SiO2—Al2O3和MgO催化剂上吸附CH3NO2的TPD和IR研究

用TPD和IR方法研究了CH_3NO_2在典型固体酸SiO_2-Al_2O_3和固体碱MgO催化剂上的吸附分解。结果表明,在SiO_2-Al_2O_3表面CH_3NO_2吸附转化为表面甲酰胺物种,后者在高温下分解为CO_2和NH_3。在MgO表面CH_3NO_2吸附形成多种表面化学物种,它们在升温过程中脱附,并通过表面亚硝基甲烷物种分解为NO、C_2H_4、C_2H_6和N_2O.讨论了CH_3NO_2分解过程中表面酸、碱中心的作用。     

ZrO2酸碱性质的TPD表征 I. 单组分吸附研究

以NH_3、吡啶、Et_3N、CO_2和苯酚为探针，用TPD-MS方法对ZrO_2催化剂的酸碱性质进行了表征．ZrO_2上碱性探针（NH_3、吡啶和Et_3N）的脱附温度远低于在强酸性SiO_2－Al_2O_3上；而酸性探针CO_2的脱附温度远低于在强碱性MgO上的结果．为ZrO_2的弱酸弱碱性质提供了证明．NH_3吸附IR结果表明ZrO_2表面配位不饱合Zr~(4＋)为酸（Lewis酸）中心．NH_3、吡啶和Et_3N与这些酸中心作用的方式和能量分布相似．NH_3和CO_2的TPD谱图均存在三个脱附峰，且相应脱附峰的温度范围相近．表明ZrO_2的酸中心和碱中心具有匹配相当的酸、碱强度，ZrO_2为典型的酸－碱双功能催化剂，在苯酚的TPD过程中，ZrO_2的特征表现为对苯酚的强吸附和对苯酚分解的高活性．文中结合IR结果，对与NH_3和CO_2的脱附相联系的表面吸附物种分别进行了讨论.     

ZrO2酸碱性质的TPD表征 II. NH3和CO2共吸附研究

用NH_3和CO_2双组分并吸附TPD-MS和IR技术对ZrO_2催化剂表面酸中心和碱中心的相互关系进行了表征. 先吸附NH_3（或CO_2）对在其后吸附的CO_2（或NH_3）不仅无阻碍，反而导致后吸附CO_2（或NH_3）在最高程脱峰温区（＞510 K）的脱附量增加．这种双组分并吸附效应在IR谱图上表现为NH_3共吸附诱发生成了一种新的CO_2吸附态，即在碱中心上形成单齿碳酸根物种．同时CO_2共吸附又强化NH_3与Zr~(4＋)（Lewis酸中心）的配位键合．这表明ZrO_2表面存在相互邻接的酸中心和碱中心，它们通过表面键诱导极化而令酸－碱相互作用加强．这类双组分共吸附效应可归结为表面键诱导酸－碱相互作用．     

~(13)CH_3OH在Pd-La_2O_3/SiO_2催化剂上的程序升温脱附和分解及共吸附物类的相互作用

用质谱检测的程序升温脱附研究了~(13)CH_3OH在不同La_2O_3含量的Pd-La_2O_3/SiO_2催化剂上的脱附和分解。高温He处理的催化剂室温下对甲醇的吸附容量随La_2O_3含量增加而增加,但其脱附和分解产物之比几乎为常数。氢还原的催化剂室温下对甲醇吸附容量在Pd/La体相原子比为1:1时达最大值,但甲醇脱附和分解产物之比值随La_2O_3含量增加而增加,且产物中CO_2随La_2O_3含量增加而减少。CH_3OH和~(13)CH_3OH次序吸附后的TPD谱表明在催化剂上有对甲醇的分子吸附中心,可置换的解离吸附中心和不可置换的强解离吸附中心。CO和~(13)CH_3OH共吸附的TPD谱表明:在CO和~(13)CH_3OH共吸附物类之间有相互排斥的作用。这种作用有利于CO吸附态的重新分布和脱附,因此阻止了CO的岐化反应。     

担载的NaRuCo_3(CO)_(12)络合物及其分散型Ru-Co双金属催化剂

担载于Al_2O_3上的NaRuCO_3(CO)_(12)络合物在IR光谱上出现类似于Ru(CO)_2O_2络合物特征带的羰基带,在300～400℃左右变强,在CO中尤为明显。在以ZrO_2为载体时出现与原来络合物相近的弱羰基带。当CO吸附于以Al_2O_3为载体的脱羰基催化剂上时,发现在氧化态催化剂上也出现了与担载络合物相似的吸收带,在还原态催化剂上只出现线式带。吸附于以ZrO_2为载体的脱羰基催化剂上的CO不出现CO的IR吸收带,在He中亦无TPD脱附物,在H_2中却可发生加氢反应生成CH_4。从Na~+和ZrO_2协同效应角度,探讨了CO在上述两种分散型催化剂上吸脱附行为不同的原因。     

含Cu复合氧化物对NO和CO吸附和活化的TPSR研究

利用MS－TPD法并结合XRD、化学分析等对催化剂进行了表征，探讨了K2NiF4结构La2-x(Sr，Th)xCuO4±λ系催化剂中三个典型样品LaSrCuO4、La2CuO4和La1.7Th0．3CuO4对NO、CO及CO＋NO等小分子的吸附性能和活化规律。结果表明：NO吸附量的大小与催化剂中氧空位含量有关，吸附强度和脱附峰种类与金属离子氧化态有关。CO在氧缺陷复合氧化物催化剂上的吸附是首先变为碳酸根，并在高温以CO2物种脱出．在NO和CO的共吸附过程中，有关NO的吸、脱性能与单独NO－TPD中NO的吸脱附规律相似，表明NO在NO＋CO共吸附的竞争吸附过程中，优先吸附起决定作用，而受CO的影响较小．NO的吸附是NO活化分解的必要条件．     

CO在担载Ru催化剂上的吸脱附作用及其表面加氢反应

研究了担载于Al_2O_3和ZrO_2上的以Ru_3(CO)_(12)为前体的[Ru]和以RuCl_3为前体的Ru催化剂的TPR特性、CO吸脱附行为及其表面加H_2反应。担载于Al_2O_3上的[Ru]和Ru催化剂上部分物相较担载于ZrO_2上者难于还原。CO在氧化[Ru]催化剂上主要以Ru(CO)yO_2表面络合物形式存在,在还原[Ru]和Ru、以及氧化Ru催化剂上CO以吸附物种形式存在。在Ru离子上的CO比在Ru原子上者难于脱附。以ZrO_2为载体的[Ru]和Ru催化剂上的CO加H_2生成CH_4的性能显著优于以Al_2O_3为载体者,担载[Ru]催化剂上的CO加H_2性能略优于担载Ru催化剂。     

ZrO_2酸碱性质的TPD表征Ⅰ.单组分吸附研究

以NH3、吡啶、Et3N、CO2和苯酚为探针，用TPD－MS方法对ZrO2催化剂的酸碱性质进行了表征．ZrO2上碱性探针（NH3、吡啶和Et3N）的脱附温度远低于在强酸性SiO2－Al2O3上；而酸性探针CO2的脱附温度远低于在强碱性MgO上的结果．为ZrO2的弱酸弱碱性质提供了证明．NH3吸附IR结果表明ZrO2表面配位不饱合Zr4＋为酸（Lewis酸）中心．NH3、吡啶和Et3N与这些酸中心作用的方式和能量分布相似．NH3和CO2的TPD谱图均存在三个脱附峰，且相应脱附峰的温度范围相近．表明ZrO2的酸中心和碱中心具有匹配相当的酸、碱强度，ZrO2为典型的酸－碱双功能催化剂，在苯酚的TPD过程中，ZrO2的特征表现为对苯酚的强吸附和对苯酚分解的高活性．文中结合IR结果，对与NH3和CO2的脱附相联系的表面吸附物种分别进行了讨论．     

SO_2对NO催化氧化过程的影响 Ⅴ.NiO/γAl_2O_3上SO_2的作用机理

采用程序升温脱附 (TPD)及漫反射原位红外光谱 (DRIFT)技术分析比较了SO2 存在前后 ,NO O2 反应气体在NiO/γ Al2 O3 催化剂上所形成吸附物种的变化情况 ,发现SO2 能促使硝酸盐物种在低温分解并释放出NO2 ,而且耐热稳定的硝酸盐物种也比单纯NO O2 吸附时多 .室温时催化剂表面上的SO2 以弱吸附物种为主 ,特征红外吸收峰位于 13 2 4cm-1附近 ,温度升高后表面硫酸盐物种数量增多 .关联SO2 气氛中NO2 的生成规律后得出 ,类似于铅室反应中间体的多分子吸附物种[NO2 (SO3 ) x]是产生NO2 的活性物种 ,由SO2 在载体或催化剂表面弱碱位吸附后吸引气相NO所产生 ,解离O-起到稳定活性物种和补充弱碱位的作用 .同时该物种也是毒性物质SO2 -4的前驱体 ,当NO氧化反应发生后催化剂的失活也开始了 .     

钴基费-托合成催化剂上CO、H2的吸附行为

采用程序升温脱附及FT IR技术考察了CO、H2在钴基催化剂上的吸附行为.H2 TPD表明,Co/SiO2催化剂有两类脱附氢,引入锆助剂后,低温脱附氢量明显增加,高温吸附氢量下降.CO TPD及吸附态CO的红外光谱表明锆助剂使CO在钴催化剂上的吸附强度减弱,但其吸附量增大.钴基催化剂的费 托合成反应性能可以用吸附态物种的变化来解释.     

稀土Pr6O11上CO和表面羟基反应的原位FT-IR研究

利用FT-IR原位考察了稀土氧化镨上CO和表面羟基的反应。在473K以下,未检测到CO和氧化镨表面反应的吸附物种;在CO气氛中,升温到473K,观察到甲酸根吸附物种的红外特征峰1578,1371和1367cm~(-1)。用同位素D_2部分还原的氧化镨吸附CO以及甲酸吸附证实了CO与氧化镨表面的羟基反应可生成表面甲酸根吸附物种。讨论了CO在氧化镨表面的反应机理及甲酸根的氧化过程。     

Removal of NO in NO/N2, NO/N2/O2, NO/CH4/N2, and NO/CH4/O2/N2 systems by flowing microwave discharges

In this paper, continuing previous work, we report on experiments carried out to investigate the removal of NO from simulated flue gas in nonthermal plasmas. The plasma-induced decomposition of small concentrations of NO in N2 used as the carrier gas and O2 and CH4 as minority components has been studied in a surface wave discharge induced with a surfatron launcher. The reaction products and efficiency have been monitored by mass spectrometry as a function of the composition of the mixture. NO is effectively decomposed into N2 and O2 even in the presence of O2, provided always that enough CH4 is also present in the mixture. Other majority products of the plasma reactions under these conditions are NH3, CO, and H2. In the absence of O2, decomposition of NO also occurs, although in that case HCN accompanies the other reaction products as a majority component. The plasma for the different reaction mixtures has been characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. Intermediate excited species of NO*, C*, CN*, NH*, and CH* have been monitored depending on the gas mixture. The type of species detected and their evolution with the gas composition are in agreement with the reaction products detected in each case. The observations by mass spectrometry and optical emission spectroscopy are in agreement with the kinetic reaction models available in literature for simple plasma reactions in simple reaction mixtures.     

Contrasting behavior in azide pyrolyses: an investigation of the thermal decompositions of methyl azidoformate, ethyl azidoformate and 2-azido-N, N-dimethylacetamide by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy

The thermal decompositions of methyl azidoformate (N3COOMe), ethyl azidoformate (N3COOEt) and 2-azido-N,N-dimethylacetamide (N3CH2CONMe2) have been studied by matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy and real-time ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. N2 appears as an initial pyrolysis product in all systems, and the principal interest lies in the fate of the accompanying organic fragment. For methyl azidoformate, four accompanying products were observed: HNCO, H2CO, CH2NH and CO2, and these are believed to arise as a result of two competing decomposition routes of a four-membered cyclic intermediate. Ethyl azidoformate pyrolysis yields four corresponding products: HNCO, MeCHO, MeCHNH and CO2, together with the five-membered-ring compound 2-oxazolidone. In contrast, the initial pyrolysis of 2-azido-N,N-dimethyl acetamide, yields the novel imine intermediate Me2NCOCH=NH, which subsequently decomposes into dimethyl formamide (HCONMe2), CO, Me2NH and HCN. This intermediate was detected by matrix isolation IR spectroscopy, and its identity confirmed both by a molecular orbital calculation of its IR spectrum, and by the temperature dependence and distribution of products in the PES and IR studies. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation and decomposition of all the products observed in these three systems, based on the experimental evidence and the results of supporting molecular orbital calculations.     

NaY超笼内[Pt_3(CO)_3(μ_2-CO)_2]_n~(2-)(n=3,4)簇合物的合成、表征及其催化CO+NO的反应性能

在NaY分子筛超笼内合成了桔黄色的[Pt_9(CO)_(18)]~(2-)和深绿色的[Pt_(12)(CO)_(24)]~(2-)簇合物。前者给出2056和1798cm~(-1)的线式和桥式羰基特征红外谱带;后者给出2080和1824cm~(-1)谱带。与在THF溶液中结果相比,NaY内合成的羰基簇合物的线式v_(CO)向高波数位移,而桥式v_(CO)向低波数位移。EXAFS为Pt羰基簇合物在分子筛内的规整形成提供了证据。NaY内Pt_9和Pt_(12)羰基簇合物在NO+CO反应中显示了较高的催化活性及稳定性。     

H+HCNO反应势能面的理论研究

在CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)+ZPVE水平下, 对反应H＋HCNO进行了研究. 建立了反应势能面, 揭示了该反应的反应机理, 通过H迁移、N—O键或C—N键断裂等多步反应, 得到4种产物, 其中最主要产物为P1(HCN+OH).     

Theoretical Study of Reaction Mechanism of 1-Propenyl Radical with NO

The reaction system of 1-propenyl radical with NO is an ideal model for studying the intermolecular and intramolecular reactions of complex organic free radicals containing C=C double bonds. On the basis of the full optimization of all species with the Gaussian 98 package at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level, the reaction mechanism was elucidated extensively using the vibrational mode analysis. There are seven reaction pathways and five sets of small molecule end products: CH2O+CH3CN, CH2CHCN+H2O, CH3CHO+HCN, CH3CHO+HNC, and CH3CCH+HNO. The channel of C3H5￠+NO→ IM1→TS1→IM2→TS2→IM3→TS3→CH3CHO+HCN is thermodynamically most favorable.     

Theoretical study of formamide decomposition pathways

The chemical transformations of formamide (NH(2)CHO), a molecule of prebiotic interest as a precursor for biomolecules, are investigated using methods of electronic structure computations and Rice-Rampserger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory. Specifically, quantum chemical calculations applying the coupled-cluster theory CCSD(T), whose energies are extrapolated to the complete basis set limit (CBS), are carried out to construct the [CH(3)NO] potential energy surface. RRKM theory is then used to systematically examine decomposition channels leading to the formation of small molecules including CO, NH(3), H(2)O, HCN, HNC, H(2), HNCO, and HOCN. The energy barriers for the decarboxylation, dehydrogenation, and dehydration processes are found to be in the range of 73-78 kcal/mol. H(2) loss is predicted to be a one-step process although a two-step process is competitive. CO elimination is found to prefer a two-step pathway involving the carbene isomer NH(2)CHO (aminohydroxymethylene) as an intermediate. This CO-elimination channel is also favored over the one-step H(2) loss, in agreement with experiment. The H(2)O loss is a multistep process passing through a formimic acid conformer, which subsequently undergoes a rate-limiting dehydration. The dehydration appears to be particularly favored in the low-temperature regime. The new feature identifies aminohydroxymethylene as a transient but crucial intermediate in the decarboxylation of formamide.     

The atmospheric oxidation of diethyl ether: chemistry of the C2H5-O-CH(O.)CH3 radical between 218 and 335 K

The products of the Cl atom initiated oxidation of diethyl ether (DEE) were investigated at atmospheric pressure over a range of temperatures (218-335 K) and O(2) partial pressures (50-700 Torr), both in the presence and absence of NO(x). The major products observed at 298 K and below were ethyl formate and ethyl acetate, which accounted for approximately equal to 60-80% of the reacted diethyl ether. In general, the yield of ethyl formate increased with increasing temperature, with decreasing O(2) partial pressure, and upon addition of NO to the reaction mixtures. The product yield data show that thermal decomposition reaction 3, CH(3)CH(2)-O-CH(O.)CH(3)--> CH(3)CH(2)-O-CH=O + CH(3), and reaction 6 with O(2), CH(3)CH(2)-O-CH(O.)CH(3) + O(2)--> CH(3)CH(2)-O-C(=O)CH(3) + HO(2) are competing fates of the CH(3)CH(2)-O-CH(O )CH(3) radical, with a best estimate of k3/k6 approximately equal to 6.9 x 10(24) exp(-3130/T). Thermal decomposition via C-H or C-O bond cleavage are at most minor contributors to the CH(3)CH(2)-O-CH(O.)CH(3) chemistry. The data also show that the CH(3)CH(2)-O-CH(O.)CH(3) radical is subject to a chemical activation effect. When produced from the exothermic reaction of the CH(3)CH(2)-O-CH(OO.)CH(3) radical with NO, prompt decomposition via both CH(3)- and probably H-elimination occur, with yields of about 40% and < or =15%, respectively. Finally, at temperatures slightly above ambient, evidence for a change in mechanism in the absence of NO(x), possibly due to chemistry involving the peroxy radical CH(3)CH(2)-O-CH(OO.)CH(3), is presented.     

1CH2＋N2O反应的势能面

利用密度泛函理论（B3LYP）计算了1CH2＋N2O反应的反应物、中间体、过渡态及产物 的几何构型.进而用从头算方法（QCISD（T））计算了单点能量.由此描绘了反应的势能面, 确定了反应的最终产物通道为N2＋H2CO和NO＋HCN＋H.后者比前者有更大的分支比.N2、H2CO 、NO、HCN的存在有待于实验检测.作者认为,反应在室温下是加成-消除机理,而在高温下 可以通过直接取代的机理获得N2＋H2CO.