有机金催化胺氧化羰化制氨基甲酸酯

自Haruta等报道高分散担载金催化剂对CO有良好的低温水除活性以来,金催化剂的研究开发开始受到关注,各种提载型金催化剂在选择氧化、氮氧化物消除、选择加氢、甲烷完全氧化以及均相有机金配合物催化剂在醇醛缩合、烯烃羰化、锡烷的偶联等反应中均取得了相当好的效果,但与Pt和Pd等贵金属相比,金作为具有潜在多种催化能力的催化材料了解尚少。现在工业上主要使用胺类化合物与剧毒的光气反应制取异氰酸酯,该反应造成设备腐蚀和环境污染,因此用胺类化合物氧化羰化或硝基化合物的还原羰化合成氨基甲酸酯,然后热裂解制取相应的异氰酸酯得到广泛研究,过去主要以含氮配体配位的钯催化剂为代表的贵金属为催化剂催化羰化合成氨基甲酸酯,以有机金配合物作为含氮化合物羰化催化剂的研究则未见报道,本文首次将有机金配合物作为胺类化合物氧化羰化制取氨基甲酸酯的催化剂,取得了与钯催化剂相当的催化效果,反应如下：R（NH2）n CO O2 R^1OH[Au(PPh3)x]yZ／→／PPh3R(NHCO2R^1)n H2O R=Ar-,RCH2-;R^1=CH3-,CH3CH2-;n=1 or 2,x=1 or 2,y=1 or 2;Z=cl,NO3,S。     

树脂担载金催化剂催化氧化羰化胺制对称二脲

树脂担载金催化剂可以高效、高选择性地催化氧化羰化胺制取对称二脲。例如,在使用苯胺作为反应物时,其转化频率达到了1475,选择性达到了99%。此反应中不需要加入其它溶剂,避免了溶剂引起的污染问题,同时催化剂与反应体系易分离,能够得到高纯度的产物。     

用高浓度杂多酸溶液催化苯甲醚与乙酸酐的酰化反应

芳香化合物经Friedel-Crafts酰化反应制备药物和香料中间体芳香酮是近年来人们感兴趣的课题^[1-4]。用于该反应的传统催化剂是Lewis酸金属氯化物。由于反应过程中催化剂可与酰化试剂羧基产物形成配合物,因而催化剂用量大,且所形成的配合物水解后产生大量废液。为了减少环境污染,人们已成功地用分子筛催化剂代替传统催化剂催化芳香化合物的酰化反应^[5-7]。其中包括用分子筛催化各种芳香化合物与乙酸酐的酰化反应^[8]。我们已经研究了用杂多酸－乙酸浓溶液催化异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应^[9,10],以及烯烃与羧酸的直接酯化反应^[11]。本文将报道杂多酸－乙酸浓溶液对苯甲醚与乙酸酐酰化反应的催化活性。     

高分子担载水杨醛半胱氨酸希夫碱铜配合物催化氧化环己烯研究

研究了高分子担载水杨醛半胱氨酸希夫碱配合物(PS-Sal-Cys-M)催化氧化环己烯的性能,详细探讨了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、反应添加剂对高分子担载水杨醛半胱氨酸希夫碱铜配合物催化氧化环己烯的反应性能的影响。研究表明,在常压下,用分子氧作作为氧化剂,不需要溶剂及共还原剂,环己烯可以被氧化生成环己烯醇和环己烯酮,产物的分离提纯比较容易,催化剂可以循环使用。     

一种新颖的胺类氧化羰化制脲衍生物催化剂

脲衍生物是一类具有广泛用途的有机反应中间体和药物中间体 .传统的生产方法是利用胺类化合物与异氰酸酯或光气的反应来实现[1] .在这些反应中都涉及到剧毒的光气 ,并且反应中放出大量的腐蚀性气体氯化氢 .采用催化氧化羰化或者还原羰化含氮有机物的反应制取相应的脲 ,是一条对环境和经济方面非常有利的路线 .在以往的研究工作中 ,普遍使用的是钯、钌、铑等贵金属的大分子含氮配合物均相催化体系或以硫、硒为主要活性组分的催化剂[2～ 6] .前者 ,催化剂制备过程相对复杂 ,还需添加其它助催化剂 ,与反应体系分离困难且易流失 ;后者活性较低 ,…     

手性有机分子催化剂在不对称催化中的应用

近三十年来,不对称催化研究获得了迅猛发展[1].按手性催化剂的种类分,一般可分为手性有机金属配合物催化以及路易斯酸、碱等手性有机分子催化.手性有机金属配合物催化剂在不对称还原、不对称氧化等官能团转化反应中的应用,已达到实用阶段;不使用金属的有机分子催化剂由于其对环境友好,也日益被重视,有机合成化学中十分重要的碳-碳键形成反应,如Aldol反应、Diels-Alder反应等,近年来发表了很多使用手性有机分子催化剂的成功的实例.早在1971年Wiechert[2]等人曾以脯氨酸为催化剂,用于分子内不对称醇醛缩合(Aldol)反应,1974年Hajos[3]等…     

乙酸苄酯在H-β沸石上的催化合成

β沸石是一种高硅大孔沸石^[1],H－β沸石已用于催化某些有机反应,例如芳醚的酰化^[2],歧化反应^[3]等。酯化反应通常用浓硫酸或Lewis酸作催化剂,但传统的方法有催化剂易流失,反应产物难纯制,腐蚀性和有毒废物等缺点,用HZSM－5等固体酸催化剂^[4,5]能显克服这些,本报道用H－β沸石作催化剂合成乙酸苄酯的结果。     

钯-离子液体/钛硅复合氧化物催化剂的合及在胺羰化中的应用

长期以来 ,工业上一直使用光气合成法生产异氰酸酯类化合物 ,极易造成环境污染和人员伤害 ,因此研究无光气且环境友好的新工艺已引起广泛关注 .就经济角度考虑 ,由硝基类化合物进行还原羰化[1～ 4 ] 或胺类化合物进行氧化羰化 [5～ 13] 制备异氰酸酯比较有利 ,但是存在金属配合物催化剂的还原失活等问题[14 ,15] .室温离子液体作为一种具有特殊催化性能和可调控溶解能力的新型溶剂和反应介质已用于有机反应中 [16 ] ,但将其作为反应介质的含氮化合物进行羰化研究尚未见报道 .本文将离子液体应用于以硅酸四乙酯 ( TEOS)和钛酸四丁酯 ( TBO…     

负载型N-杂环卡宾催化剂在有机反应中的最新研究进展

负载型氮杂环卡宾金属催化剂兼具氮杂环卡宾金属配合物和固体催化剂的优势,其具有反应活性高、反应完成后便于分离和重复使用等特点,已被广泛用于催化各类有机反应中.综述了基于有机聚合物、磁性纳米粒子、碳材料和硅材料等不同类型载体制备的负载型氮杂环卡宾金属配合物催化剂的合成与应用的最新研究进展.     

CoPc/Al2O3催化分子氧环氧化环己烯的研究

常使用均相催化剂[1-4]催化氧化剂对烯烃进行环氧化来制备环氧环己烷,但均相催化剂存在分离回收难,易二聚失活的缺点.近年来对均相催化剂的固载开展了广泛的研究,如郑岩等[5]使用溶胶 -凝胶包容乙酰丙酮镍,M.Salavati-Niasari等[6]用Al2O3固载Mn(Salen)、Mn(en)2和Mn(acac)2金属配合物用于烯烃环氧化,由于Al2O3廉价易得,酞菁具有不易二聚、降解等较稳定的优点[3],本文以酸性Al2O3为载体,固载酞菁钴金属配合物制备CoPc/Al2O3新型环氧化催化剂,并对其结构进行表征,同时以分子氧为氧源,异丁醛为还原剂考察CoPc/Al2O3催化剂对环己烯的催化环氧化活性,探索了环己烯环氧化的较佳工艺参数.     

一种胺氧化羰化制氨基甲酸酯新催化剂体系

异氰酸酯是重要的有机反应中间体 ,可用于合成聚异氰酯、聚氨酯、聚脲及用于高聚物的粘合剂、杀虫剂、除草剂等[1 ] .一些异氰酸酯在军事上也有重要用途 .目前 ,工业异氰酸酯的生产方法仍为光气法 :ＲＮＨ2 +ＣＯＣｌ2 ＲＮＣＯ + 2ＨＣｌ　　该法普遍存在设备腐蚀、环境污染等问题 ,因而由含氮有机物羰化制取氨基甲酸酯 ,再通过热裂解制取异氰酸酯的环境友好催化过程已受到世界各国的重视[1 ,2 ] .尽管由硝基化合物直接还原羰化制氨基甲酸酯 ,从减少反应步骤的角度考虑更为合理[3～7] ,但该反应存在条件苛刻、催化剂回收困难、多硝基化合物…     

A Non‐Phosgene Route Synthesis of Carbamate in Continuous Fixed Bed Reactor

A non‐phosgene route synthesis of carbamate was carried out in a continuous fixed‐bed reactor through oxidative carbonylation of aniline using palladium catalysts and sodium iodide as promoter. The activity, selectivity and stability of both carbon and alumina‐supported palladium catalysts were evaluated. It was found that the alumina‐supported catalyst system exhibited a higher activity and selectivity than that of the carbon‐supported system, and an average aniline conversion of 95.6% and carbamate selectivity of 74.6% were achieved for the Se‐Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst after 91 h on stream. Reclamation analysis of the spent Pd/C catalyst suggested that the deactivation was mainly due to the leaching and sintering of palladium metal and the accumulation of insoluble chemicals on catalyst support also aggravated the decline of catalyst activity. When small amounts of selenium were added to the Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst, its activity, selectivity and stability were significantly improved which indicated that a promotional effect existed for carbamate formation on a Pd‐Se catalyst system.     

TBAB修饰的负载型Wacker催化剂催化甲醇羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯

自 1 95 9年 Smidt等 [1]发现均相 Pd Cl2 - Cu Cl2 体系可高效率直接选择性氧化乙烯制乙醛以来 ,Wacker催化过程已成为乙醛工业生产的主要方法 .为解决 Wacker催化体系腐蚀性强及催化体系与产物难以分离等弊端 ,将均相 Wacker(Pd Cl2 - Cu Cl2 )催化剂固载化成为备受关注的研究课题[2 ] .多相Wacker催化剂不仅成功地应用于选择性氧化低碳烯烃制醛和酮 [3 ,4 ] ,还用于 CO深度氧化 [5～ 7] .碳酸二甲酯 (DMC)的合成与应用研究是目前绿色化学前沿课题 .在众多的 DMC合成方法中 ,常压气相法因其工艺简单、对设备无腐蚀以及产品易分离…     

Metal–Support Cooperative Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Molecular Transformations

Metal–support cooperative catalysts have been developed for sustainable and environmentally benign molecular transformations. The active metal centers and supports in these catalysts could cooperatively activate substrates, resulting in high catalytic performance for liquid‐phase reactions under mild conditions. These catalysts involved hydrotalcite‐supported gold and silver nanoparticles with high catalytic activity for organic reactions such as aerobic oxidation, oxidative carbonylation, and chemoselective reduction of epoxides to alkenes and nitrostyrenes to aminostyrenes using alcohols and CO/H₂O as reducing reagents. This high catalytic performance was due to cooperative catalysis between the metal nanoparticles and basic sites of the hydrotalcite support. To increase the metal–support cooperative effect, core–shell nanostructured catalysts consisting of gold or silver nanoparticles in the core and ceria supports in the shell were designed. These core–shell nanocomposite catalysts were effective for the chemoselective hydrogenation of nitrostyrenes to aminostyrenes, unsaturated aldehydes to allyl alcohols, and alkynes to alkenes using H₂ as a clean reductant. In addition, these solid catalysts could be recovered easily from the reaction mixture by simple filtration, and were reusable with high catalytic activity.     

Three-component Au—Chitosan—SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> systems as heterogeneous catalysts for intramolecular cyclization of 2-(2-phenylethynyl)aniline

A series of three-component heterogeneous catalysts Au—Ch—SiO₂ with Ch for chitosan was prepared. The size of gold nanoparticles immobilized on the chitosan matrix depends on the method of sample preparation. The particles with the size <3 nm are formed when the preliminary prepared homogeneous Au—Ch complex is supported on SiO₂. The catalysts were tested in the intramolecular cyclization reaction of 2-(2-phenylethynyl)aniline to for 2-phenylindole. The maximum conversion of 2-(2-phenylethynyl)aniline (25% within 35 h) was obtained on the Au(0.4%)—Ch(2.9%)/SiO₂ catalyst.     

Catalytic carbonylation for the synthesis of chemical intermediates

Chemistry related to three catalytic carbonylation reactions is discussed. Synthesis of diphenylurea from nitrobenzene, aniline, and CO gives isolated yields above 98% at 100–120 °C and 15–60 bar of CO in the presence of a palladium (II) complex, PPh₃ and NEt₄Cl. Experimental evidence was provided to prove a new reaction stoichiometry and involvement of a carbamoyl intermediate. In carbonylation of HCHO over ion exchange resin catalysts, reaction temperature, time, pressure, and solvent were important variables to obtain high yields of methyl glycolate. Carbonylation of isobutylphenylethanol at 120°C and 40 bar of CO in the presence of PdCl₂−PPh₃−HCl gives 98% yield of α-(4-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid (ibuprofen). Each catalyst component had a definite role that is indispensable for an efficient overall reaction.     

N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Palladium Complex Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Amines to Ureas

Palladium carbene shows high efficiency without any promoter on oxidative carbonylation of amines to ureas and a new type of palladium carbene complex containing both an aniline and an NHC ligands was found to be the active species for the reaction.     

Selective catalytic oxidative carbonylation of amino alcohols to ureas

[reaction: see text] Amino alcohols undergo W(CO)(6)-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation to the corresponding hydroxyalkylureas without protection of the hydroxyl group. Selected examples of 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, and 1,5-amino alcohols were converted to the ureas in good to excellent yields, with only small amounts of the cyclic carbamates being formed. In contrast, the phosgene derivatives CDI and DMDTC undergo stoichiometric reactions with the amino alcohol substrates to afford ureas and cyclic carbamates with variable selectivity.