超薄Ni(OH)2纳米片修饰Zn0.5Cd0.5S纳米颗粒作为二维/零维异质结构光催化剂可见光下光催化制氢

设计与制备高效的光解水催化剂是解决能源问题和环境问题的策略之一.硫化镉因其可在可见光引发下分解水制氢而受到广泛关注,然而光腐蚀严重,过电势高,载流子复合快速以及表面反应动力学缓慢等缺点极大地限制了其在光解水反应中的实际应用.本文采用简单液相法将均匀的Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S纳米颗粒锚定在超薄Ni(OH)₂纳米薄片上,构建紧密的二维/零维异质结构.通过调控Ni(OH)₂纳米片的含量,制备出不同Ni(OH)₂质量比(3%,5%,7%,9%,11%)的二维/零维Ni(OH)₂/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S复合材料,并考察其可见光激发的光催化分解水制氢性能.在可见光照射下,Ni(OH)₂/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S复合材料的光催化性能要大幅度地优于未修饰的Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S纳米颗粒,甚至远高于贵金属Pt修饰的Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S.在不同Ni(OH)₂含量的纳米复合材料中,7%Ni(OH)₂/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S具有最高效的产氢性能,产氢速率可达6.87 mmol·h^–1·g^–1,且在波长为420 nm的表观量子产率为16.8%.在同等条件下,二维/零维7%Ni(OH)₂/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S复合光催化剂的光催化分解水产氢速率分别约为纯Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S纳米颗粒和Pt/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S光催化剂的43倍和8倍,甚至要高于零维/零维7%Ni(OH)₂/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S纳米复合材料.7%Ni(OH)₂/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S复合光催化剂具有优异的光催化产氢循环性能,通过循环反应后样品的X射线衍射,X射线光电子能谱和透射电子显微镜等表征,结果表明Ni(OH)₂/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S在经过20 h的使用后,其晶体结构、表面化学成分和形貌结构未发生明显改变.通过研究样品的时间分辨荧光光谱,线性扫描伏安响应,光电流性能及电化学交流阻抗等,发现二维Ni(OH)₂纳米片的修饰能一定程度降低Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S的过电势,还能有效促进Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S的光生电子-空穴的分离和光生电子的转移.本文认为二维/零维Ni(OH)₂/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S光催化活性的大幅提升主要由于Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S与Ni(OH)₂之间独特且牢固的纳米结构,在该过程中超薄Ni(OH)₂纳米片不仅能为Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S纳米颗粒的负载提供平台,而且作为一种高效的助催化剂,促进光生电子的转移以及为制氢反应提供更多的活性位点.本文可为多功能,高效及低成本的二维-零维异质结构光催化剂的制备及在太阳能转化方面的应用提供一定借鉴.     

Ni-MOF/Zn0.5Cd0.5S合成及其光催化废水制氢研究

为了提升Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S的光催化产氢性能,采用水热法制备了Ni-MOF改性Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S复合光催化剂,通过XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS等分析方法对制备样品的结构及光电化学性能进行了表征,并研究了其光催化垃圾渗滤液混合页岩气返排废水制氢的可行性及动力学特征。结果表明,Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S主要呈现为纳米颗粒状结构,Ni-MOF主要由长约为10 μm、宽约为9 μm的超薄方形片构成,当Ni-MOF与Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S复合时,Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S纳米颗粒沉积在Ni-MOF方形片的表面,粒径显著降低,减少了Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S纳米颗粒的团聚,光吸收范围出现了蓝移,但仍然具有优异的可见光响应能力。质量分数为15%的Ni-MOF/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S在垃圾渗滤液混合页岩...     

集成二维层状CdS/WO3S型异质结及金属化Ti3C2MXene基欧姆结高效光催化产氢

开发低成本的半导体光催化剂以实现可见光下高效、持久的光催化分解水产氢是一个非常具有挑战性的课题.近年来,具有高产氢活性的CdS光催化剂引起了人们的研究兴趣.但是光生电子-空穴对快速复合、反应活性位点不足以及严重的光腐蚀等问题,严重地制约了CdS在光催化领域的实际应用.构建S型异质结和负载助催化剂被认为是促进光生电子空穴分离和加速产氢动力学的有效策略.本文通过在低成本的WO₃和Ti₃C₂MXene(MX)纳米片上生长CdS纳米片,设计并构建了具有二维耦合界面的2D/2D/2D层状异质结光催化剂,以实现高效的可见光光催化分解水产氢.首先通过水热煅烧和刻蚀的方法分别制备了WO₃和MX纳米片,然后以乙酸镉和硫脲为原料在乙二胺溶剂中通过水热法合成了MX-CdS/WO₃层状异质结光催化剂.在可见光下,以乳酸为牺牲剂测试了光催化剂的产氢活性且经过4次连续的循环反应,MX-CdS/WO₃体系展现出良好的活性及稳定性.在可见光的照射下,MX-CdS/WO₃层状异质结光催化剂最高的可见光光催化分解水产氢速率达到了27.5 mmol/g/h,是纯CdS纳米片的11倍.与此同时,在450 nm的光照下,表观量子效率达到了12.0%.为了深入探讨其高效产氢机理,通过X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、原子力显微镜、透射电镜、高分辨电子显微镜等对MX-CdS/WO₃体系的组成和结构进行分析.结果表明,实验成功地合成了CdS,WO₃和MX三种纳米片及其复合材料.通过紫外-可见漫反射光谱研究了样品材料的光吸收能力.通过表面光电压、稳态及瞬态荧光光谱等研究了材料的电荷载流子复合和转移行为,发现MX-CdS/WO₃的光生电子空穴对相比与纯CdS或者二元复合材料具有更高的分离效率.UPS和ESR等表征结果说明,材料内部电场的方向和在光照条件下光生载流子的迁移方向,从而证实了S型异质结和欧姆结的成功构建.综上,在MX-CdS/WO₃光催化剂体系中,S型异质结形成较强的界面电场能够有效促进CdS纳米片与WO₃纳米片之间光生电子-空穴对的分离.同时,二维Ti₃C₂MXene纳米片作为辅助催化剂,通过与CdS/WO₃纳米片构建欧姆结,进而提供大量的电子转移途径和更多的析氢反应活性位点,使得CdS光催化剂的光催化活性和稳定性得到了很大的提升.通过构建S型内建电场、欧姆结和2D/2D界面可以协同提高CdS纳米片的光催化性能,从而加速光生电子在异质结中的分离和利用.本文所采用基于S型异质结与欧姆结基助催化剂之间的耦合策略可以作为一种通用策略扩展到其它传统半导体光催化剂的改性中,从而推进高效光催化产氢材料的有效合成.     

1D/2D TiO2/ZnIn2S4S型异质结光催化剂及其高效制氢性能

通过半导体催化剂利用太阳能分解水制氢被认为是解决人类面临的环境问题和能源危机的有效途径.在众多的半导体光催化剂中,TiO₂由于其良好的光化学稳定性、无毒性、丰富的形貌以及低廉的价格,在光催化制氢领域备受关注.然而TiO₂的内在缺陷,如较宽的带隙、较窄的光响应范围,光生电子空穴对的快速复合,极大限制了其太阳能制氢效率.构建异质结结构被认为是解决以上问题的一个有效方法,通过将TiO₂与另一个半导体复合可以提升催化剂对太阳光的吸收范围,也可降低光生电子空穴对的复合速率.但构建一个成功的异质结结构不仅要满足上述的要求,还需要保留异质结催化剂体系中光生电子和空穴的氧化还原能力.研究表明,S型异质结是将两个具有合适能带结构的半导体进行耦合,由于费米能级的差异,两个半导体间将发生电子转移,从而引起能带弯曲并形成内建电场.光照条件下,具有较弱还原能力的光生电子在内建电场和能带弯曲的作用下与较弱氧化能力的光生空穴复合,实现异质结催化剂体系中各个半导体内部光生载流子有效分离的目标,同时保留了异质结催化剂体系中较强氧化能力和较强还原能力的光生电子和空穴,进而实现光催化活性的提高.本文采用水热合成方法,将具有更强还原能力和可见光响应特性的半导体(ZnIn₂S₄)原位生长在TiO₂纳米纤维表面,构建了1D/2DTiO₂/ZnIn₂S₄S型异质结光催化剂.最优比例的TiO₂/ZnIn₂S₄复合材料表现出优越的光催化制氢活性(6.03mmol/h/g),分别是纯TiO₂和纯ZnIn₂S₄制氢活性的3.7倍和2倍.TiO₂/ZnIn₂S₄复合材料光催化活性的提高可以归因于紧密的异质结界面、光生载流子的有效分离、丰富的反应活性位点以及增强的光吸收能力.通过原位XPS和DFT计算研究了异质结内部光生电子的转移机制.结果表明,在光照条件下电子由TiO₂向ZnIn₂S₄迁移,遵循了S型异质结内部电子的转移机制,实现了TiO₂和ZnIn₂S₄内部光生载流子的有效分离,同时保留了具有较强还原能力的ZnIn₂S₄价带电子和较强氧化能力的TiO₂导带空穴,从而显著提升光催化制氢效率.综上,本文制备的TiO₂/ZnIn₂S₄S型异质结光催化剂很好地克服了TiO₂在光催化制氢领域所面临的诸多障碍,为设计和制备高效异质结光催化剂提供了新的思路.     

2D-2D CdS/Cu7S4层状异质结高效可见光光催化产氢（英文）

利用太阳能将水转化为清洁可持续的化学燃料是一种很有前途的策略.光催化水分解制氢技术是有效解决能源可持续发展和环境保护问题的重要技术.CdS由于具有较窄的带隙(2.4 eV)和合适的能带位置而被认为是最有潜力的光催化水产氢催化剂之一.然而,CdS强光的腐蚀性和快速的电子空穴复合导致光催化剂活性低、稳定性差,严重阻碍了CdS光催化剂的广泛应用.为了有效提高光催化产氢活性及稳定性,人们对CdS光催化剂进行了大量改性研究.其中,合理巧妙地加载助催化剂和构造纳米结构CdS被认为是两种极为重要的改性策略,两种策略的有效耦合可以更有效地利用太阳能,实现清洁氢燃料的生成.一方面,各种形貌的CdS光催化剂均已被开发,例如纳米线、纳米棒、纳米片和量子点等.然而,由于制备工艺复杂,在以往的报道中很少有超薄2D CdS纳米片用于光催化产氢.另一方面,由于贵金属(Ag,Pt,Au)的稀缺性和高成本阻碍了其修饰光催化剂的实际应用,所以利用非贵金属助催化剂(MoSx,CuS,Ni3C,WS2,NiS,MXene,CoxP和MoP)修饰CdS提高光催化产氢活性近年来备受关注.对于地球丰富的2D层状助催化剂Cu7S4而言,具有优异的光电催化产氢活性和简单制备方法,但是在光催化产氢领域的应用上未引起足够重视.因此,本文充分利用超薄CdS纳米片以及Cu7S4纳米片各自的独特优势,构建了独特的2D-2D层状异质结,实现了高效协同光催化产氢.我们首先以乙酸镉和硫脲为原料通过一步水热法合成了超薄2D CdS纳米片,并用静电自组装方法制备了CdS/Cu7S4.在可见光下进行了产氢测试,实验结果证实了优化的2D CdS/2%Cu7S4层状异质结在含有Na2S·9H2O和Na2SO3的水溶液中光催化析氢活性最高(27.8 mmol g^-1 h^-1),是原始CdS纳米片(2.6 mmol g^-1 h^-1)的10.69倍.经过4次连续循环反应,CdS/Cu7S4二元复合体系展现出良好的稳定性.为深入探讨高效产氢机制,对纳米级CdS复合材料的光催化物化性能及载流子分离机制进行了表征.通过X射线衍射确定了CdS和CdS/Cu7S4的晶体结构.用高分辨电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱证实合成了CdS催化剂和Cu7S4助催化剂的超薄纳米片结构且成功复合.用紫外-可见漫反射光谱法对制备的纯CdS和CdS/Cu7S4复合样品的光吸收特性进行了表征.结果表明,在CdS上负载Cu7S4以后,可以明显观察到样品对可见光的吸收能力明显增强.对CdS/Cu7S4进行XPS测试分析,进一步证明了样品中S、Cd和Cu的化学成分和状态.利用PL发射光谱研究了CdS/Cu7S4光催化剂的电荷载流子复合和转移行为.进一步对纯CdS和CdS/Cu7S4复合光催化剂的瞬态光电流响应(I-t曲线)进行了研究,确定了光生载体的分离效率.阻抗是深入研究电荷载流子迁移和界面转移的最有力技术,利用阻抗技术证实CdS/Cu7S4界面高效的载流子分离性能.极化曲线结果表明,加入Cu7S4可以降低CdS的产氢过电势,因此加速表面产氢动力学.由此可见,本文所构建的2D-2D CdS/Cu7S4二元层状异质结可以同时实现光生电子空穴对的快速分离、电子的转移和增加光生电子在表面利用效率,从而最大幅度地提高其光催化水分解产氢活性.本文所采用基于CdS纳米片的2D-2D界面耦合策略可以作为一种通用策略扩展到各种传统半导体纳米片的改性,从而极大地推进高效光催化产氢材料的持续进步.     

石墨烯修饰三氧化钨/二氧化钛S型异质结增强的光催化产氢活性（英文）

太阳光驱动的光催化分解水产氢是利用太阳能解决当前能源危机和环境问题的理想策略.二氧化钛由于其稳定、环境友好和成本低等优点受到广泛研究,在光催化领域具有不可或缺的作用.然而,纯二氧化钛光催化剂具有光生电子-空穴复合率高、太阳能利用率低等缺点,使其在光催化产氢领域的应用受到限制.迄今为止,人们探索了多种改性策略来提高二氧化钛的光催化活性,如贵金属负载、金属或非金属元素掺杂、构建异质结等.通过复合两个具有合适能带排布的半导体来构建异质结可以大大提高光生载流子的分离,被认为是一种有效的解决方案.最近提出了一种新的S型异质结概念,以解释不同半导体异质界面载流子转移分离的问题.S型异质结是在传统Ⅱ型和Z型(液相Z型、全固态Z型、间接Z型、直接Z型)基础上提出的,但又扬长避短,优于传统Ⅱ型和Z型.通常,S型异质结是由功函数较小、费米能级较高的还原型半导体光催化剂和功函数较大、费米能级较低的氧化型半导体光催化剂构建而成.三氧化钨禁带宽度较小(2.4-2.8 eV),功函数较大,是典型的氧化型光催化剂,也是构建S型异质结的理想半导体光催化剂.根据S型电荷转移机制,三氧化钨/二氧化钛复合物在光辐照下,三氧化钨导带上相对无用的电子与二氧化钛价带上相对无用的空穴复合,二氧化钛导带上还原能力较强的电子和三氧化钨价带上氧化能力较强的空穴得以保留,从而在异质界面上实现了氧化还原能力较强的光生电子-空穴对的分离.同时,石墨烯作为一种蜂窝状碳原子二维材料,是理想的电子受体,在异质结光催化剂中能及时转移电子.而且,石墨烯具有较好的导热性和电子迁移率,光吸收强,比表面积大,可为光催化反应提供丰富的吸附和活性位点,已经被认为是一种重要催化剂载体和光电分解水产氢的有效共催化剂.本文采用简便的一步水热法制备石墨烯修饰的三氧化钨/二氧化钛S型异质结光催化剂.光催化产氢性能测试表明,三氧化钨/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的光催化产氢速率显著提高(245.8μmol g^-1 h^-1),约为纯TiO2的3.5倍.高分辨透射电子显微镜、拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱结果证明了TiO2和WO3纳米颗粒的紧密接触,并成功负载在还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)上.X射线光电子能谱中Ti 2p结合能的增加证实TiO2和WO3之间强的相互作用和S型异质结的形成.此外,复合材料中的rGO大大拓展了复合物的光吸收范围(紫外-可见漫反射光谱),增强了光热转换效应,而且rGO与TiO2之间形成肖特基结,促进了TiO2导带电子的转移和分离.总之,WO3和TiO2的S型异质结与TiO2和rGO之间的肖特基异质结的协同效应抑制了相对有用的电子和空穴的复合,有利于氧化还原能力较强的载流子的分离和进一步转移,加速了表面产氢动力学,于是增强了三元复合光催化剂的光催化产氢活性.     

等离子体共振协同S-scheme电荷转移促进W18O49/Cd0.5Zn0.5S高效光催化产氢

硫化锌镉(Cd_1-xZn_xS,01-xZn_xS太阳光响应范围,提高光生电子与空穴利用效率是当前的研究热点.本文采用溶剂热法分别制备了Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S纳米棒和W₁₈O₄₉纳米颗粒,然后借助超声辅助静电自组装策略成功获得具有紫外-可见-近红外光响应的W₁₈O₄₉/Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S异质结.分析表明,W₁₈O₄₉晶格氧空位周围过量自由电荷的集体振荡,引起强烈的局域表面等离子体共振(LSPR)吸收现象,使其对500~800 nm范围的光产生明显吸收,使体系具有紫外至近红外光响应能力;而且W₁₈O₄₉作为一种氧化型半导体材料,可与还原型Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S半导体之间形成S-scheme异质结,在内建电场、能带弯曲和静电相互作用下有效促进了光生电子和空穴的分离,并能保留强的氧化还原能力.对比实验发现,常温下以Na₂S/Na₂SO₃为牺牲剂,全光谱照射下,20%-W₁₈O₄₉/Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S的产氢速率可达147.7mmol·g^-1·h^-1,是Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S纳米棒单体的2.1倍;可见光下,复合样品的产氢活性约为Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S单体的1.89倍;近红外光下,Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S单体无产氢活性,而异质结的产氢速率约为0.2 mmol·g^-1·h^-1.进一步对样品波长依赖性研究发现,当365、400、450 nm的入射光仅能引起W18O49和Cd0.5Zn0.5S的带间激发时,它们的复合样品比Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S表现出更优异的产氢活性;当λ=550、600、650 nm以及>800 nm的入射光仅能引起W₁₈O₄₉的LSPR效应时,Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S单体无活性,而W₁₈O₄₉/Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S仍具有较高的催化性能、但随着波长的增大产氢速率逐渐降低,与复合样品瞬态光电流强度的变化趋势吻合良好.以上结果表明,W₁₈O₄₉与Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S二者形成的S-scheme界面异质结有效抑制了光生载流子的表面复合,且当入射光不足以引起带间激发时,W₁₈O₄₉的LSPR效应产生的"热电子"可有效注入到Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S,从而引起表面催化反应.进一步研究发现,当将反应温度从25提高到60°C时,20%-W₁₈O₄₉/Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S在全光谱下的产氢速率可提高到306.1mmol·g^-1·h^-1,表明温度对光催化产氢过程具有不可忽视的影响,可通过增强表面反应速率显著提高产氢活性.总之,本文通过一种简便方法获得了具有紫外-可见-近红外响应的S型W₁₈O₄₉/Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S异质结光催化剂,详细对比了不同波段下样品的光电特性及催化活性,最终在S-scheme电荷转移机制和LSPR"热电子"注入过程的协同作用下,复合样品活性比Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S单体有了明显提高.     

FeNi层状双氢氧化物/TiO2复合光催化剂的制备及其制氢性能

层状双氢氧化物(LDH)的光生电子-空穴对易复合,虽然纳米薄片的结构促进了载流子分离,但其光催化效率仍然较低。我们利用LDH薄片结构的优势,将FeNi LDH和TiO₂通过静电自组装复合,设计制备出新型高效的FeNi LDH/TiO₂复合光催化材料,评价了其光催化分解水产氢性能。对其结构、光催化性能和光电化学等进行了详细表征。结果表明,FeNi LDH的高比表面积、复合物的异质结结构都有利于光生电荷的转移。光催化产氢结果表明,FeNi LDH/TiO₂复合材料的产氢速率(22.6mmol·g^-1·h^-1)分别比纯TiO₂(0.1 mmol·g^-1·h^-1)和FeNi LDH(0.05 mmol·g^-1·h^-1)提高了226和452倍,表明了异质结在提高LDH光催化效率方面的重要作用。     

表面组装钴物种同时促进Cd0.9Zn0.1S光催化剂的界面电荷分离和表面反应

利用人工光合成将太阳能转化为化学燃料是太阳能利用的重要途径,具有广阔的应用前景,其中,太阳能光催化分解水制氢是最为关键的反应之一.但是,大多数半导体光催化材料面临着光生电荷分离困难和表面催化反应速率慢等挑战.本文以具有可见光响应的半导体光催化剂Cd_0.9Zn_0.1S(CZS)纳米棒为研究模型,利用水热法成功在其表面上均匀地组装氧化钴物种(CoO_x),构建了多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x.扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜显示,表面组装的CoO_x物种均匀地覆盖在CZS纳米棒的整个表面上,形成了有序的CZS@CoO_x核壳多级异质结构.高分辨率透射电子显微镜进一步确认了氧化钴晶格间距与六方CZS的(002)晶面高度匹配,利于光生电荷在界面的分离和转移.稳态荧光光谱测试表明,与物理混合的样本相比,CZS@CoO_x多级异质结构表现出明显降低的荧光强度,说明多级异质结构能有效促进光生电子-空穴对的分离.时间分辨荧光光谱结果显示,CZS@CoO_x多级异质结构的平均光生电荷寿命明显增长,进一步确认了多级异质结构对光生电荷分离的作用.此外,电化学开路电位测量显示,增强的开路电压响应归因于多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x中致密的界面接触.电化学阻抗谱进一步确认,与没有形成致密界面结构的CZS-CoO_x和CZS/CoO_x相比,多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x的电荷转移电阻大幅度降低,从而确保了更快的界面电荷分离和转移.最后对CZS@CoO_x多级异质结构的光催化产氢活性进行了评价,发现其光催化产氢的性能远高于贵金属Pt/CZS光催化剂;进一步测量了CZS@CoO_x的表观量子效率,在420 nm处光催化产氢的表观量子效率为20%.此外,在多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x上进一步引入Pt助催化剂,可将表观量子效率进一步提升至37%.本文报道的这一简易可行的表面组装构建多级异质结构的策略有望在太阳能光催化领域发挥重要作用.     

直接Z型LaNiO3/Mn0.2Cd0.8S异质结催化剂光解水产氢性能及机理探究

以LaNiO_3纳米颗粒为基质,在水热法制备CdS的过程中引入Mn~(2+)离子,原位合成直接Z型LaNiO_3/Mn_(0.2)Cd_(0.8)S异质结光催化剂。分别采用场发射扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、紫外可见漫反射光谱、氮气吸附-脱附测试以及电化学测试等分析方法对制备的催化剂进行表征。在光解水产氢测试中,LaNiO_3/Mn_(0.2)Cd_(0.8)S异质结光催化剂在5 h的H_2产量达到1 190.3μmol,相较于CdS和Mn_(0.2)Cd_(0.8)S,其H_2产量分别提高了 25倍和10倍。荧光和电化学实验证实,Mn~(2+)的引入能够有效地促进光生载流子的分离,同时LaNiO_3/Mn_(0.2)Cd_(0.8)S之间异质结的构筑能有效地促进光生载流子在界面间的迁移、分离,从而促进其光解水产氢效率和稳定性的提高。结合一系列表征和活性测试结果提出直接Z型光解水反应机理,很好地阐述了其光解水产氢活性和稳定性的增强。     

1D Mn0.2Cd0.8S纳米棒/2D Ti3C2纳米片肖特基异质结的构建及光催化产氢性能研究

Sustainable photocatalytic H₂ evolution has attracted extensive attention in recent years because it can address both energy shortage and environmental pollution issues. In particular, metal sulfide solid-solution photocatalysts have been widely applied in photocatalytic hydrogen generation owing to their excellent light harvesting properties, narrow enough band gap, and suitable redox potentials of conduction and valance bands. However, it is still challenging to develop low-cost and high-efficiency sulfide solid-solution photocatalysts for practical photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Recently, 1D Mn_xCd_1-xS nanostructures have shown superior light absorption, charge separation, and H₂-evolution activity owing to their shortened diffusion pathway of carriers and high length-to-diameter ratios. Thus, 1D Mn_xCd_1-xS nanostructures have been applied in photocatalytic H₂ evolution. However, a single Mn_xCd_1-xS photocatalyst still has some disadvantages for photocatalytic H₂ evolution, such as the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and low quantum efficiency. Herein, to further boost the separation of photogenerated charge carriers and H₂-evolution kinetics, an in situ solvothermal method was used to synthesize the 1D/2D Schottky-based heterojunctions between the Mn_0.2Cd_0.8S nanorods (MCS NRs) and Ti₃C₂ MXene nanosheets (NSs). Furthermore, various characterization methods have been used to investigate the crucial roles and underlying mechanisms of metallic Ti₃C₂ MXene NSs in boosting the photocatalytic H₂ evolution over the Mn_0.2Cd_0.8S nanorods. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), element mapping images, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) results clearly demonstrate that hybrid low-cost Schottky-based heterojunctions have been successfully constructed for practical applications in photocatalytic H₂ evolution. Additionally, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was also carried out in a mixed solution of Na₂SO₃ and Na₂S using as the sacrificial agents. The highest hydrogen evolution rate of the optimized 1D/2D Schottky-based heterojunction is 15.73 mmol·g^-1·h^-1, which is 6.72 times higher than that of pure MCS NRs (2.34 mmol·g^-1·h^-1). An apparent quantum efficiency of 19.6% was achieved at 420 nm. The stability measurements of the binary photocatalysts confirmed their excellent photocatalytic stability for practical applications. More interestingly, the UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectra, photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, transient photocurrent responses, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots clearly confirmed the promoted charge separation between the MCS NRs and Ti₃C₂ MXene NSs. The linear sweep voltammetry also showed that the loading of MXene cocatalysts could greatly decrease the overpotential of pure MCS NRs, suggesting that the 2D Ti₃C₂ NSs could act as an electronic conductive bridge to improve the H₂-evolution kinetics. In summary, these results show that the 2D/1D hybrid Schottky-based heterojunctions between metallic Ti₃C₂ MXene NSs and MCS NRs can not only improve the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes but also decrease the H₂-evolution overpotential, thus resulting in significantly enhanced photocatalytic H₂ generation. We believe that this study will inspire new ideas for constructing low-cost Schottky-based heterojunctions for practical applications in photocatalytic H₂ evolution.      

二维/一维BiOBr0.5Cl0.5/WO3 S型异质结助力光催化CO2还原

S型异质结不但可以提高载流子的分离效率,还可以维持较强的氧化还原能力。因此,构建S型异质是提高光催化二氧化碳还原反应的有效途径。本研究通过静电自组装法构建了具有近红外光响应(> 780 nm)的二维BiOBr_0.5Cl_0.5纳米片和一维WO₃纳米棒S型异质结光催化剂,并用于高效还原二氧化碳。能带位置和界面电子相互作用的综合分析表明：在光催化二氧化碳还原反应过程中,BiOBr_0.5Cl_0.5/WO₃遵循S型电子转移路径;不仅提高了载流子的高效分离,还维持了两相(BiOBr_0.5Cl_0.5和WO₃)较高的氧化还原能力。此外,二维纳米片/一维纳米棒的结构使得半导体之间具备良好的界面接触,有利于载流子的分离,且暴露更多的活性位点,最终提高催化效率。结果显示,BiOBr_0.5Cl_0.5/WO₃异质结催化剂表现出较高的CO₂还原能力和CO选择性,CO的产率高达16.68 μmol∙g^-1∙h^-1,分别是BiOBr_0.5Cl_0.5的1.7倍和WO₃的9.8倍。本工作为构建S型二维/一维异质结光催化剂高效还原二氧化碳提供了新的思路。     

构建NiS2/MoSe2 S型异质结高效光催化产氢

S-scheme heterojunction is a major breakthrough in the field of photocatalysis. In this study, NiS₂ and MoSe₂ were prepared by a typical solvothermal method, and compounded by an in situ growth method to construct an S-scheme heterojunction. The obtained composite showed excellent performance in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution; the hydrogen production rate was approximately 7 mmol·h^-1·g^-1, which was 2.05 times and 2.44 times those of pure NiS₂ and MoSe₂, respectively. Through a series of characterizations, it was found that NiS₂ and MoSe₂ coupling can enhance the light absorption intensity, which is vital for the light reaction system. The efficiency of electron-hole pair separation is also among the important factors restricting photocatalytic reactions. Compared with pure NiS₂ and MoSe₂, NiS₂/MoSe₂ exhibited a higher photocurrent density, lower cathode current, and lower electrochemical impedance, which proves that the NiS₂/MoSe₂ complex can effectively promote photogenerated electron transfer. Simultaneously, the lower emission intensity of fluorescence indicated effective inhibition of electron-hole recombination in the NiS₂/MoSe₂ complex, which is favorable for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that MoSe₂ is an amorphous sample surrounded by the NiS₂ nanomicrosphere, which greatly increased the contact area between the two, thus increasing the active site of the reaction. Secondly, as a photosensitizer, Eosin Y (EY) effectively enhanced the absorption of light by the catalyst in the photoreaction system. Meanwhile, during sensitization, electrons were provided to the catalyst, which effectively improved the photocatalytic reaction efficiency. The establishment of S-scheme heterojunctions contributed to improving the redox capacity of the reaction system and was the most important link in the photocatalytic hydrogen reduction of aquatic products. It was also the main reason for the improvement of the hydrogen evolution effect in this study. The locations of the conduction band and valence band of NiS₂ and MoSe₂ were determined by Mott-Schottky plots and photon energy curves, and further proved the establishment of the S-scheme heterojunction. This work provides a new reference for studying the S-scheme heterojunction to effectively improve the photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency.      

一维/二维W18O49/多孔g-C3N4梯形异质结构建及其光催化析氢性能研究

提高光催化分解水制氢的效率是能量转换领域的关键挑战。本研究首先合成了二维多孔氮化碳(PCN),然后在二维PCN上原位生长了一维W₁₈O₄₉ (WO),形成了一种新型的梯形(S型)异质结。该异质结可以加快界面电荷的分离和转移,赋予WO/PCN体系更好的氧化还原能力。此外,具有多孔结构的PCN提供了更多的催化活性位点。与WO和PCN相比,20% WO/PCN复合材料具有更高的H₂产率(1700 μmol·g^-1·h^-1),是PCN (30 μmol·g^-1·h^-1)的56倍。本研究提供了一种新S型光催化剂用于光催化制氢领域。     

具有高效界面电荷转移的0D/2D Bi4V2O11/g-C3N4梯形异质结的设计合成及抗生素降解性能研究

随着工业技术的飞速发展,大量有机污染物被应用于生活的各个领域,由此带来了严重的环境问题。众所周知,半导体光催化技术是一种有效且环境友好的降解去除典型污染物的方法,而光催化剂在该技术的应用中起着关键作用。因此,在光催化污染物降解领域,人们已经尝试研究了各种半导体材料。其中石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)是近年来公认的“明星”材料之一。因其独特的二维层状结构和良好的可见光响应而引起了人们的极大兴趣。由于带隙较窄(~2.7 eV)、能带结构可调以及良好的物理化学稳定性,g-C₃N₄对太阳光谱的吸收可达450 nm,具有一定的可见光光催化性能。然而,g-C₃N₄在去除抗生素和染料方面的降解效率仍然存在不足,例如光生电荷的快速复合以及空穴的氧化能力弱等。为了优化这种有前景的光催化材料,人们尝试了多种方法来改善g-C₃N₄的电子能带结构,例如金属/非金属元素掺杂、形貌调控和官能团修饰等。最近,人们提出了由两种N型半导体光催化剂组成的梯形异质结理念,它可以利用半导体材料更正的价带和更负的导带。相关结果表明,构筑梯形异质结是提高g-C₃N₄光催化活性的最有效方法之一。因此,本文通过简单的原位溶剂热生长法制备了新型0D/2D Bi₄V₂O₁₁/g-C₃N₄梯形异质结光催化剂。Bi₄V₂O₁₁/g-C₃N₄复合材料对去除土霉素(OTC)和活性红染料展示出了优异的光催化活性。尤其是BVCN-50复合材料对OTC和活性红的降解效率高达74.1%和84.2%,该过程的主要活性物种为·O₂^-。大幅增强的光催化性能归因于Bi₄V₂O₁₁和g-C₃N₄之间形成的梯形异质结保持了光催化体系的强氧化还原能力(Bi₄V₂O₁₁的强氧化能力和g-C₃N₄的强还原能力),并促进了光生电荷的空间分离。此外,金属Bi⁰的表面等离子共振效应可以拓宽异质结系统的光吸收范围。此外,基于高效液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)分析,我们研究了OTC降解过程中可能的中间体和降解路径。这项工作为设计和制备g-C₃N₄基梯形异质结用于抗生素和活性染料降解提供了一种新的策略。     

In2O3修饰三维纳米花MoSx构建S型异质结用于高效光催化产氢

形貌控制和异质结构建是提升光催化剂性能的有效策略。本文采用In₂O₃修饰三维纳米花MoS_x并构建S型异质结,为电子的传输提供了特殊的转移途径。通过合理调控In₂O₃的负载量,MoS_x/In₂O₃的最佳产氢速率能够达到6704.2 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹,是纯MoS_x的1.8倍。采用荧光光谱和电化学测试证实复合材料中内部电子和空穴对的分离效率得到了有效的提升,并利用紫外漫反射测试和羟基自由基实验推测了析氢机理。     

石墨烯量子点修饰的BiOI/PAN柔性纤维的制备及其增强的光催化活性

In environment remediation, photocatalytic oxidation is a promising technique for removing organic pollutants. Compared to adsorption, biodegradation, and chemical oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation can eliminate organic pollutants completely, conveniently, and cheaply in an environmentally friendly manner. Visible-light-driven photocatalytic oxidation is particularly advisable because of the high proportion of visible light energy in solar energy. Bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) is a promising visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the oxidization of pollutants, not only because of its narrow band gap, but also for its relatively low valence band (VB), which is adequate for photogenerated holes to oxidize a variety of organic compounds. However, the shortcomings of BiOI powder, such the difficulty of recycling it, its low surface area, and fast carrier recombination, limit its practical applications. Meanwhile, the flexibility and hierarchical structure of photocatalysts are particularly advisable because these properties are beneficial for the convenient operation, recycling, and performance improvement of these materials. Herein, based on an electro-spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber substrate, a hierarchical BiOI/PAN fiber was prepared through an in situ reaction. In the as-prepared BiOI/PAN fibers, BiOI flakes were aligned vertically and uniformly around the PAN fibers. BiOI nuclei generated from pre-introduced Bi(Ⅲ) in the PAN fiber act as seeds for the growth of BiOI nanoplates, which is crucial for the formation of a hierarchical structure. Such a hierarchical structure can improve both the light absorption and carrier generation of the BiOI/PAN fibers, as demonstrated by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra and photoluminescence emission. Therefore, the BiOI/PAN fibers exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than BiOI powder. When the BiOI/PAN fibers were decorated with pre-prepared graphene quantum dots (GQDs), a GQD-modified BiOI/PAN fibrous composite (GQD-BiOI/PAN) was fabricated. The morphology of the obtained GQD-BiOI/PAN fibers was nearly the same as that of the BiOI/PAN fibers. A step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunction was formed between the GQDs and BiOI, which was confirmed by the fabrication method, photoluminescence emission, reactive radical tests, and XPS analysis. This kind of S-scheme heterojunction can not only effectively suppress the recombination of photogenerated holes, but can also reserve the more reductive electrons on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of GQDs and the more oxidative holes on the VB of BiOI, for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol. Because of the fibrous hierarchical structure and S-scheme heterojunction, GQD-BiOI/PAN outperformed BiOI nanoparticles and BiOI/PAN nanofibers in the photocatalytic oxidation of phenol under visible light. In addition, because of tight bonding, GQD-BiOI/PAN can be tailored and operated by hand, which is convenient for recycling. During recycling, no obvious loss of sample or decrease in photocatalytic activity was observed. This work provides a new pathway for the fabrication of flexible photocatalysts and a new insight into the enhancement of photocatalysts.      

具有光催化与光芬顿反应协同作用的2D/2D α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 S型异质结用于高效降解四环素

构建具有高效电荷迁移效率和丰富活性位点的异质结光催化体系是提升光芬顿反应速率的有效途径。本研究通过简单的水热法合成了2D/2D结构的α-Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ S型异质结光芬顿催化剂,并使用X射线衍射仪技术(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅立叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)和紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)等分析手段对α-Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄的晶体结构、微观结构、化学组分和光学性质进行了详细的表征。通过在可见光照射下降解四环素,评测了α-Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄的催化活性。结果表明,光催化反应与芬顿反应的协同作用使α-Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ (1 : 1)展现出了优异的光芬顿催化活性：在可见光照射下,仅加入微量的双氧水便可辅助催化剂在20 min内对四环素的降解率达到78%,其降解速率分别是单一的α-Fe₂O₃和g-C₃N₄的3.5倍和5.8倍。α-Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄复合材料优异的催化活性得益于在2D/2D S型电荷迁移机制上构建的光芬顿催化体系。2D/2D S型异质结能够显著促进电子和空穴的传输与分离,并为催化剂提供较大的比表面积和丰富的活性位点,同时还能保持复合材料最佳的氧化还原能力。此外,光催化反应促进了Fe³⁺的还原,从而加速了芬顿反应中羟基自由基的产生。总之,本研究为构建高效、稳定的光芬顿催化体系提供了一条简单有效的途径。     

多组分纳米纤维体系中载流子动力学的有效级联调制及其高效光催化产氢性能研究（英文）

利用半导体作为催化剂,将水光催化还原为H₂,为缓解全球能源危机以及环境污染问题提供了一种经济环保的途径。优化调控载流子动力学行为对提高半导体光催化分解水还原为绿色燃料-H₂的活性具有十分重要的意义。目前,基于半导体异质结效应或局域表面等离激元共振的敏化过程来设计和调控半导体基异质结构体系已成为调控载流子动力学行为的一种经典策略。然而,通过精细设计异质结构,合理耦合上述敏化过程,实现载流子动力学的级联调制,从而获得高效的光催化产H₂活性仍然任重道远。在本文中,我们通过原位氧化(g-C₃N₄的剥离和Ag₂S)和还原(Ag)反应,将等离激元Ag纳米颗粒(NPs)和两种不同的半导体Ag₂SNPs和g-C₃N₄纳米片(NSs)组装在电纺TiO₂纳米纤维(NFs)中,形成了一种新型四元异质组分纳米纤维(HNFs)体系。结合时间分辨光致发光光谱,3D时域有限差分模拟以及对照实验,我们...     

全有机S型异质结PDI-Ala/S-C3N4光催化剂增强光催化性能

Organic photocatalysts have attracted attention owing to their suitable redox band positions, low cost, high chemical stability, and good tunability of their framework and electronic structure. As a novel organic photocatalyst, PDI-Ala (N, N'-bis(propionic acid)-perylene-3, 4, 9, 10-tetracarboxylic diimide) has strong visible-light response, low valence band position, and strong oxidation ability. However, the low photogenerated charge transfer rate and high carrier recombination rate limit its application. Due to the aromatic heterocyclic structure of g-C₃N₄ and large delocalized π bond in the planar structure of PDI-Ala, g-C₃N₄ and PDI-Ala can be tightly combined through π–π interactions and N―C bond. The band structure of sulfur-doped g-C₃N₄ (S-C₃N₄) matched well with PDI-Ala than that with g-C₃N₄. The electron delocalization effect, internal electric field, and newly formed chemical bond jointly promote the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers between PDI-Ala and S-C₃N₄. To this end, a novel step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunction photocatalyst comprising organic semiconductor PDI-Ala and S-C₃N₄ was prepared by an in situ self-assembly strategy. Meanwhile, PDI-Ala was self-assembled by transverse hydrogen bonding and longitudinal π–π stacking. The crystal structure, morphology, valency, optical properties, stability, and energy band structure of the PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ photocatalysts were systematically analyzed and studied by various characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Mott-Schottky curve. The work functions and interface coupling characteristics were determined using density functional theory. The photocatalytic activities of the synthesized photocatalyst for H₂O₂ production and the degradation of tetracycline (TC) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) under visible-light irradiation are discussed. The PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ S-scheme heterojunction with band matching and tight interface bonding accelerates the intermolecular electron transfer and broadens the visible-light response range of the heterojunction. In addition, in the processes of the PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ photocatalytic degradation reaction, a variety of active species (h⁺, ·O₂^-, and H₂O₂) were produced and accumulated. Therefore, the PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ heterojunction exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance in the degradation of TC, PNP, and H₂O₂ production. Under visible-light irradiation, the optimum 30%PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ removed 90% of TC within 90 min. In addition, 30%PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ displayed the highest H₂O₂ evolution rate of 28.3 μmol·h^-1·g^-1, which was 2.9 and 1.6 times higher than those of PDI-Ala and S-C₃N₄, respectively. These results reveal that the all organic photocatalyst comprising PDI-based supramolecular and S-C₃N₄ can be efficiently applied for the degradation of organic pollutants and production of H₂O₂. This work not only provides a novel strategy for the design of all organic S-scheme heterojunctions but also provides a new insight and reference for understanding the structure–activity relationship of heterostructure catalysts with effective interface bonding.