固相萃取/高效液相色谱法对火龙果中手性苯醚甲环唑的分离测定

建立了固相萃取/高效液相色谱测定火龙果中手性苯醚甲环唑的方法。火龙果样品经乙腈提取,石墨化炭黑/氨基固相萃取柱净化后进行测定。实验考察了不同手性色谱柱、流动相组成、流速及进样体积对分离的影响,通过优化分离成功拆分了苯醚甲环唑对映体。优化的色谱条件为:Chrialcel IF-3手性柱为色谱柱,正己烷-乙醇(92∶8,体积比)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,进样量为60μL。在上述条件下,4个对映体基本完全分离,分析时间不超过35 min。单个对映体在0.10~10 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为0.025 mg/L。分别添加0.4、2.8 mg/kg两个水平的外消旋苯醚甲环唑,测得4个对映体的平均回收率分别为83.7%~99.3%和86.4%~91.6%,相对标准偏差分别为1.3%~7.2%和1.4%~3.1%。该方法的分离时间较短,分离效果好,灵敏度高,适用于火龙果等水果中手性农药苯醚甲环唑含量的测定。     

氟环唑外消旋体在纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相上的高效液相色谱法拆分

在纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)（CDMPC）手性固定相上,分别采用正相、反相及极性有机相色谱模式对氟环唑外消旋体进行了拆分,并考察了流动相组成在手性识别中对手性分离的影响。氟环唑在Chiralcel OD-H手性色谱柱（填充CDMPC手性固定相）上采用反相色谱模式,以甲醇-水(体积比为80∶20)为流动相,获得了最佳的拆分,其两对对映异构体的分离度Rs分别为1.64和6.50。     

万古霉素键合手性固定相高效液相色谱法直接分离泰妥拉唑对映体

利用反相高效液相色谱法在大环抗生素类手性固定相万古霉素键合手性固定相(Chirobiotic V)上直接分离了泰妥拉唑对映体。考察了缓冲溶液的种类、浓度和pH值,有机改性剂的种类和浓度,柱长和柱温等对手性分离的影响。优化后的色谱条件为:Chirobiotic V色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为0.02 mol/L 醋酸铵缓冲液(pH 6.0)-四氢呋喃(体积比为93∶7),流速为0.5 mL/min,柱温为20 ℃,检测波长为306 nm。在此条件下泰妥拉唑对映体达到了基线分离,分离度达1.68;对映体保留时间的相对标准偏差分别为0.48%和0.49%(n=6),峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为0.45%和0.55%(n=6)。所建立的手性分离方法具有简便快速及重复性好等优点。     

萘普生对映体的拆分及其手性药物的测定

采用CHIRALART Cellulose-SB手性柱,利用反相色谱法研究2-芳基丙酸类非甾体抗炎手性药物萘普生的色谱拆分方法,考察了流动相的组成、柱温和流速等因素对对映体拆分的影响。结果表明,萘普生在流动相为甲醇-0.1%甲酸(63∶37,V/V)、柱温20℃、流速0.6 m L·min-1时,分离效果最佳,分离度为2.00。该方法进一步应用于5种萘普生药物中对映体含量的测定,5种样品中均仅有S-萘普生检出,其含量在93.29 mg·g-1~106.94 mg·g-1之间,相对标准偏差在0.63%~1.05%之间。该方法简便、快速、低毒,可用于萘普生手性药物的分离和测定。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定食品中丙环唑残留量

提出了18种食品基质中丙环唑残留量的气相色谱-质谱联用分析方法。样品中丙环唑利用乙腈或乙酸乙酯提取,C18和活性炭串联固相萃取柱净化,采用DB-1701弹性毛细管色谱柱进行分离。采用气相色谱-质谱电子轰击电离源和选择离子监测模式进行测定。在0.02～5.0mg.L-1范围内丙环唑标准溶液的峰面积与浓度呈线性关系(r=0.9995),在0.01,0.02,0.05mg.kg-13个添加水平下丙环唑的回收率在70%～115%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)小于10.2%,检出限(3S/N)为0.004mg·kg-1。     

大肠杆菌DNA和RNA中核苷的高效液相色谱分析

建立了用反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC）测定大肠杆菌（E.coli）脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）和核糖核酸（RNA）水解产物中核苷的方法，色谱柱为Supelco Inc.c18反相柱，254nm和280nm紫外吸收波长同时检测，分析条件经选择在流速为1mL/min，流动相A（2.5%甲醇 0.01mol/L KH2PO4,PH4.6)28min，流动相B（8.0%甲醇 0.01mol/L KH2PO4，PH4.6)37min，柱温为20℃条件下65min可实现核苷的完全分离，回收率为80.19%-99.31%，相对标准偏差RSD为0.86%-2.62%，该方法具有高灵敏度、高选择性的特点，得到的结果与十分满意。     

高效液相色谱纤维素衍生物类手性固定相拆分泮托拉唑对映体

泮托拉唑（pantoprazole,简称为PAN）是一种选择性的长效质子泵抑制剂。PAN分子由苯并咪唑通过亚砜基连接吡啶环组成,内含手性硫原子,故存在S-（-）型和R-（＋）型对映异构体,临床以消旋体给药。文献已有用牛血清白蛋白、卵粘蛋白、多糖衍生物和α1-糖蛋白、酒石酸衍生物等手性固定相拆分泮托拉唑对映体的报道。纤维素-三-（4-甲基苯甲酰酯）手性固定相稳定性好,柱效高,对羰基化合物、内酯、内酰胺、亚砜等化合物有较好的拆分能力,硫巴比妥衍生物、痛力克等药物都在该固定相上得到了完全分离。本文使用纤维素-三-（4-甲基苯甲酰酯）手性固定相实现了泮托拉唑对映体的拆分,并计算了对映体的光学纯度。     

利用“网包法”制备高效液相色谱大环抗生素类手性固定相

万古霉素和替考拉宁都属于糖肽类的大环抗生素，具有立体的环状结构和多个手性中心，是两种常见的手性识别材料，广泛应用于对映体的色谱手性分离分析。该文以万古霉素和替考拉宁为手性选择剂，哌嗪为单体，4，4'-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯（MDI）、1，6-己二异氰酸酯（HDI）和2，4-甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）为交联剂，通过界面聚合反应形成网状层包裹硅胶载体的方法制得6种高效液相色谱手性固定相，用于分离外消旋化合物，并与MDI直接交联万古霉素和替考拉宁在硅胶表面所得固定相进行了比较。结果表明，利用"网包法"和直接交联法制备的手性柱与商品万古霉素和替考拉宁柱之间具有互补性，均对不同的外消旋体有不同程度的拆分。     

TpBD（NH2）2的L-羟基脯氨酸衍生物制备及其用作固定相

以3,5-三甲醛间苯三酚（Tp）和3,3′-二硝基联苯胺（DNB）为单体,L-羟基脯氨酸为手性源,采用溶剂热法合成了TpBD（NH₂）₂的L-羟基脯氨酸衍生物,利用网包法制备了TpBD（NH₂）₂的L-羟基脯氨酸衍生物手性柱并用于高效液相色谱固定相。在2种不同的流动相下,对多种外消旋化合物进行了分离实验。共分离11种外消旋体,在正己烷-异丙醇流动相下分离了2种外消旋化合物,分离效果最好的1-（9-蒽基）-2,2,2-三氟乙醇的分离度达到了7.16;在甲醇-水流动相下分离了9种外消旋化合物;色谱重现性良好。TpBD（NH₂）₂的L-羟基脯氨酸衍生物材料在手性分离方面具有良好的分离效果。     

超高效合相色谱法拆分和测定克伦特罗对映体

建立了基于超高效合相色谱技术(UPC²)的克伦特罗对映体拆分方法,并对所建立的方法进行了方法学考察及应用。实验考察了两种克伦特罗对映体标准溶液的稳定性,并对手性色谱柱、助溶剂、系统背压、色谱柱温度等色谱分离条件进行了优化。采用Acquity Trefoil AMY1 (150 mm×3.0 mm, 2.5 μm)手性色谱柱进行分离,以超临界CO₂-含0.5%(v/v) 10 mol/L醋酸铵的甲醇溶液为流动相,以流速2.0 mL/min梯度洗脱,检测波长为241 nm,进样体积为10 μL,系统背压为13.8 MPa,柱温为40 ℃时,两种克伦特罗对映体分离效果最好。两种克伦特罗对映体的线性范围为1.0~20.0 mg/L,相关系数均大于0.9997,仪器检出限(S/N=3)均为0.5 mg/L。10.0 mg/L混合标准工作溶液重复进样6次,(+)、(-)克伦特罗对映体峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD, n=6)分别为0.65%和0.76%。应用该方法对市售克伦特罗外消旋体标准品进行拆分,采用外标定量法计算克伦特罗外消旋体标准中间溶液10.0 mg/L中两种克伦特罗对映体含量,其中(+)-克伦特罗的含量为5.6 mg/L, (-)-克伦特罗的含量为5.5 mg/L。该计算结果与文献报道的工业品克伦特罗外消旋体中(+)-克伦特罗与(-)-克伦特罗的比例为1.02∶1.00基本相符。该方法具有分析速度快、分离效果好、有机溶剂消耗少等特点,适用于克伦特罗对映体的拆分,为其他手性化合物的拆分、药效精细分析和产品质量评定提供了可靠的技术支持。     

Exhibition of the first gas chromatographic work of Erika Cremer and Fritz Prior

Summary In November 1995, theDeutsches Museum, the world's largest technical museum, opened a new branch in Bonn, devoted to achievements after 1945. There, the first gas chromatographic system used by Erika Cremer and Fritz Prior, in 1945–47, in Innsbruck, is exhibited. The new display is described and the early activities of Erika Cremer and her students are summarized.     

高效膜色谱的发展和应用

对新兴的高效膜色谱的基质材料、膜形态、分离机理以及应用进行了综述,并对其用于对映体分离作了展望。共７６篇。     

Affinity monolith chromatography: A review of general principles and recent developments

Affinity monolith chromatography (AMC) is a liquid chromatographic technique that utilizes a monolithic support with a biological ligand or related binding agent to isolate, enrich, or detect a target analyte in a complex matrix. The target-specific interaction exhibited by the binding agents makes AMC attractive for the separation or detection of a wide range of compounds. This article will review the basic principles of AMC and recent developments in this field. The supports used in AMC will be discussed, including organic, inorganic, hybrid, carbohydrate, and cryogel monoliths. Schemes for attaching binding agents to these monoliths will be examined as well, such as covalent immobilization, biospecific adsorption, entrapment, molecular imprinting, and coordination methods. An overview will then be given of binding agents that have recently been used in AMC, along with their applications. These applications will include bioaffinity chromatography, immunoaffinity chromatography, immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography, and dye-ligand or biomimetic affinity chromatography. The use of AMC in chiral separations and biointeraction studies will also be discussed.     

Extraction chromatography of common anions in liquid-liquid anion exchange systems. Part. III. Monobasic aliphatic organic acids and their sodium salts as eluants

Summary The chromatographic behaviour of anions on paper strips treated with tri-n-octylamine (TOA) salts or Aliquat 336 and developed with aqueous solutions of acetic, formic, monochloroacetic or trifluoroacetic acids and their sodium salts was investigated. Liquid-liquid extraction of organic acids by 0.1 M solution of TOA in benzene as well as the anion exchange between benzene solutions of TOA salts or Aliquat 336 (in acetate form) in benzene and aqueous solutions of sodium halides was also studied. It was found that extraction increases in the following order of the acids: CH₃COOOH<HCOOH<CH₂CICOOH<CF₃COOH; the relative affinity of organic anions to the quaternary alkyl-ammonium cation also increase in a similar order. The extraction of acid in excess over the amount necessary to neutralize the amine was observed for all four acids. The R_F values of anions investigated depend markedly on the type of organic acids or their salts and their concentration in the mobile phase. Halide ions are more strongly retained on paper treated with Aliquat 336 as compared with TOA salts. The chromatographic systems investigated offer many possibilities to separate various anion mixtures.Parts and II: refs. [1, 2].     

Fast and efficient size-based separations of polymers using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography

Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) has great potential for the separations of both small molecules and polymers. However, the implementation of UHPLC for the analysis of macromolecules invokes several problems. First, to provide information on the molecular-weight distribution of a polymer, size-exclusion (SEC) columns with specific pore sizes are needed. Development of packing materials with large pore diameters and pore volumes which are mechanically stable at ultra-high-pressures is a technological challenge. Additionally, narrow-bore columns are typically used in UHPLC to minimize the problem of heat dissipation. Such columns pose stringent requirements on the extra-column dispersion, especially for large (slowly diffusing) molecules. Finally, UHPLC conditions generate high shear rates, which may affect polymer chains. The possibilities and limitations of UHPLC for size-based separations of polymers are addressed in the present study. We demonstrate the feasibility of conducting efficient and very fast size-based separations of polymers using conventional and wide-bore (4.6 mm I.D.) UHPLC columns. The wider columns allow minimization of the extra-column contribution to the observed peak widths down to an insignificant level. Reliable SEC separations of polymers with molecular weights up to ca. 50 kDa are achieved within less than 1 min at pressures of about 66 MPa. Due to the small particles used in UHPLC it is possible to separate high-molecular-weight polymers (50 kDa ≤ M(r) ≤ 1-3 MDa, upper limit depends on the flow rate) in the hydrodynamic-chromatography (HDC) mode. Very fast and efficient HDC separations are presented. For very large polymer molecules (typically larger than several MDa, depending on the flow rate) two chromatographic peaks are observed. This is attributed to the onset of molecular deformation at high shear rates and the simultaneous actions of hydrodynamic and slalom chromatography.     

Unified chromatography: Fundamentals,instrumentation and applications†

The concept of unified chromatography has been in existence for 50 years after the work of Giddings proposing that all modes of chromatography (gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography and so on) may be treated together under a single unified theory. His idea was partially fulfilled 23 years later by Ishii, Takeuchi and colleagues, who demonstrated for the first time the possibility to analyze a complex sample containing substances with a wide range of boiling points and polarities in the same instrument and column, just by varying the mobile phase pressure and temperature to change from one chromatographic mode to another. This approach has been demonstrated through application to the separation of complex mixtures in several areas including crude oil, edible oils and polymers. Still, unified chromatography has not yet been fully developed. In the present work, we will review the fundamentals, instrumentation and several applications of the technique. Also discussed are the drawbacks that still hinder development, as well as the recent developments and trends in instrumentation and columns that suggest the most feasible ways forward to the full development of unified chromatography.     

金属硫蛋白异构体及亚型异构体的液相色谱分离与质谱鉴别

建立了金属硫蛋白(MT)异构体及亚型异构体的色谱分离与质谱鉴别方法。将金属硫蛋白混合物通过弱阴离子DEAE Sephadex A-25离子交换柱,结合离线电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对锌诱导金属硫蛋白的两个异构体MT-1和MT-2进行分离和检测;利用Sephadex G-25凝胶排阻色谱柱对得到的两个金属硫蛋白异构体进行脱盐;探索脱盐后的金属硫蛋白异构体在不同色谱条件下的C18反相色谱柱上的保留行为,进而实现各个亚型异构体的分离;通过在线电喷雾质谱检测实现了对金属硫蛋白各个亚型异构体的鉴别。结果表明,通过优化色谱条件,由离子交换色谱及凝胶排阻色谱得到的金属硫蛋白各亚型异构体在酸性条件下均得到了良好的分离,质谱检测结果与前人的文献报道结果一致。该方法可使金属硫蛋白各异构体均达到最佳的分离效果。     

Direct coupling of capillary electrophoresis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the identification of a dinucleotide

Summary In this paper, a general peak capacity expression was evaluated using columns containing various packing materials under solvating gas chromatography (SGC) conditions. Differing from column efficiency, peak capacity can describe both separation capability and speed when introducing the dead time into the peak capacity expression. Various factors that influence peak capacity in SGC are described, including particle pore size, chemical surface modification, particle size, column length, temperature, and pressure.     

Large-scale isolation and purification of geniposide from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis by high-speed counter-current chromatography

High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was applied to the isolation and purification of geniposide from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Analytical HSCCC was used for the preliminary selection of a suitable solvent system composed of ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water (2:1:3, v/v/v). According to the above solvent system, preparative HSCCC was successfully performed with the optimal solvent system composed of ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water (2:1.5:3, v/v/v) yielding 389 mg of geniposide at over 98% purity from 1g of the partially purified extract with 38.9% recovery in a one-step separation.     

疏水条件下甾体化合物的分离及环糊精的作用

分别应用胶束电动毛细管色谱法（ＭＥＣＣ）、反相色谱法和串联柱ＨＰＬＣ法分离 左旋十八甲基炔诺酮（ＬＮＧ）、睾酮（Ｔ）、孕酮（Ｐ－雌二醇（Ｅ２）等甾体化合物ＭＥＣＣ分离在未涂层毛细管柱上进行。当电泳缓冲溶液为含２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的２,６－二甲基－β环糊精（（ＤＭ－β－ＣＤ）添加剂和５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）的１０ｍｍｏ／Ｌ四硼酸钠（ＰＨ９．２）时,可实现快速分离。通过与反相色谱法和串联