Study on Molecular Weight of Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate Biosynthesized by Methylosinus Trichosporium IMV3011

在甲烷氧化细菌Methylosinus trichosporium IMV3011细胞内生物催化合成聚-β-羟基丁酸酯（PHB）的过程中,对影响聚合物分子量的各种因素进行了研究.发现碳源、培养基组分NH4＋,NO3-,HPO24-,Mg2＋,某些导向PHB合成的关键中间产物以及PHB的提取方法均会对PHB的分子量产生影响.同时,通过对胞内PHB合成酶系中关键作用酶的活性变化进行研究,发现β-酮硫解酶催化着控制进入PHB循环入口的关键反应,而PHB分子量的变化则主要取决于PHB合成酶和PHB降解酶的协同作用.     

有机酸对甲烷利用菌Methylosinus trichosporium IMV3011生物合成聚-3-羟基丁酸酯的影响

为了降低聚-3-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)的生产成本,利用甲烷和甲醇生长的甲烷利用菌是具有研究价值的一类菌种.文章针对如何克服甲烷利用菌IMV3011积累PHB过程中受到制约的因素进行了考察,以改善此菌种生产PHB的能力.研究发现,通过添加适量的三羧酸(TCA)循环的抑制剂——苹果酸可以达到很高PHB产量的目的.在细胞进行两阶段培养过程中,营养平衡和营养受限培养各进行24h,即加入不同浓度的苹果酸(前者控制在5.7×10-4g/L,后者控制在0.03g/L),可以使PHB的积累量达到55%(未添加只能达到40%).实验还通过对PHB合成中所需的酶的活性研究,从一定程度上证明了适当的抑制三羧酸循环对保持PHB合成的酶系的活性将更有利于PHB的合成.     

生物催化不对称合成β-羟基酸衍生物

手性β-羟基酸及其衍生物是应用化工和有机合成的关键中间体.生物催化的不对称合成方法以其绿色环保、简洁高效及高立体选择性已成为一个新兴的研究热点.本文较系统地总结了生物催化不对称合成β-羟基酸及其衍生物的研究工作,重点介绍了脂肪酶、腈代谢酶及还原酶在合成手性β-羟基酸衍生物中的应用.最后,展望了生物催化不对称合成β-羟基酸的发展方向.     

2-氨基吡啶镍配合物/MAO高活性催化β-蒎烯聚合研究

合成了一系列2-氨基吡啶镍配合物(2-PyCH2NAr)NiBr,Ar=2,6-二甲基苯基(a),2,6-二异丙基苯基(b),2,6-二氟苯基(c).在助催剂甲基铝氧烷(MAO)存在下,该系列配合物能高活性催化β-蒎烯聚合,得到的聚β-蒎烯分子量明显比传统正离子聚合所得到的聚合物高.对配合物配体结构以及聚合条件对该聚合的催化活性以及聚合物分子量的影响进行了研究.所得聚合物经1H-NMR和13C-NMR分析表明,β-蒎烯聚合是通过正离子方式进行的,聚合中产生开环异构化,得到由环己烯和异丁烷结构单元交替组成的聚β-蒎烯.     

甲基弯菌IMV3011细胞生物催化二氧化碳制甲醇

甲基弯菌IMV 3011可以催化二氧化碳生物转化生成甲醇.在细胞悬浮液中充入二氧化碳后,反应一段时间后在反应液中检测到了甲醇产生.但是甲烷氧化细菌细胞合成甲醇的能力受到了细胞内还原当量的限制.研究发现,细胞内贮存的聚-β羟基丁酸(PHB)分解后能够产生还原当量,可以提高甲醇的产生能力.本文通过改变培养基中氮和铜的起始浓度对PHB积累量进行调节来提高甲基弯菌IMV 3011还原二氧化碳生成甲醇的能力.结果表明,随着细胞内PHB含量的增加甲醇的产生能力也会增加.当细胞内PHB的积累量达到38.6%时,将二氧化碳还原成甲醇的能力最强.当PHB的积累量超过38.6%时细胞生成甲醇的能力反而降低.     

聚β-羟基丁酸酯辐照接枝顺丁烯二酸酐

探索用^60Coγ射线辐照的方法进行聚β-羟基丁酸酯（PHB）接枝顺丁烯二酸酐（MA）。并通过改变辐照反应条件,如单体浓度、辐照剂量以及辐照剂量率,研究其对接枝产物的接枝率、粘均分子量、热稳定性以及熔融行为的影响。     

β-环糊精催化下的不对称Darzens缩合

应用环糊精(CD)作为人工酶模型已经在许多有机反应中显示出特异的结果。CD催化下的合成虽然报道还不多,但已被视为一种有前途的仿生合成。鉴于α,β-环氧酮是一类重要的合成中间体,光学活性的α,β-环氧酮的不对称合成更是人们感兴趣的领域,因而我们研究了如下的在β-CD催化下的Darzens缩合:     

含离子液体介质中酶催化糖基化合成4-羟基苯乙基β-D-葡萄糖苷

探讨了β-葡萄糖苷酶在离子液体/有机溶剂/缓冲溶液介质中催化直接糖基化反应合成4-羟基苯乙基β-D-葡萄糖苷.考察了反应体系组成、反应条件等因素对反应的影响.研究结果表明,1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(C4MIm·PF6)/1,4-二氧六环/柠檬酸-磷酸盐缓冲溶液是糖基化反应的合适介质.当三者的体积含量分别为17％...     

5,5,8aβ-三甲基-6β-羟基-反八氢-1-萘酮的合成及在Phenylspirodrimane类混源萜天然产物骨架构建中的应用

以(E)-5,9-二甲基-4,8-癸二烯酸乙酯为原料, 发展了一种合成5,5,8aβ-三甲基-6β-羟基-反八氢-1-萘酮(1)的新方法, 并将其成功应用于phenylspirodrimane类混源萜天然产物骨架的构建. 对合成过程中所涉及的关键反应如区域选择性环氧化和Cp₂TiCl催化的自由基串联环合反应进行了优化. 所合成化合物的结构均通过核磁共振波谱(NMR)和高分辨质谱(HRMS)进行了表征和确认.     

三嵌段共聚物PS-PHB-PS的原子转移自由基聚合

为了克服聚β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)的弱点, 得到性能良好的新材料, 本文利用原子转移自由基聚合方法, 以Br-PHB-Br为大分子引发剂, 苯乙烯为单体, 在CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″-五甲基–二乙基三胺(PMDETA)催化体系作用下合成了一种新的三嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-聚β-羟基丁酸酯-聚苯乙烯(PS-PHB-PS). 共聚物的链结构利用¹H NMR和¹³C NMR进行了表征, 分子量特性和链段组成利用凝胶渗透色谱(SEC)方法进行了测定. 聚合物的分子量随单体转化率的增加而线性增加, 分子量分布指数相对较窄. 这些特征都满足原子转移自由基活性聚合的理想要求. 所得到的共聚物PS-PHB-PS具有较好的生物相容性, 与PHB相比具有良好的耐热性.     

Crystallization behavior and biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(ethylene glycol) multiblock copolymers

Block copolymerization by using isocyanates is an effective method for incorporating PHB and PEG because it can prepare copolymers with good properties, such as toughness, strength, and so on. In this study, we adopted soil suspension system to estimate the biodegradability of a series of PHB/PEG multiblock copolymers with different compositions and block lengths. In the degradation process, the changes in weight loss, molecular weight, and tensile strength were periodically measured to determine the biodegradability, and the surface morphology was also observed by SEM. In contrast to pure PHB, the weight loss of the copolymer was relatively lower. On the other hand, the tensile strength and molecular weight experienced apparent decrease, and for BHG1000-3-1, they reached 46.7% and 77.7% of the initial value, respectively. SEM observation showed that the surface was covered with numerous erosion pits. All these indicate that the degradation indeed took place and long-chain molecules have been hydrolyzed into shorter ones. The crystallization behavior was also investigated by DSC and WAXD. The results showed that both the segments, PEG and PHB, can form crystalline phases at lower PHB contents ranging from 29% to 44%, and when PHB component was more than 60%, only PHB phase can crystallize.     

以葡萄糖为碳源合成生物降解性聚酯的研究

利用从油田土壤中筛选的菌种ＤＧ１７ 以葡萄糖为碳源通过微生物发酵法合成了具有不同结构单元的新型生物可降解性聚合物———聚羟基脂肪酸酯（ＰＨＡｓ） ．初步研究了ＤＧ１７ 以葡萄糖为碳源的生物合成规律,并借助ＧＣ、ＮＭＲ 等分析手段对合成的聚合物进行了结构的分析表征,另外还研究了ＰＨＡｓ 的活性污泥降解情况．研究表明,在限氮条件下,只有碳氮比高于５后,ＤＧ１７ 才能在其体内合成ＰＨＡｓ．在过量碳源的存在下,氮磷比低,得到的聚合物是一种具长侧链的聚（ 羟基辛酸 ｃｏ 羟基癸酸） 的共聚物,为一种热塑性弹性体．在硫酸铵浓度为０－５ｇ／Ｌ,碳氮比为２０ 条件下合成的Ｐ（ＨＯ ｃｏ ＨＤ） 热塑性弹性体的数均分子量为１－１６ ×１０ － ５ ,分子量分散指数为２－４３ ．其玻璃化温度及熔融温度分别为Ｔｇ ＝ － ５２ ℃,Ｔｍ ＝ ５０ ℃．氮磷比高,则合成热塑性塑料ＰＨＢ．结果表明培养基中氮源与磷酸盐的相对浓度是影响ＤＧ１７ 生物合成路径的重要条件．     

Fully-biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend films with compositional gradient

Fully-biodegradable bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/chemosynthetic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend films with compositional gradient from one surface to the other surface of the films were prepared by a dissolution-diffusion technique. Three kinds of PVA samples, high- and low-molecular weight atactic PVA and highly syndiotactic PVA (s-PVA), were used in order to investigate the effects of molecular weight and tactic structure on the generation of compositional gradient. The solution of PHB in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), which is also a good solvent for PVA, was cast on the PVA film and then the solvent HFIP was evaporated. By selecting the optimum volume of solvent and the evaporation rate, the PHB/PVA blend film with compositional gradient was obtained. The formation of compositional gradient was confirmed by FT-IR microscopy and ATR-FT-IR analysis. The 50%/50% PHB/s-PVA blend film with a nearly ideal compositional gradient, that is, the composition of PHB (or PVA) in the film changing gradually from 100% at one surface to 0% at the other surface of the film was obtained by casting PHB/HFIP solution on to the s-PVA film. Positional dependence of the absorbance of C==O and OH stretching bands along the film thickness direction for the PHB/S-PVA cast films.     

Purification and Properties of an Extracellular Polyhydroxybutyrate Depolymerase from Pseudomonas mendocina DSWY0601

An extracellular polyhydroxybutyrate(PHB) depolymerase was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant of a PHB-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas mendocina DSWY0601, which was isolated from brewery sewage for the ability to form clear zones on the PHB mineral agar plates. The molecular weight of the purified PHB depolymerase as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) was approximately 59800 at the optimal temperature and pH value being 50 ℃ and 8.5, respectively. PHB depolymerase was stable in a temperature range of 20―50 ℃ and sensitive to pH value within a pH range of 8.0―9.5. PHB depolymerase degraded poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate(P3/4HB) and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyvalerate(PHBV) but did not degrade poly(lactic acid)(PLA), poly(butylene succinate)(PBS) or poly- (caprolactone)(PCL). PHB depolymerase was sensitive to phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride(PMSF), H₂O₂ and SDS. The main product after enzymatic degradation of PHB was indentified as 3-hydroxbutyrate monomer(3HB) by mass spectrometric analysis, suggesting that PHB depolymerase acted as an exo-type hydrolase. Analysis of phaZ_pm gene reveals that PHB depolymerase is a typical denatured short-chain-length PHA(dPHA_SCL, PHA=polyhydroxyalkanoate) depolymerase containing catalytic domain, linker and substrate-binding domain.     

Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable triblock copolymers based on bacterial poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] by atom transfer radical polymerization

Biodegradable poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)–poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate]–poly (tert‐butyl acrylate) triblock copolymers based on bacterial poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. The chain architectures of the triblock copolymers were confirmed by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra. Gel permeation chromatography analysis was used to estimate the molecular weight characteristics and lengths of the PHB and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) blocks of the copolymers. The thermal properties of the copolymers were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA showed that the triblock copolymers underwent stepwise thermal degradation and had better thermal stability than their respective homopolymers, whereas DSC analyses showed that a microphase‐separation structure was formed only in the triblock copolymers with the longer PHB block. As a similar result, from wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction experimentation, the crystalline phase of PHB could not be seen evidently in the triblock copolymers with the shorter PHB block. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the copolymer films was carried at 37 °C and pH 7.4 in a potassium phosphate buffer with an extracellular PHB depolymerase from Penicillum sp. The biodegradability of the triblock copolymers increased with an increase in the PHB block content. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4857–4869, 2005     

聚(3-羟基丁酸酯)/聚氧化乙烯共混物非晶区相容性的固体核磁共振研究

用固体高分辨核磁共振碳谱方法研究了不同组成比的聚 (3 羟基丁酸酯 ) 聚氧化乙烯共混物的结晶度、非晶区的相容性和分子运动能力 .结果表明聚 (3 羟基丁酸酯 )的结晶度几乎不随组成比变化 ,而聚氧化乙烯的结晶度则随其在共混物中含量的降低而显著降低 .聚氧化乙烯的加入使得聚 (3 羟基丁酸酯 )非晶区的分子运动能力有所增强 .共混物的非晶区表现出一定的相容性 ,相容程度与共混物的组成比有关     

Assessment of PHB with varying hydroxyvalerate content for potential packaging applications

Poly-(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is biodegradable aliphatic polyester that is produced by a wide range of microorganisms. Basic PHB has relatively high glass transition and melting temperatures. To improve flexibility for potential packaging applications, PHB is synthesized with various co-polymers such as poly-(3-hydroxyvalerate) (HV) leading to a decrease of the glass transitions and melting temperatures. In addition, the HV broadens the processing window since there is improved melt stability at lower processing temperatures. In this study, PHB synthesized with different valerate contents (5%, 12%, and 20%) and varying in molecular weights were characterized. All PHBV materials displayed a glass transition between −10 and 20 °C. The two melting transitions found for Aldrich 5%, 12%, and Tianan 20%, resulted from crystals formed during cooling of the samples. The complex viscosity decreased with increasing temperature due to a decrease in molecular weights of the samples. These results suggest that processing the co-polymer below 160 °C would be beneficial with low screw speed. The mechanical results indicate all PHBV materials had high elastic modulus and flexural strength with low tensile strength and elongation at break. The WVTR results indicated the polymer to be very hydrophilic, resulting in higher water transmission rates.     

Effect of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) on thermal behavior and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(propylene carbonate) (PHB/PPC) blends

To assess the compatibility of blends of synthetic poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), with a natural bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a simple casting procedure of blend was used. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(propylene carbonate) blends are found to be incompatible according to DSC and DMA analysis. In order to improve the compatibility and mechanical properties of PHB/PPC blends, poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was added as a compatibilizer. The effects of PVAc on the thermal behavior, morphology, and mechanical properties of 70PHB/30PPC blend were investigated. The results show that the melting point and the crystallization temperature of PHB in blends decrease with the increase of PVAc content in blends, the loss factor changes from two separate peaks of 70PHB/30PPC blend to one peak of 70PHB/30PPC/12PVAc blend. It is also found that adding PVAc into 70PHB/30PPC blend can decrease the size of dispersed phase from morphology analysis. The result of tensile properties shows that PVAc can increase the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of 70PHB/30PPC blend, and both the elongation at break and the tensile toughness increase significantly with PVAc added into 70PHB/30PPC.     

Functionalization of Biodegradable Polyester for Tissue Engineering Applications

Summary: Chemical modification of polymer surface may potentially be used to create smart materials that can guide cellular adhesion, proliferation and maintenance of specific expression of molecules. The microbial polyester poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) has been attracted attention as promising material for applications in tissue engineering. In this work, a wet-chemical method, base ethylenediamine aminolysis, was performed to improve the adhesion of chondrocytes isolated from human articular cartilage to PHB films. The effects of chemical treatment on PHB films was evaluated by following changes in morphology and surface chemical composition using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. While the effect on cells morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The treatment with ethylenediamine did not change significantly the morphology of the structures of PHB films surface. However, the roughness of the aminolyzed films was slightly higher. The introduction of nitrogen-containing groups was confirmed by XPS. In vitro experiments indicated that the surface modification did not have toxic effects in cells, since they could adhere and proliferate on modified PHB films. It was observed that long-time treatment improved ability of PHB films to support cell growth, which could be accounted to physicochemical and topological effects.