不同吸附温度对吸附量的影响。 结果表明,在较低的温度和亚甲基蓝溶液较低的初始pH值的条件下,有利于H₆P₂Mo₁₅W₃O₆₂/MOF-5对亚甲基蓝的吸附。 实验结果能够较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温式以及二级动力学模型,对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量可达401.6 mg/g。 热力学参数ΔG<0、ΔH<0和ΔS>0,表明H₆P₂Mo₁₅W₃O₆₂/MOF-5对亚甲基蓝的吸附过程是自发、放热的。 此外,还探讨了H₆P₂Mo₁₅W₃O₆₂/MOF-5对甲基紫、孔雀石绿、罗丹明B和甲基橙等其它染料的吸附性能,结果表明,H₆P₂Mo₁₅W₃O₆₂/MOF-5对阳离子染料有较好的吸附效果。     

新型Brnsted-Lewis酸性催化剂LaPW_(12)O_(40)/SiO_2制备及其在催化酯化反应合成生物柴油中的应用

以十二磷钨杂多酸(Tungstophosphoric acid,H_3PW_(12)O_(40))为基体,分别通过普通浸渍法、溶胶凝胶法和超声浸渍法进行了La3+改性作用,合成了三种固体酸催化剂A-LaPW_(12)O_(40)、B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2和C-LaPW_(12)O_(40)。采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、孔径比表面积测定、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重(TG)、N2吸附-脱附、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对合成的催化剂进行了表征,并比较了以上催化剂在用于催化以油酸和甲醇为反应物经酯化反应合成生物柴油时的活性和稳定性。结果表明,B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2具有最高催化活性,当甲醇与油酸的物质的量比为8∶1,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的2%,反应温度为65℃,反应1 h后,油酸的转化率即高达93%。循环使用B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2催化剂六次后,油酸的转化率仍高达86.4%。B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2的高催化活性和稳定性可归因于在溶胶凝胶的转化过程中,作为硅源材料的四乙氧基硅(TEOS)易在酸性条件下发生水解反应形成Si O2网络,进而Si O2网络中的硅醇键与H_3PW_(12)O_(40)中的H+发生配位作用,生成具有强静电吸附力的(≡Si-OH2+)(H2PW12O-40)络合物。随着该络合物的形成,促进了La3+在Si O2表面的吸附而堵塞了H_3PW_(12)O_(40)的孔道结构,抑制了H_3PW_(12)O_(40)颗粒在焙烧过程中进一步聚集长大。Si O2将作为载体并以干凝胶状态存在于B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2催化剂中,由于Si O2凝胶的高比表面积而使B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2具有了较大的比表面积,从H_3PW_(12)O_(40)的1.4 m2/g增加至31.3 m2/g。并且,通过吡啶吸附红外光谱确定B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2为Br9nsted-Lewis酸型固体酸,由于Br9nsted酸位易与酯化反应过程中生成的水发生水合反应而失活,因而Lewis酸位的形成有助于减少催化剂的失活现象发生。Lewis酸位的出现可归因于(≡Si-OH2+)(H2PW12O-40)与吸附在其表面的具有强吸电子作用的La3+发生键合作用后生成了LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2。     

磷钨酸插层MgAl水滑石层间距的调变及催化酯化脱酸性能

通过改变离子交换温度和时间合成了具有不同层间距的磷钨酸(H_3PW_(12)O_(40),HPW)插层MgAl水滑石(LDHs),采用XRD、FT-IR、Raman、~(31)P MAS NMR、ICP-AES和Hammett指示剂-正丁胺滴定法等表征其性质,并研究其对模型原油的催化酯化脱酸性能。高的离子交换温度有利于形成较大的层间距(d_(003)约1.46 nm),较长的交换时间有利于形成较小的层间距(d_(003)约1.05 nm)。不同的层间距源自HPW在层间不同的存在形式,P_2W_(18)O_(62)~(6-)以C_2轴倾斜于层板和PW_(11)O_(39)~(7-)以C_2轴垂直于层板的方式排列于层间时,形成d_(003)约1.46 nm的层间距;PW_(12)O_(40)~(3-)与层板发生嫁接,并以C_2轴垂直于层板的方向排列于层间时,形成d_(003)约1.05 nm的层间距。层间P_2W_(18)O_(62)~(6-)和PW_(11)O_(39)~(7-)能产生更高比例的中强酸中心,同时大的层间距有利于反应物扩散进入层间与酸中心接触,能够提高LDHs的催化酯化脱酸性能。     

Wells–Dawson tungsten heteropolyacid-catalyzed reactions of benzylic alcohols, influence of the structure of the substrate

Heterolytic cleavage of the C–OH bond of various benzylic alcohols has been catalyzed with H₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂. Alkenes or symmetric ethers are produced, depending on the structure of the substrate.     

Synthesis,Characterization and Catalytic Activity of Polyoxometalates Derived from α-P_2W_(15)O_56~(12

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Hydrothermal Synthesis of H3PW12O40/TiO2 Nanometer Photocatalyst and Its Catalytic Performance for Methyl Orange

H3PW12O40/TiO2 nanometer photocatalyst was prepared by one step hydrothermal synthesis from H3PW12O40′nH2O and Ti(OBu)4,simultaneously realizing the load and modification of H3PW12O40.The catalyst was ...     

Inhibition of α/β-K6P2W18O62·10H2O on the Activity of Mushroom Tyrosinase and Its Antimicrobial Effects

Dawson-type phosphotungstic polyoxometalate α/β-K₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂·10H₂O(P₂W₁₈) was synthesized and its inhibitory effect on the mushroom tyrosinase was investigated. It could inhibit diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase as an irreversible inhibitor. When the concentration of the enzyme reached 0.0176 mg/mL, the concentration of P₂W₁₈ leading to 50% activity lost(IC₅₀) was 0.05 mmol/L for monophenolase and 0.64 mmol/L for diphenolase. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of P₂W₁₈ was evaluated by zone of inhibition test. The results show that P₂W₁₈ possesses effective antimicrobial ability against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, yeast, especially Escherichia coli and yeast.     

微波液相法一步合成H3PW12O40/Bi2WO6光催化剂及其脱氮性能

采用微波液相法一步合成了固载型H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Bi₂WO₆光催化剂. 通过紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)、 场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 表面积及孔隙度(BET)测定、 氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、 吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)对所合成催化剂的结构和性质进行了考察, 并以吡啶浓度为15 mg/g的模拟油对光催化剂的脱氮效果进行评价. 结果表明, 与传统浸渍固载法相比, 微波液相一步法不仅能高效合成H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Bi₂WO₆光催化剂, 且所合成的催化剂能被低能量的光激发. 固载H₃PW₁₂O₄₀不但能提高Bi₂WO₆纳米颗粒的表面酸量, 还能通过改变Bi₂WO₆前驱液的酸强度来调控催化剂形貌. 在H₃PW₁₂O₄₀固载量为15%(质量分数), 微波功率为800 W, 反应时间为90 min条件下得到的H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Bi₂WO₆的光催化脱氮活性最高, 在催化剂与模拟油质量比为1/300, 500 W氙灯光照60 min的最佳光催化反应条件下, 模拟油脱氮率达到92.63%.     

氨基醇杂多酸类离子液体催化环酮的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应

合成了一系列氨基醇杂多酸类离子液体, 并将其用于催化环酮的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应. 以2-庚基环戊酮为模板底物, H₂O₂为氧化剂, 探究了此类氨基醇杂多酸类离子液体的催化活性, 筛选出催化活性最高的催化剂为[Pro-ps]H₂PW₁₂O₄₀, 最佳反应条件: n(2-庚基环戊酮)∶n(催化剂)∶n(H₂O₂)=1∶0.03∶4, 反应温度40 ℃, 反应时间8 h, 无溶剂. 在最佳条件下, 2-庚基环戊酮的转化率为98.19%, 产物δ-十二内酯的选择性可达82.84%. 水相中的离子液体[Pro-ps]H₂PW₁₂O₄₀经干燥后可以重复使用. 经过5次循环使用后催化活性未见明显下降. [Pro-ps]H₂PW₁₂O₄₀还可用于催化其它多种环酮的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应, 结果表明, 该催化剂具有良好的重复使用性和底物普适性.     

过渡金属-联咪唑-Dawson型钨磷酸盐杂化化合物的酶固定化性能

利用水热法和直接沉淀法, 设计合成了5例由过渡金属(TM)-联咪唑配阳离子与Dawson型钨磷酸阴离子构成的多金属氧酸盐(POM)基有机-无机杂化化合物[Ni(H₂biim)₃]₄[Ni(H₂biim)₂(P₂W₁₈O₆₂)₂]·2H₂O(1), [Co^III(H₂biim)₃]₂[P₂W₁₈O₆₂]·8H₂O(2), [Cu(H₂biim)₂]₃[P₂W₁₈O₆₂]·4H₂O(3), [Co^II(H₂biim)₃]₂H₂[P₂W₁₈O₆₂]·9H₂O(4)和 [Ni(H₂biim)₃]₃[P₂W₁₈O₆₂]·2H₂O(5); 并利用X射线单晶衍射分析(SC-XRD)、 红外光谱(IR)和热重-差热分析 (TG-DTA)等对其进行了表征. 化合物1~5作为载体用于固定辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)时, 显示出了较高的酶固定化能力. 另外, 利用圆二色光谱(CD)和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)等方法评价了固定化酶HRP/1~HRP/5的重复使用性、 储存稳定性和检测过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的性能. 由于该类POMs与HRP间存在强的相互作用, 利用简单的物理吸附法即可实现POMs对HRP的固载. POMs对酶的固定不但提高了HRP对使用及储存环境的耐受性, 同时也拓展了POMs在酶固定化领域的应用.     

New Supramolecular Networks Based on Paratungstate with N-Donor Bridging Ligands

Three new supramolecular networks based on paratungstate and N-donor bridging ligands, [H₂bpmp]_2.5H[H₂W₁₂O₄₀]2H₂O(1), [H₂(bpp)]₂[H(py―CH₃)]_0.25[H(py―C₂H₅)]_0.25H_1.5[H₂W₁₂O₄₀]·4H₂O(2) and [H₂pip]₃[H₂W₁₂O₄₀](3)[bpmp=N,N'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine; bpp=1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane; py=pyridine; pip=piperazine] were prepared by the hydrothermal synthesis and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared(IR), thermogravimetric(TG) analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction(XRD). All the compounds show high-dimen- sional supramolecular networks based on [H₂W₁₂O₄₀]^6- and the protonated N-donor ligands via the N―H···O―W hydrogen bonds and/or π···π stacking interactions. Their luminescent properties were investigated.     

Large heteropolymetalate complexes formed from lanthanide (Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd), nickel cations and cryptate [As4W40O140]: synthesis and structure characterization

A new family of heteropolytungstate complexes (NH₄)₂₁[Ln(H₂O)₅{Ni(H₂O)}₂As₄W₄₀O₁₄₀]·xH₂O(Ln=Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) were prepared by the reaction of Na₂₇[NaAs₄W₄₀O₁₄₀]·60H₂O with NiCl₂·6H₂O and Ln(NO₃)₃·xH₂O at pH≈4.5. The crystal structures of (NH₄)₂₁[Gd(H₂O)₅{Ni(H₂O)}₂As₄W₄₀O₁₄₀]·51H₂O was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and element analysis. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n with a=19.754(3), b=24.298(4), c=39.350(6) Å, β=100.612(3)°, V=18564(5) ų, Z=2, R1(wR₂)=0.0544(0.0691). The central site S1 and two opposite sites S2 of the big cyclic ligand [As₄W₄₀O₁₄₀]²⁸⁻ are occupied by one Ln³⁺and two Ni²⁺, respectively, each site supply four O_d coordinating to metal ion, another one water molecule and other five water molecules coordinate, respectively, to Ni²⁺and Ln³⁺. Polyanion [Ln(H₂O)₅{Ni(H₂O)}₂As₄W₄₀O₁₄₀]²¹⁻ has C_2v symmetry. IR and UV–vis spectra of [NaAs₄W₄₀O₁₄₀]²⁷⁻ of the title compounds are discussed.     

SiO_2负载磷钨钒杂多酸杂化材料的制备及其氧化脱硫性能的研究

利用磷酸氢二钠、偏钒酸纳和钨酸钠为原料,合成了具有Keggin结构的磷钨钒杂多化合物(H5PW10V2O40),并与1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴(BmimBr)离子液体反应生成一种杂多酸杂化材料([Bmim]5PW10V2O40)。利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)和紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)对所合成的杂多酸杂化材料进行表征。结果表明,[Bmim]5PW10V2O40具有咪唑阳离子基团和Keggin型杂多阴离子基团的结构特征,并且两种基团之间存在相互作用。以SiO_2为载体制备负载型的杂多酸杂化材料催化剂[Bmim]5PW10V2O40/SiO_2,以H2O_2作为氧化剂,考察该催化剂对模拟油中DBT的氧化性能,并优化氧化反应条件,在反应温度40℃,O/S物质的量比为3.0的条件下,反应50min,模拟油品中的DBT的转化率可以达到100%。催化剂可以通过离心法分离,经过干燥之后,可以循环使用至少七次,而对DBT的氧化活性没有降低。     

Kinetics of gas phase synthesis of ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE) on Wells–Dawson catalyst

Mechanism and kinetics of gas phase synthesis of ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE) over Wells–Dawson heteropolyacid H₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂ in an anhydrous system have been discussed. The rates of ETBE synthesis were measured in a differential reactor for ethanol–isobutene system, far from the limitation by chemical equilibrium. In the pressure range studied, kinetic measurements show that isobutene has an enhancing effect on the reaction while ethanol has an inhibitory one.

Catalytic and sorption experiments allowed to formulate the mechanism of ETBE synthesis which assumed isobutene adsorption and oligomerization at the surface of heteropolyacid crystallites and the formation of carbocation using protons supplied from the bulk of catalyst. Kinetic equations were deduced indicating that it is the concentration of protons forming inter-anionic bonds between heteropolyacid anions which determines the catalytic activity of heteropolyacid.     

基于Keggin型杂多酸的无机-有机杂化物的合成和光催化活性

采用水热合成方法制备了2个基于Keggin型杂多酸的无机-有机杂化物, 化学式分别为{[Cu₂(4,4′- bipy)₄(H₂O)₄](SiMo₁₂O₄₀)·18H₂O}_n(1)和{[Cu₂(4,4′-bipy)₄(H₂O)₄](PMo₆W₆O₄₀)·18H₂O}_n(2)(bipy=bipyridine). 结构分析 表明2个化合物同构, Cu²⁺是六配位, 分别与4个4,4′-bipy上的N原子和2个水分子上的O原子结合, 形成 [Cu(4,4′-bipy)₂(H₂O)₂]_n²ⁿ⁺二维层状结构. 杂多阴离子通过静电与配位阳离子[Cu(4,4′-bipy)₂(H₂O)₂]_n²ⁿ⁺作用交叉排列在层间. 通过红外光谱、 粉末X射线衍射和固体紫外-可见漫反射光谱等对化合物的性质进行了表征. 研究了所合成化合物对水溶性染料亚甲基蓝的降解活性, 发现2种化合物对于亚甲基蓝均表现出显著的光降解活性, 并对它们的催化机理进行了讨论.     

钒钨酸盐-CdS纳米粒子复合膜的制备与电致变色性能

通过层-层自组装方法制备了由Dawson结构三钒取代型钨酸盐1-K₉P₂W₁₅V₃O₆₂·18H₂O(P₂W₁₅V₃)与CdS纳米粒子构筑的复合膜材料, 研究了CdS纳米粒子添加和复合膜层数对P₂W₁₅V₃多酸复合膜材料电致变色性能的影响. 采用UV, XRD, SEM和循环伏安等测试手段对复合材料的结构和性能进行了表征; 将电化学工作站和紫外-可见吸收光谱联用, 在-1.0~+1.0 V的电压范围内, 对不同层数、 有无CdS纳米粒子复合的的膜材料的电致变色性能进行研究. 研究结果表明, 20层的复合膜材料性能最佳, 光反差为38.05%, 着色时间为3.57 s, 褪色时间为6.94 s, 最大着色效率达到94.04 cm²/C, 实现了从无色、 蓝色到蓝紫色, 再到无色的可逆颜色变化, 相对于单独P₂W₁₅V₃膜, 光反差提高46.07%, 着色效率提高96.53%, 电致变色性能显著提高.     

HPA/Bi_2WO_6光催化剂的制备及其脱氮性能研究

以Na2WO4·2H2O和Bi(NO3)3·5H2O为原料,通过不同表面活性剂为模板剂对所制备催化剂的形貌进行调控,将调控形貌后的催化剂固载不同种类杂多酸(HPA),再进行超临界流体干燥制得HPA/Bi2WO6光催化剂。并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射(UV-vis)、扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面积测定仪(BET)对所制备的催化剂进行表征,通过含氮模拟油对固载杂多酸后的催化剂的脱氮性能进行评价。结果表明,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)能起到更好的模板导向作用,从而获得由二维纳米片组装成的三维中空花状结构。采用超临界流体萃取干燥技术对催化剂进行提纯干燥,可有效地避免孔塌陷、团聚等现象,进一步增大了催化剂的比表面积,其脱氮效果有了进一步的提高。固载磷钨酸能有效地提高催化剂的表面酸性位点,从而显著提高了催化剂的催化活性,磷钨酸固载量为10%、剂油比为1∶100时、氙灯光照3 h脱氮率可达92.08%。