转基因水稻表达的Bt毒蛋白CryⅠAb溶液构象的研究

用荧光光谱法研究了毒蛋白CryⅠAb在溶液中的构象. 结果表明, pH值增大时, 毒蛋白的荧光强度也增大, 至pH=11时荧光强度已达最大值;甲醇、乙醇及异丙醇等有机溶剂引起毒蛋白荧光发射波长蓝移和荧光强度增大, 至有机溶剂的浓度超过某一阈值后荧光发射波长不再蓝移;丙酮能完全猝灭毒蛋白CryⅠAb的荧光, 丙烯酰胺能猝灭CryⅠAb 86%的荧光, 而KI对毒蛋白的荧光无猝灭作用,由此推断CryⅠAb的大部分色氨酸残基位于分子表面富含负电荷的区域中.     

转基因水稻表达的Bt毒蛋白Cry I Ab溶液构象的研究

用荧光光谱法研究了毒蛋白Cry I Ab在溶液中的构象。结果表明，pH值增大时，毒蛋白的荧光强度也增大，至pH=11时荧光强度已达最大值；甲醇、乙醇及异丙醇等有机溶剂引起毒蛋白荧光发射波长蓝移和荧光强度增大，至有机溶剂的浓度超过某一阈值后荧光发射波长不再蓝移；丙酮能完全猝灭毒蛋白Cry I Ab的荧光，丙烯酰胺能猝灭Cry I Ab86%的荧光，而KI对毒蛋白的荧光无猝灭作用，由此推断Cry I Ab的大部分色氨酸残基位于分子表面富含负电荷的区域中。     

液相色谱中一个新的表征参数Z Ⅳ.反相液相色谱中甲酸浓度与生物大分子的构象变化

反相高效液相色谱中蛋白质分子的Z值可以作为平衡状态下蛋白分子构象变化的表征,它与蛋白分子起始状态构象无关。在异丙醇-甲酸-水体系中蛋白的Z值会因流动相中甲酸浓度的增大而减小。除蛋白分子构象变化因素外,蛋白Z值的变化也与甲酸参与蛋白与置换剂分子间的计量置换过程有关。在蛋白分子未完全失去分子立体结构时,其Z值与分子量的立方根成正比。当甲酸浓度足够大时,例如大于40％(V/V)时,蛋白分子完全失去三维结构。     

朊病毒蛋白113-120序列多肽的反相液相色谱保留行为与构象稳定性的关系

朊病毒（Prion)蛋白是人和动物慢性中枢神经系统退化病的传染源,该蛋白的113－120序列被认为在其致病和传染机理中起着重要作用。以反相高效液相色谱为分析手段,研究了Prion蛋白113－120序列多肽的色谱保留行为。通过比较不同温度、不同流动相条件下该多肽色谱保留行为的变化,发现在乙腈溶液为上时,1nKw随温度的变化关系和Van′t Hoff曲线均比简单,说明该多肽在乙腈溶液中所采取的构象均较稳定,不易受温度的影响。以甲醇溶液为流动相时,具有游离末端的多肽的1nKw随温度变化关系和Van′t Hoff曲线比末端羧基和氨基分别被酰胺封闭的多肽要复杂,说明具有游离末端的多肽在甲醇溶液中所采取的构象相对较不稳定,易受环境的影响。这些结果进一步证明,113－120序列在Prion蛋白构象变化中可能起着重要作用。     

超氧化物歧化酶热变性的量热法研究

用差示扫描量热计,在不同pH值的各种缓冲溶液内、在不同浓度的两种中性盐溶液内,研究了牛红细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的热变性过程.实验表明PIPES是一个不与SOD结合的缓冲剂;阴离子的结合或多或少地影响热变性过程,且对该酶的氧化形式的影响更显著。实验发现在不同的缓冲溶液内,在高于等电点的合适的pH值处,或者在浓度较高的中性盐溶液内,SOD能形成一种热稳定性较低的新构象。它受热后不可逆地转变成常见的高热稳定性的构象。依据无盐蒸馏水中得到的热力学参数,运用Ooi模型和热力学分析揭示出高值的纯构象变性焓△H_d~c是SOD高热稳定性的热力学原因。     

反相液相色谱中温度对蛋白分子构象变化的新表征

液相色谱中溶质计量置换保留模型的Ｚ值可用来对反相高效液相色谱中热变蛋白的分子构象进行表片。发现在异丙醇－甲酸４４％（Ｖ／Ｖ）－水体系为流动相对完全变性蛋白的Ｚ值随温度升高而降低。且Ｚ值与绝对温度例数（１／Ｔ）成正比，因此蛋白分子构象变化可用Ｚ对１／Ｔ作图所得两条直线的斜率差值来表征，差值愈大，蛋白分子构象变化愈甚。该两直线的交点即为蛋白分子构象的突变温度。与通常采用的１ｇＫ＇对１／Ｔ的作图相比，用     

化学位移估算研究ATP构象随溶液pH值的变化

利用Johnson和Bovey的理论和方法计算了不同扭曲角χ(O4′－C1′－N9－C4)的ATP(5′-三磷酸腺苷)分子中糖环质子H1′和H2′由于环流效应引起的化学位移.H1′的化学位移与扭曲角χ有较强的依赖关系,反映了ATP在溶液中细微的构象变化.将计算结果与实验结果比较,证明在本文讨论的pH值范围(1～10)内,Mg2＋加入后,ATP的扭曲角χ在230～360°范围内变化.随溶液的pH值减小,ATP分子的构象由trans 构象通过-gauche构象转变为cis构象. 从而证明在酸性条件下, ATP倾向于以cis构象存在,而在碱性条件下trans构象更为稳定,从另一方面支持了在酸性条件下N1参与配位而在碱性条件下N7参与配位的结论.在讨论中也考虑了由pH变化所引起的环流强度的变化.     

天花粉蛋白溶液构象与稳定性及生物活性的关系

用圆二色性研究了天花粉蛋白在不同PH,不同温度和不同的时间条件下的溶液构象变化.阐明了天花粉蛋白溶液的外部环境,并研究了天花粉蛋白的溶液构象与抗生育活性的关系,结果表明随着溶液中a-helix含量的增加,抗生育活性也相应增加,当a-helix含量减少到15%以下,其抗生育活性也就丧失.     

时间分辨红外光谱对丝蛋白膜构象转变动力学的研究——再生蚕丝蛋白膜在高浓度醇溶液中的构象转变

运用时间分辨红外光谱研究再生蚕丝蛋白膜在高浓度醇溶液中(醇含量≥90％) 的构象转变过程．研究结果表明，丝蛋白膜在纯甲醇中可以发生构象转变，但是在 纯乙醇和纯异丙醇中却几乎不能发生构象转变．进一步研究发现，当乙醇和异丙醇 溶液中的水含量达到7％—8％时，丝蛋白开始发生构象转变．在研究的醇溶液浓度 范围中，丝蛋白发生构象转变的速率随醇溶液中水含量的增加而增大．根据实验结 果，认为丝蛋白膜在溶液体系中(无论是有机溶剂溶液还是离子溶液)发生构象转变 ，膜的溶胀是一个前提因素，其原因在于溶胀可使分子链获得运动的空间，从而通 过氢键重组而发生构象转变．     

枯草杆菌α－淀粉酶在色谱介质上的热变性行为研究

通过用前沿分析测定热力学参数的方法,研究了枯草杆菌α－淀粉酶在几种色谱介质上的热变性行为。实验结果表明,在RP-C18反相介质、Zn2+螯合的Chelating Sepharose Fast-Flow亲和介质和WCX-1阳离子交换介质上,当温度分别低于或超过30℃时,α－淀粉酶分子分别以一种稳定的构象存在;而在PEG-400 和修饰的PEG-400疏水色谱介质上,当温度分别低于40℃和30℃时,α－淀粉酶分子分别以一种稳定的构象存在,但当温度分别高于40℃和30℃时,α－淀粉酶分子的构象会发生剧烈的变化。同时,通过测定α－淀粉酶分子在自由溶液以及在PEG-400 和修饰的PEG-400疏水色谱介质上的热失活曲线,可以得出结论：在液相色谱过程中,色谱介质会诱导α－淀粉酶分子构象的变化,并促进它们的热变性;而在疏水色谱中,色谱介质的疏水性越高,α－淀粉酶分子在其上的构象变化温度越低。     

Comparison of magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate for removal of water from pesticide extracts of foods

Water-miscible solvents, such as acetone and acetonitrile, effectively extract both polar and nonpolar pesticide residues from nonfatty foods. The addition of sodium chloride to the resulting acetonitrile-water or acetone-water extract (salting out) results in the separation of the water from the organic solvent. However, the organic solvent layer (pesticide extract) still contains some residual water, which can adversely affect separation procedures that follow, such as solid-phase extraction and/or gas chromatography. Drying agents, such as sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate, are used to remove the water from the organic extracts. In the present study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the composition of the phases resulting from salting out and to compare the effectiveness of sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate as drying agents. The study showed that considerable amounts of water remained in the organic phase after phase separation. Sodium sulfate was a relatively ineffective drying agent, removing little or no residual water from the organic solvent. Magnesium sulfate proved to be a much more effective drying agent.     

FORMATION AND DECAY KINETICS OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN'S N INTERMEDIATE: SOFTENING THE PROTEIN CONFORMATION WITH ALCOHOLS AFFECTS INTRA-PIROTEIN PROTON TRANSFER AND RETINAL ISIOMERIZATION

Abstract— The trans photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin was investigated in the presence of organic solvents with a hydrogen-bonding group; i.e . methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and so on. These alcohols scarcely or only slightly affected the L→M and O₅₇₀ transitions, but they perturbed the M→N and N→O transitions greatly. The rate of the M→N transition increased linearly with increasing alcohol concentration and, at maximal alcohol concentrations under which the native protein conformation was retained, the M→N transition was accelerated by a factor of ∼5. This alcohol effect was reversible. It is suggested that a long-distance proton transfer involved in the M→N transition (Asp.96→retinal) becomes easier when the protein conformation is softened bv partially breaking hydrogen-bonding networks in the protein. Another significant effect of alochol is inhibition of the N→O transition at weakly acidic pH, which was slowed down maximally by a factor of ˜10. This alcohol effect was less significant at alkaline pH, where reprotonation of Asp-96 from the cytoplasmic membrane surface is a rate-limiting reaction. It is suggested that, at acidic pH, thi: cis-to-trans isomerization involved in the N→O transition is a rate-limiting reaction and that this step is inhibited in the presence of a high concentration of alcohols.     

Microfluidic platform for the generation of organic-phase microreactors

Rapid prototyping photolithography of a thiolene-based resin was used to fabricate microfluidic devices stable to aliphatic and aromatic organic solvents. The swelling of the cross-linked polymer matrix in various organic solvents was quantified, and the solvent resistance properties of these microfluidic devices are described. Discrete droplets of hexanes and toluene of uniform size were generated in microfluidic devices inside a water matrix containing SDS surfactant (SDS = sodium dodecyl sulfate). Variation of water and organic flow rates in the fluidic channels was used to control droplet size and separation. Droplet composition could be controlled by varying flow rates of two joined organic streams. Organic-phase synthetic reactions within the droplets were demonstrated with the bromination of alkenes inside benzene droplets.     

Vibrational circular dichroism study of solvent- and temperature-induced conformational changes in poly-γ-benzyl-l-glutamate and poly-β-benzyl-l-aspartate

Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy was used to study the effect of the different composition of mixed solvents and temperature on the conformation and aggregation states of two synthetically prepared polypeptides, poly-γ-benzyl-l-glutamate (PBLG) and poly-β-benzyl-l-aspartate (PBLA).Additions of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) into a solution of heligenic solvents trichloromethane and benzene-d6 caused the conformational change from the α-helical to polyproline II-like for both of the polypeptides, which represented interesting transition previously mostly observed in aqueous solutions rather than in organic solvents. The VCD method proved a lower stability of the α-helical conformation of PBLA than PBLG and the structural differences between these polypeptides.The variation of temperature in the region 13–50 °C induced atypical conformational transformations in the PBLG/trichloromethane/TFA and PBLG/benzene-d6/TFA systems. The usually more stable α-helical conformation was observed at higher temperatures than the polyproline II-like conformation.     

Effects of organic and aqueous solvents on the electronic absorption and fluorescence of chloroaluminum (III) tetrasulphonated naphthalocyanine

The effects of various solvents on the ground and excited states of chloroaluminum (III) tetrasulphonated naphthalocyanine (AlNcS(4)) were studied. Both the absorbance and fluorescence spectra were found to be influenced by the hydrogen bond donating ability of various solvents. As the hydrogen bond donating ability of the solvent increased, hypsochromic and bathochromic shifts in the absorbance and fluorescence spectra were observed in protic and aprotic solvents respectively. Plots of the absorbance and fluorescence maxima versus the E(T)(30) solvent parameter showed linear relationships in binary mixtures of protic-protic (methanol-H(2)O) and aprotic-protic (DMSO-H(2)O) solvents. Aggregation was indicated by a broad band in the ground state absorption spectra and a low quantum efficiency 0.04 relative to the efficiency observed in organic solvents. A face-to-face conformation of the monomeric subunits of the dimer is suggested due to the red-shifted absorbance band. The acid-base properties of the dye were studied and were indicative of a multi-step process. In acidic conditions (pH 1), protonation of the bridging nitrogen atoms was identified by a broad band appearing red-shifted to those obtained at higher pH values. Under slightly acidic conditions a pKa value of 6.7 was determined for one of the meso-nitrogen. In alkaline conditions a pKa of 11.5 was determined for another meso-nitrogen and a second fluorescence band emerged at 804 nm, red-shifted to the emission maxima.     

New Phosphane Based on a β‐Cyclodextrin,Exhibiting a Solvent‐Tunable Conformation,and its Catalytic Properties

A new diphenylphosphane based on a β‐cyclodextrin skeleton that exhibits a dual solubility in water and in organic solvent was synthesised. Interestingly, a solvent‐dependent conformation change was evidenced by NMR spectroscopy studies; the self‐inclusion of a phenyl group of the phosphane moiety into cyclodextrin cavity observed in water disappeared in organic solvents due to a change in conformation. Hydrogenation or hydroformylation reactions performed in water and in organic solvents showed that this ligand was able to stabilise catalytically active rhodium species in solution. In the case of the hydroformylation reaction, it was demonstrated that regioselectivity was influenced by the solvent‐dependent conformation of the ligand.     

Spectrophotometric determination of the dissociation constants of methyl yellow in mixed protic solvents

The concentration dissociation constants (pK(a)) of methyl yellow, MY (H(+)In) in mixed aqueous solvents of methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, tert-butanol have been accurately determined from spectrophotometric measurements at 25 degrees C and a constant ionic strength of 0.1 mol l(-1). It has been shown that in these solvents, the pK(a) values decrease with increasing composition of the organic co-solvent. A linear relationship between pK(a) and the mole fraction (x(2)) of the co-solvent was observed in a limited range of the compositions for each of the solvent systems. The results have been discussed in the light of transfer thermodynamic properties of the species existing in the dissociation equilibrium, solvent basicity and solute-solvent interactions. Furthermore, it was also observed that with the change of the solvents, the absorption spectra of MY shifted apparently and the color transition changed accordingly. The solvent effect on the spectra has been attributed to the isomerization equilibria of MY. A simple application of MY was also shown to the sodium acetate-hydrochloric acid titrations in the mixed solvents.     

Solvent-induced conformational changes of polypeptides probed by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry.

Electrospray-ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry is used to monitor higher order structural changes of polypeptides induced by alteration of the pH or organic solvent composition in the protein solution environment. A bimodal charge-state distribution is observed in the ESI mass spectrum of ubiquitin (relative molecular mass 8565) in solutions containing small amounts (less than 20%) of organic solvents. The distribution of peaks at high m/z (low-charge state) is found to represent the protein in its native, globular state; the higher-charge-state distribution is characteristic for a more extended conformation. Addition of methanol denaturant in excess of 40% v/v is needed to eliminate the low-charge-state distribution completely. Lesser amounts of acetonitrile, acetone, or isopropanol (approximately 20%) are required to denature the ubiquitin protein. Other proteins showing conformational effects in their ESI mass spectra are also illustrated. While the ESI spectra are related to solution phase structure, ESI-tandem mass spectrometry of multiply charged molecular ions of different conformation is suggested as a probe of gas-phase protein three-dimensional structure.     

Temperature‐induced conformational transition of bovine serum albumin in neutral aqueous solution by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography

The temperature‐induced conformational transition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in neutral aqueous solution was studied using intrinsic fluorescence emission spectrum, reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the conformation transition thermodynamic parameters were determined in the temperature range 12–50 °C. The results showed that, in the temperature range 12–20 °C, BSA only existed in a single conformation state A, while in the temperature range 22–50 °C, it existed in two different conformation states: A and B. The percentage of conformation state A decreased while that of conformation state B increased with the increase in temperatures, and when temperature approached 50 °C conformation state B accounted for approximately 25% of all conformation states of BSA. In the conformational transition of BSA from conformation state A to conformation state B, the positive enthalpy change, entropy change and free energy changes demonstrated that the conformational transition was endothermic, nonspontaneous and mainly entropy‐driven. © 2013 The Authors. Biomedical Chromatography published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High-throughput transformation of colloidal polymer spheres to discs simply via magnetic stirring of their dispersions

In this article, we have successfully demonstrated the high-throughput production of colloidal discs via magnetic stirring of aqueous dispersions of monodisperse, sulfate-stabilized polystyrene (PS) spheres in the presence of a good organic solvent. The organic solvent could be water-miscible, such as tetrahydrofuran, or water-immiscible, such as chloroform. Water-immiscible organic solvents were mixed into aqueous dispersions of PS spheres in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The geometry of the resulting discs could be easily adjusted by the magnetic stirring time and speed, the stirring bar weight, and the amount of organic solvent. Our strategy is simple, scalable, and hardly dependent on the nature of the organic solvent and the PS sphere diameter; PS spheres with diameters ranging from 200 nm to 5 μm were deformed into discs with almost 100% yield. When organic solutions of fluorescent dyes and nanoparticles were used instead of pure organic solvents for PS sphere liquefaction, fluorescent discs were obtained, underlining the effective, efficient encapsulation of the fluorescent substance in the discs.