La-H化合物对LaMg2Ni合金中Mg2Ni相吸氢过程的影响

采用感应熔炼技术在Ar气氛保护下制备得到LaMg2Ni与Mg2Ni合金。X射线衍射(XRD)图表明LaMg2Ni合金在吸氢过程中分解为LaH3相和Mg2NiH4相,放氢过程中LaH3相转化为La3H7相。与Mg2Ni合金相比,LaMg2Ni合金显示出优良的吸氢动力学性能,这是由于镧氢化合物的存在及其在吸氢过程中所发生的相转变所造成的。LaMg2Ni合金280 s内吸氢即可达到最大储氢量的90%以上,而Mg2Ni合金则需要1200 s才能达到,且在相同温度下LaMg2Ni合金的吸氢反应速率常数大于Mg2Ni合金速率常数。镧氢化合物不仅有利于改善动力学性能,而且可以提高热力学性能。LaMg2Ni合金中的Mg2Ni相氢化反应焓与熵分别为-53.02 kJ.mol-1和84.96 J.K-1.mol-1(H2),这一数值小于单相Mg2Ni氢化反应焓与熵(-64.50 kJ.mol-1,-123.10 J.K-1.mol-1(H2))。压力-组成-温度(P-C-T)测试结果表明在603 K至523 K温度范围内,LaMg2Ni合金储氢容量保持稳定为1.95wt%左右,然而Mg2Ni合金的储氢容量则由4.09wt%衰减为3.13wt%,Mg2Ni合金的储氢容量在523K低温下仅为603 K时的76.5%,表明镧氢化合物能够改善Mg2Ni合金低温下的吸放氢性能。     

Mm0.78Mg0.22Ni2.48Mn0.09Al0.23Co0.47储氢合金的表面改性

为了提高AB3型合金Mm_(0.78)Mg_(0.22)Ni_(2.48)Mn_(0.09)Al_(0.23)Co_(0.47)(Mm由82.3%La和17.7%Nd组成)的电化学性能,将石墨烯添加到合金中。通过XRD和SEM可以看出,石墨烯并没有改变合金的相结构,仅是简单地附在合金表面。当加入质量分数为2%的石墨烯时,合金电极的最大放电容量Cmax达到364.9 m Ah·g-1。石墨烯的添加加速了合金表面的电化学反应。     

Electrochemical characterization of negative electrodes consisting of surface-modified Zr0.9Ti0.1(Ni1.1Co0.1Mn0.5V0.2Cr0.1)x Laves-phase alloys

Laves-phase hydrogen storage alloy has a high potential for use as negative electrode material as alternative for the misch-metal-based material. In order to improve the energy density and the rate capability of negative electrode, chemical and mechanical modification of Lavesphase alloy with different stoichiometric ratios was carried out. Discharge capacity and high-rate dischargeabilty was evaluated by electrochemical methods and the characterization of Laves-phase alloy was made by X-ray diffraction, SEM observation and PCT measurement. The best result in discharge capacity could be obtained for stoichiometric Laves-phase alloy with a composition of Zr_0.9Ti_0.1Ni_1.1Co_0.1Mn_0.5V_0.2Cr_0.1 by boiling in 10 M KOH solution. On the other hand, the high-rate dischargeability was increased remarkably by introducing mechanical grinding before alkali treatment. The cause for improved performance was discussed on the basis of thermodynamic stability of metal hydride and changes in crystal structure and surface morphology influencing on diffusion coefficient and diffusion path length of hydrogen.     

Preparation and hydrogen storage properties of nanostructured Mg2Cu alloy

We successfully synthesized Mg₂Cu alloys from the metal nanoparticles, which are produced from hydrogen plasma-metal reaction method, in two ways. One is under 0.1 MPa argon at 673 K and the other is under 4.0 MPa hydrogen at 673 K. The structure, morphology and reaction mechanism were studied. The hydrogen absorption and the pressure-composition isotherm properties of the obtained Mg₂Cu alloy under hydrogen were studied. The van’t Hoff equation and the formation enthalpy and entropy of the resulting hydride (MgH₂+MgCu₂) were obtained from the equilibrium plateau pressures of the desorption isotherms. Nanostructured Mg₂Cu shows excellent hydrogen storage properties because nanostructured materials have more surface area and more defects, which means more nucleation sites with hydrogen, and smaller particles, which means shorter diffusion distance for hydrogen in the alloys particles.     

Effects of magnesium substitution on the magnetic properties of Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3

Effects of magnesium substitution on the magnetic properties of Nd_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ have been investigated by neutron powder diffraction and magnetization measurements on polycrystalline samples of composition Nd_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃, Nd_0.6Mg_0.1Sr_0.3MnO₃, Nd_0.6Mg_0.1Sr_0.3Mn_0.9Mg_0.1O₃, and Nd_0.6Mg_0.1Sr_0.3Mn_0.8Mg_0.2O₃. The pristine compound Nd_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ is ferromagnetic with a transition temperature occurring at about 210 K. Increasing the Mg-substitution causes weakened ferromagnetic interaction and a great reduction in the magnetic moment of Mn. The Rietveld analyses of the neutron powder diffraction (NPD) data at 1.5 K for the samples with Mg concentration, y=0.0 and 0.1, show ferromagnetic Mn moments of 3.44(4) and 3.14(4) μ_B, respectively, which order along the [001] direction. Below 20 K the Mn moments of these samples become canted giving an antiferromagnetic component along the [010] direction of about 0.4 μ_B at 1.5 K. The analyses also show ferromagnetic polarization along [001] of the Nd moments below 50 K, with a magnitude of almost 1 μ_B at 1.5 K for both samples. In the samples with Mg substitution of 0.2 and 0.3 only short range magnetic order occurs and the magnitude of the ferromagnetic Mn moments is about 1.6 μ_B at 1.5 K for both samples. Furthermore, the low-temperature NPD patterns show an additional very broad and diffuse feature resulting from short range antiferromagnetic ordering of the Nd moments.     

Crystal structure and hydrogenation properties of pseudo-binary Mg6Pd0.5Ni0.5 complex metallic alloy

The crystal structure of the Ni-substituted Mg_6.10(2)Pd_0.52(2)Ni_0.41(2) complex metallic alloy has been determined by X-ray and neutron powder diffraction. The reaction of this compound at 573 K towards deuterium absorption for pressures up to 23 bar has also been studied. The crystal structure of Mg_6.10(2)Pd_0.52(2)Ni_0.41(2) compound was determined in the light of Samson's [Acta Crystallogr. B 28 (1972) 936) and Makongo's (Philos. Mag. 86 (2006) 427] models for the binary Mg₆Pd compound. It crystallizes in space group with lattice parameter 20.13331(7) Å. The refined unit-cell composition is Mg₃₄₂₍₁₎Pd₂₉₍₁₎Ni₂₃₍₁₎ with Z=56. Nickel by palladium substitution is not fully random. Nickel atoms preferentially locate on Pd sites with low coordination number due to steric effects. Deuterium uptake is 9.6 D/f.u. under the given conditions of pressure and temperature. Upon absorption, the intermetallic compound disproportionates into MgD₂, Mg₅Pd₂ and Mg₂NiD₄ phases. The Mg₂NiD₄ phase is observed to crystallize in the orthorhombic LT2 modification for which an averaged crystal structure in the Pcc2 space group is proposed.     

Sr2NiMoO6−δ as anode material for LaGaO3-based solid oxide fuel cell

The double-perovskite Sr₂NiMoO_6−δ (SNMO) was investigated as an anode material of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). With a 300 μm thick La_0.9Sr_0.1Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_3−σ (LSGM) disk as electrolyte and Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ as the cathode, the SNMO anode showed power densities of 819 mW cm⁻² in hydrogen at 1123 K. Moreover, there was no buffer layer between anode and electrolyte, which would reduce design techniques and save design cost. After test no chemical reaction was discovered between anode and electrolyte. The anode exhibited good conductivity and the value was around 60 S cm⁻¹ in H₂. Also it had almost linear thermal expansion from room temperature to 1253 K and the average thermal expansion coefficient was about 12.14 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹, which was quite close to that of La_0.9Sr_0.lGa_0.8Mg_0.2O₃ (12.17 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹) electrolyte.     

Structural Characterization of Divalent Magnesium-Dopedα-Fe2O3

The defect structure of divalent magnesium-dopedα-Fe₂O₃has been examined by Rietveld structure refinement of the X-ray powder diffraction data. The results show that the Mg²⁺ions occupy the vacant interstitial octahedral sites as well as substituting on the two adjacent octahedral Fe³⁺sites in the corundum-relatedα-Fe₂O₃structure. The structure therefore involves a linear cluster of three Mg²⁺ions replacing two Fe³⁺ions. Interatomic potential calculations indicate that this is the most energetically favorable defect cluster for the system.     

Structural variations and hydrogen storage properties of Ca5Si3 with Cr5B3-type structure

The structure and phase variation of Ca₅Si₃ upon hydrogenation were systematically investigated using combined neutron powder diffraction (NPD), neutron vibrational spectroscopy (NVS), and first-principles calculations. The hydrogen absorption equilibrium was first attained with formation of Ca₅Si₃H(D)_0.53 (I4/mcm) with H exclusively located in Ca₄-tetrahedral sites. More hydrogen absorbed into the system under higher pressure leads to dissociations into CaH₂ (an amorphous hydride at higher pressures) and CaSi. The hydrogen-induced formation of an amorphous phase under higher pressures is very unusual in Cr₅B₃-type compounds and the observed formation of CaH₂ upon hydrogen absorption confirmed the proposed composition equilibrium between A₅Tt₃ (A = Ca, Sr; Tt = Si, Ge, Sn) and AH₂.     

Magnesium substitution in Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3

Magnesium substitution in Nd_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ has been studied by neutron powder diffraction. Polycrystalline samples of nominal compositions Nd_0.7Sr_0.3Mn_1−yMg_yO₃ with y=0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 were synthesized by the standard solid-state reaction method. Rietveld refinements of the neutron powder diffraction data showed that all samples had distorted perovskite structure of orthorhombic symmetry. Mg initially preferred to substitute for Nd and only at Mg concentration greater than 0.1, a substantial substitution for Mn occurred. Our study also showed that Mg-substitution did not change the crystal structure of Nd_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃.     

Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni1－xCox (x＝0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)合金的合成及电化学性能研究

采用机械合金化法合成了Mg_0.9Ti_0.1Ni_1－xCo_x (x＝0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2)系列四元合金, 并对该系列合金的结构和电化学性能等方面进行了研究. 球磨100 h的该系列合金, XRD结果表明, X射线衍射峰均呈现宽化趋势, 基本呈非晶态. 充放电结果表明, 该系列合金具有较好的活化性能, 它们的循环稳定性明显好于MgNi合金, 其中Mg_0.9Ti_0.1Ni_0.8Co_0.2最大放电容量最高, 为427.5 mAh•g^－1. 在充放电循环过程中, Mg在合金表面形成了Mg(OH)₂是合金电极衰减的主要原因. 腐蚀曲线的测试结果表明, Co的添加可以提高合金电极在碱液中的抗腐蚀能力, 从而提高了电极的循环稳定性.     

具有18电子结构的Mg2CoH5纳米晶制备及其储氢性能研究

本文研究了Mg2CoH5纳米晶的制备及其储氢性能。在室温和氩气气氛下,以MgH2和纳米Co为原料,采用球磨法制备了Mg2CoH5纳米晶。对所制备Mg2CoH5的组成、结构和形貌进行了表征,并且对Mg2CoH5的储氢性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,通过该种方法制备了纯度较高(产物纯度为79%)的四方结构Mg2CoH5纳米晶,其形貌呈球形且分布较均匀,最频粒径为80 nm。制备的Mg2CoH5纳米晶具有较低的活化能和较好的吸放氢动力学性能,其放氢的脱附焓和脱附熵分别为-115.0 kJ.mol-1H2和-193.6.1 J.mol-1.K-1H2。再氢化时,在543 K时仅7 min内其吸氢量就达到1.5wt%。     

碱土元素掺杂的BaFeO3钙钛矿型催化剂的NOx储存性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Ba_1-xM_xFeO₃ (M=Mg, Ca, Sr; x=0, 0.1, 0.2)系列钙钛矿型NO_x储存还原(NSR)催化剂, 考察碱金属元素Mg、Ca 和Sr 的掺杂对BaFeO₃ 钙钛矿NO_x 储存和氧化性能的影响. 结果表明, 在250-400 ℃范围内Mg的掺杂提高了BaFeO₃钙钛矿的NO_x储存性能, 其中以Ba_0.8Mg_0.2FeO₃样品的NO_x储存性能最佳, 在温度350 ℃时NO_x储存量高达1200 μmol·g^-1以上, NO→NO₂转化率为53.4%. 与BaFeO₃比较,Ba_0.8Mg_0.2FeO₃样品在250 ℃进行NO_x储存时就出现了单齿硝酸盐, 并随储存温度的变化而变化, 它的数量与NO_x储存量有相同的变化趋势. 傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱结果表明, 与BaFeO₃相比, Ba_0.8Mg_0.2FeO₃样品NO_x储存量增大的原因在于: 一方面, 形成了具有A位缺陷的钙钛矿结构, 产生大量能够用于储存NO_x的氧空位; 另一方面, 未进入钙钛矿晶格的Mg元素可能以碱性氧化物的形式与NO_x作用形成了单齿硝酸盐.     

The Crystal Structures of Zr3Al3C5, ScAl3C3, and UAl3C3and Their Relation to the Structures of U2Al3C4and Al4C3

Single crystals of Zr₃Al₃C₅—a carbide previously reported with the formula ZrAlC_2−x—were isolated from a sample prepared by reaction of ZrC with an excess of aluminum. The carbides ScAl₃C₃and UAl₃C₃were synthesized from the elemental components by arc-melting. The crystal structures of these three compounds were redetermined from four-circle X-ray diffractomter data. In the original structure determination of ZrAlC_2−x, the metal positions were found to form close-packed layers in the space groupP6₃/mmc, while the carbon atoms were assumed to occupy 5/6 of the octahedral voids at random. The present structure determination in the space groupP6₃/mc(R=0.024 for 519 structure factors and 23 variable parameters) shows that all carbon positions are fully occupied and one has a trigonal bipyramidal aluminum coordination. The structures of ScAl₃C₃and UAl₃C₃also have originally been determined in the space groupP6₃/mmc. The present structure refinements in the space groupP6₃mc(ScAl₃C₃:R=0.031 for 282Fvalues and 16 variables; UAl₃C₃:R=0.029 for 217Fvalues and 16 variables) essentially confirms the structures with the exception of one aluminum site. In all of these structures the metal atoms are arranged in close-packed layers and together with the previously reported structure of U₂Al₃C₄they form a homologous series with the general formulaT_1+nAl₃C_3+n, wheren=0, 1, 2 for ScAl₃C₃, U₂Al₃C₄, and Zr₃Al₃C₅, respectively. The packing of the metal atoms is represented by the Zhdanov symbols (4)₂, (5)₂, and (6)₂. The arrangement of the aluminum atoms is very similar to that of the binary carbide Al₄C₃, while the other metal atoms form a cubic stacking sequence, as it is found in the binary carbidesTC with NaCl type structure.     

稀土元素取代对Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33贮氢合金结构和电化学性能的影响

研究了5种稀土元素部分取代V对Ti_0.26Zr_0.07V_0..24Mn_0.1Ni_0.33合金的微观结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,Ti_0.26Zr_0.07V_0.24Mn_0.1Ni_0.33和Ti_0.26Zr_0.07V_0.24-xMn_0.1Ni_0.33RE_x（x=0.005;RE=La,Ce,Nd,Ho,Y）均由体心立方结构的钒基固溶体相和六方结构的C14Laves相组成。在合金中加入稀土元素,会使合金中两相的晶胞体积同时增大。稀土元素部分取代V均改善了合金电极的活化性能。La和Nd元素取代后,合金电极的最大放电容量明显增加,而Ce的取代提高了合金电极的循环稳定性。Ce,Nd,Ho,Y均改善了合金电极的倍率放电性能。合金电极在高温状态下表现出了良好的放电性能,其中Nd在333K时放电容量可达550.4mAh·g^-1。稀土元素对荷电保持率的影响各异。     

稀土元素取代对Ti_(0.26)Zr_(0.07)V_(0.24)Mn_(0.1)Ni_(0.33)贮氢合金结构和电化学性能的影响

研究了5种稀土元素部分取代V对Ti0.26Zr0.07V0..24Mn0.1Ni0.33合金的微观结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33和Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24-xMn0.1Ni0.33REx(x=0.005;RE=La,Ce,Nd,Ho,Y)均由体心立方结构的钒基固溶体相和六方结构的C14 Laves相组成。在合金中加入稀土元素,会使合金中两相的晶胞体积同时增大。稀土元素部分取代V均改善了合金电极的活化性能。La和Nd元素取代后,合金电极的最大放电容量明显增加,而Ce的取代提高了合金电极的循环稳定性。Ce,Nd,Ho,Y均改善了合金电极的倍率放电性能。合金电极在高温状态下表现出了良好的放电性能,其中Nd在333 K时放电容量可达550.4 mAh·g-1。稀土元素对荷电保持率的影响各异。     

Effect of composition on structural and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Ni0.8−xZn0.2MgxFe2O4 ferrite

Nanocrystalline magnetic particles of Ni_0.8−xZn_0.2Mg_xFe₂O₄ ferrites with x lying between 0.0 and 0.8 were synthesized using metal nitrates and freshly extracted egg-white. The synthesized powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). With increasing magnesium concentration, the lattice constant increases while X-ray density decreases. The average crystallite size determined from XRD data using Scherrer formula lie in the range of 35–59 nm. TEM image shows spherically agglomerated particles with average crystallite size agreed well with that obtained from XRD. Magnetic properties measured at room temperature by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) reveal a decrease in saturation magnetization up to Mg content of 0.6. In agreement with FT-IR results, the unexpected increase in the magnetization at Mg content of 0.8 can be attributed to the tendency of Mg²⁺ ions to occupy the tetrahedral site. The decrease in the value of coercivity with increasing magnesium content can be explained based on the magneto-crystalline anisotropy.     

High performance anode-supported intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) with La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3−δ electrolyte films prepared by electrophoretic deposition

Remarkable power density was obtained for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) based on La_0.8Sr_0.2Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_3−δ (LSGM) electrolyte films, fabricated following an original procedure that allowed avoiding undesired reactions between LSGM and electrode materials, especially Ni. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was used for the fabrication of 30 μm-thick electrolyte films. Anode supports were made of La_0.4Ce_0.6O_2−x (LDC). The LSGM powder was deposited by EPD on an LDC green tape-cast membrane added with carbon powder, both as pore former and substrate conductivity booster. A subsequent co-firing step at 1490 °C produced dense electrolyte films on porous LDC skeletons. Then, a La_0.8Sr_0.2Fe_0.8Co_0.2O_3−δ (LSFC) cathode was applied by slurry-coating and calcined at 1100 °C. Finally, the porous LDC layer was impregnated with molten Ni nitrate to obtain, after calcination at 900 °C, a composite NiO–LDC anode. Maximum power densities of 780, 450, 275, 175, and 100 mW/cm² at 700, 650, 600, 550, and 500 °C, respectively, were obtained using H₂ as fuel and air as oxidant, demonstrating the success of the processing strategy. As a comparison, electrolyte-supported SOFCs made of the same materials were tested, showing a maximum power density of 150 mW/cm² at 700 °C, more than 5 times smaller than the anode-supported counterpart.     

Localization of hydrogen in the layer oxide HTiNbO5

The structure of HTiNbO₅ at 10 and 300 K and of DTiNbO₅ at 300 K has been investigated by neutron powder diffraction. The TiNbO₅ framework and the octahedral distortions previously found for the alkalititanoniobates by X-ray diffraction are confirmed. The position of hydrogen (or deuterium) has been determined: very strong OH … O hydrogen bonds with O … O distances ranging from 2.51 to 2.63 Å are observed. The similarity of these compounds with acids is shown, explaining their ion exchange properties. The absence of protonic conductivity can be explained from structural arguments. The open character of this structure, which can play a part in intercalation and deintercalation reactions is also discussed.     

Dielectric proprieties of ferroelectric ceramics derived from the system BaTiO3NaNbO3-based solid solutions

Dielectric studies performed on the solid solution Ba_1−xNa_xTi_1−xNb_xO₃ (BNTN) show that all compositions (x= 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.025, 0.05, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8) exhibit a ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition where the Curie temperature is a function of the composition. The specimens with composition BNTN (x= 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) have been refined by the Celref method from X-ray powder diffraction data. The evolution of dielectric constant as a function of temperature and frequency in the range 77–500 K and 20–2 × 10⁵ Hz, respectively, show that these ceramics present the classical ferroelectric character when 0x<0.075 and 0.55<x1 and relaxor character when 0.075x0.55.