Au(111)面甲烷硫醇吸附的密度泛函理论研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法和平板模型研究了CH₃SH分子在Au(111)表面的吸附构型和电子结构. 系统地计算了S原子在不同位置以不同方式吸附的系列构型, 计算结果表明, CH₃SH分子倾向于吸附在top位上, S-C键相对于Au表面法线的夹角为62°～78°|而S-H键断裂后CH₃S_H则倾向于吸附在bri-fcc位上, S-C键相对于Au(111)表面法线的夹角为49°～57°. 比较分析CH₃SH分子和CH₃S_H的吸附, 发现CH₃SH分子倾向于不解离吸附, 表面温度的提升和缺陷的出现可能促使S-H键的断裂. 通过比较S原子在独立的CH₃SH分子和吸附状态下的局域态密度, 发现S-H键断裂后S原子和表面的键合强于S-H键未断裂时S原子和表面的键合. 扫描隧道显微镜(STM)图像模拟显示了CH₃SH和CH₃S_H在Au(111)表面吸附的3个典型的STM图像.     

甲硫醇在Au(111)表面不同覆盖度下吸附的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理方法研究了五种覆盖度下甲硫醇在Au(111)面的吸附构型和吸附能. 分别对于S-H解离前CH₃SH和S-H解离后CH₃S, 计算其在不同覆盖度下的吸附结构和能量. 结果显示各种覆盖度下CH₃SH都优先吸附于top位, 倾斜角为70°±2°, 在低覆盖度(1/12, 1/9, 1/8)下的吸附能最大, 为0.33～0.35 eV; 而CH₃S在各种覆盖度下稳定吸附于bri-fcc位, 倾斜角为48.3°～58.5°, 低覆盖度下的吸附能为2.08 eV. 对于CH₃SH和CH₃S的吸附, 吸附能均随覆盖度的增大而减小. 重点研究了范德华力对高覆盖度吸附的影响. 在覆盖度为1/3时, 采用DFT-D2方法, 分别计算了CH₃SH和CH₃S的吸附, 结果显示范德华力使吸附物和Au表面的距离减小, 同时使CH₃SH和CH₃S的吸附能分别增大为0.59 eV和2.27 eV. DFT-D2方法修正使CH₃SH的结果更接近实验结论, 但使CH₃S的结果偏离实验值.     

载体ZrO2的d带电子对Ni13催化CH4脱氢过程的影响（英文）

C-H键活化是甲烷转化的关键，分散于ZrO₂（111）表面的活性Ni₁₃微粒能实现这一过程。密度泛函理论结果表明，相比Ni₁₃催化过程，Ni₁₃-ZrO₂（111）更能活化CH₄逐步脱氢并稳定其解离物种；且在载体ZrO₂存在下，C-H键长增加，C-H断键活化能降低，放热量增多，达过渡态时，解离H与残留CH_x间距减小，因此，负载催化剂Ni₁₃-ZrO₂（111）具有更好的催化性。究其原因，对于Ni-C-H,ZrO₂丰富的d带电子使得Ni 3d电子密度增强，C 2p与Ni 3d轨道重叠增多，Ni-C键增强，C-H键减弱，基于此，CH_x吸附增强，C-H键活性亦增强。因此，载体ZrO₂的d带为Ni₁₃活化CH₄促进C-H键解离提供着电子。     

锗硅烯与CH3OH加成反应机理及区域选择性

采用密度泛函理论方法,在B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p)水平,研究了几种锗硅烯与CH₃OH的加成反应的微观机理和势能剖面,分析了锗硅烯中Si=Ge双键的极性对加成反应区域选择性的影响.研究结果表明,锗硅烯可分别与CH₃OH的单聚体或二聚体发生加成反应.所有加成反应均从初始亲核或亲电复合物的形成开始.母体锗硅烯H₂Si=GeH₂与CH₃OH二聚体的加成反应比其与CH₃OH单聚体的相应反应在动力学上更容易些,但在其它锗硅烯与CH₃OH的反应中情况则相反.用Ph或SiMe₃基团取代H₂Si=GeH₂中的H原子在动力学上使反应变得不利且SiMe₃基团的影响更显著.加成反应的区域选择性与锗硅烯中Si=Ge双键的极性以及Si-O(Ge-H)和Ge-O (Si-H)键的相对强弱都有关.     

CO2在金属表面活化的UBI-QEP方法研究

应用UBI-QEP方法估算了金属表面上形成的活化吸附态CO₂^-在Cu(111),Pd(111),Fe(111)和Ni(111)表面上的吸附热,计算了各种相关反应的活化能垒.结果表明,CO₂^-在4种过渡金属表面的相对稳定性的顺序为Fe>Ni>Cu>Pd;在Fe和Ni表面上CO₂^-较易生成,且容易进一步发生解离反应,在Fe表面会解离成C和O吸附原子,而在Ni表面上解离的最终产物为CO和O;在Cu表面上,CO₂^-虽较难形成,但其加氢反应的活化能比解离反应低,因此加氢反应是其进一步活化的有效模式;在Pd表面上,CO₂^-吸附态在能量上很不稳定,所以CO₂在Pd表面上不容易活化.     

乙醇在Co(111)表面脱氢反应机理的第一性原理研究

采用密度泛函理论和周期平板模型相结合的方法针对Co（111）表面上乙醇脱氢反应的反应机理进行了细致的研究,同时,对反应过程中涉及到的各个物种在表面上不同吸附位（顶位（top）,桥位（bridge）,三重空穴位（fcc和hcp））的吸附模型进行了结构优化以及相关能量的计算,确定了各物种的最佳吸附位点.研究结果表明,CH₃CH₂OH在Co（111）表面的脱氢反应可具体描述为三条反应路径：反应路径I为CH₃CH₂OH逐步脱氢经由中间体CH₃CHO,最终生成CH₄和CO的反应;反应路径Ⅱ为CH₃CH₂OH脱氢产生的CH₃CH₂O基和CH₃CHO相互作用通过CH₃COOH分子最终生成CH₄和CO₂的反应;反应路径Ⅲ为CH₃CH₂O基和CH₃CO基作用生成CH₃COOC₂H₅的过程,其中,反应路径I为最优路径（CH₃CH₂OH→CH₃CH₂O→CH₃CHO→CH₃CO→CH₃+CO→CH₂→CH→CH₄+CO+C+H）,该反应路径中的CH₃CH₂O基脱氢生成CH₃CHO为速控步骤,反应能垒为1.61 eV.     

醇-二苯甲酮光化夺氢反应活泼自由基的ESR研究

本文用自由基捕捉剂2,3,4,6-四甲基亚硝基苯(ND)及苯亚甲基叔丁基氮氧化合物(PBN)与ESR相结合的方法研究了CnH_2n+1OH(n=1,2,…8)、(CH₃)₂CH(CH₂)_nOH(n=0,1,2)、CH₂=CHCH₂OH及C₆H₅CH₂OH等十三种醇与二苯甲酮的光化夺氢反应中的活泼自由基,结果表明: 1.用ND时,二苯酮分别夺取CnH_2n+1OH、(CH₃)₂CH(CH₂)_nOH及RCH₂OH(R=CH₂=CH、C₆H₅)中α-C、叔-C及α-C上的氢,而捕捉到C_n-1H_2n-1CHOH、(CH₃)₂CH(CH₂)_nOH及RCHOH自由基。 2.用PBN时,捕捉的自由基与ND捕获的相同。     

CO2在金属表面活化的能学方法研究

应用UBI-QEP方法, 估算了CO2-在金属表面的吸附热, 并计算了CO2在Cu(111)、Pd(111)、Fe(111)、Ni(111)表面的各种反应途径的活化能垒. 结果表明, CO2-在4种过渡金属表面相对的稳定性和CO2解离吸附的活性顺序一致,均为Fe>Ni>Cu>Pd. 说明CO2-可能是CO2解离吸附的关键中间体. 在Cu、Pd、Ni表面上, CO2解离吸附的最终产物是CO,而在Fe表面其最终会解离成C和O. 在Cu、Fe、Ni表面, CO2加氢活化是一种有效模式, 而在Pd上则不容易进行. 在Cu和Pd表面,碳酸盐物种也可能是CO2活化的重要中间体.     

Cu、Ni、Ru、Pt对费托合成Fe催化剂的助剂作用研究

考察了Cu、Ni、Ru、Pt对费托合成Fe催化剂的助剂作用。XRD结果表明,加入Cu、Ni助剂对催化剂有一定的分散作用,而Ru、Pt影响不大。XPS结果表明,所有添加的助剂在催化剂表面均有一定程度的富集,且4种过渡金属助剂与Fe存在不同程度的电荷相互作用。H₂-TPR表明,Cu、Pt、Ru在催化剂还原过程中首先还原为金属态,进而能够明显促进催化剂的还原。CO-TPD表明,加入Cu、Pt、Ni助剂对CO的吸附活化有明显的促进作用。用固定床反应器对催化剂的费托反应性能进行了评价,反应结果表明,加入Ru、Ni、Pt、Cu会依次提高催化剂的反应活性,Pt、Cu、Ru、Ni助剂会依次使催化剂的CH₄选择性增加,并降低C₅₊的选择性。     

2,2 -联吡啶钌配合物催化CO2制备环状碳酸酯机理研究

研究了2,2 -联吡啶钌配合物RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(CH₃OH)与十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)组成的催化体系催化二氧化碳与不同的环氧化合物进行环加成反应制备环状碳酸酯. 在此基础上, 利用电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)对RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(CH₃OH)/CTAC催化CO₂与环氧丙烷(PO)反应制备碳酸丙烯酯(PC)进行了研究, 检测到了反应中间态配合物RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(PO)与RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(PC), 为该反应机理研究提供了实验证据. 研究结果表明, RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(CH₃OH)/CTAC催化体系催化CO₂与环氧化合物的反应首先是通过环氧化合物与RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(CH₃OH)中的甲醇分子发生配体交换引发的, 经CTAC中的氯离子进攻环氧化合物开环、二氧化碳插入Ru—O键、分子内关环及消去生成环状碳酸酯.     

Nondissociative chemisorption of short chain alkanethiols on Au(111)

The adsorption of methanethiol and n-propanethiol on the Au(111) surface has been studied by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (LT-STM). Methanethiol desorbs molecularly from the chemisorbed monolayer at temperatures below 220 K in three overlapping desorption processes. No evidence for S-H or C-S bond cleavage has been found on the basis of three types of observations: (1) A mixture of chemisorbed CH3SD and CD3SH does not yield CD3SD, (2) no sulfur remains after desorption, and (3) no residual surface species remain when the adsorbed layer is heated to 300 K as measured by STM. On the other hand, when defects are introduced on the surface by ion bombardment, the desorption temperature of CH3SH is extended to 300 K and a small amount of dimethyl disulfide is observed to desorb at 410 K, indicating that S-H bond scission occurs on defect sites on Au(111) followed by dimerization of CH3S(a) species. Propanethiol also adsorbs nondissociatively on the Au(111) surface and desorbs from the surface below 250 K.     

Thiophene adsorption and activation on MoP(001), gamma-Mo2N(100), and Ni2P(001): density functional theory studies

The adsorption and dissociation of thiophene on the MoP(001), gamma-Mo(2)N(100), and Ni(2)P(001) surfaces have been computed by using the density functional theory method. It is found that thiophene adsorbs dissociatively on MoP(001), while nondissociatively on gamma-Mo(2)N(100) and Ni(2)P(001). On MoP(001), the dissociation of the C-S bonds is favored both thermodynamically and kinetically, while the break of the first C-S bond on gamma-Mo(2)N(100) has an energy barrier of 1.58 eV and is endothermic by 0.73 eV. On Ni(2)P(001) there are Ni(3)P(2)- and Ni(3)P-terminated surfaces. On the Ni(3)P(2)-terminated surface, the dissociation of the C-S bonds of adsorbed thiophene is endothermic, while it is exothermic on the Ni(3)P-terminated surface.     

A first principles study of oxygen reduction reaction on a Pt(111) surface modified by a subsurface transition metal M (M = Ni, Co, or Fe)

We have performed first-principle density functional theory calculations to investigate how a subsurface transition metal M (M = Ni, Co, or Fe) affects the energetics and mechanisms of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the outermost Pt mono-surface layer of Pt/M(111) surfaces. In this work, we found that the subsurface Ni, Co, and Fe could down-shift the d-band center of the Pt surface layer and thus weaken the binding of chemical species to the Pt/M(111) surface. Moreover, the subsurface Ni, Co, and Fe could modify the heat of reaction and activation energy of various elementary reactions of ORR on these Pt/M(111) surfaces. Our DFT results revealed that, due to the influence of the subsurface Ni, Co, and Fe, ORR would adopt a hydrogen peroxide dissociation mechanism with an activation energy of 0.15 eV on Pt/Ni(111), 0.17 eV on Pt/Co(111), and 0.16 eV on Pt/Fe(111) surface, respectively, for their rate-determining O2 protonation reaction. In contrast, ORR would follow a peroxyl dissociation mechanism on a pure Pt(111) surface with an activation energy of 0.79 eV for its rate-determining O protonation reaction. Thus, our theoretical study explained why the subsurface Ni, Co, and Fe could lead to multi-fold enhancement in catalytic activity for ORR on the Pt mono-surface layer of Pt/M(111) surfaces.     

Cu/Ni负载型Beta分子筛催化剂的乙醇水蒸气重整制氢催化性能研究

采用等体积浸渍的方式,在全硅Beta分子筛载体上担载Cu、Ni活性组分,制备出一系列xCuyNi-ABZ多功能乙醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂。通过XRD、TEM、SEM-EDX以及XPS等多种表征手段,研究催化剂的结构特性、活性组分含量等因素对催化性能的影响,依据反应产物分布,揭示其作用机理。结果表明,以Beta分子筛为载体可促使活性组分以纳米颗粒的形式高度分散于载体表面,并且存在较强的载体-金属作用力。与传统SiO_2为载体催化剂相比,2.5Cu2.5Ni-ABZ催化剂具备良好的乙醇水蒸气重整催化性能,当反应温度为450℃,实现100%的乙醇转化率和67.23%的H_2选择性,且副产物CO(4.14%)、CH_4(5.65%)含量相对较低。这可归因于Cu和Ni活性组分间的高效协同作用,Cu具有良好的乙醇脱氢性能,生成反应中间体乙醛;在反应过程中,乙醛的重整和分解是两个受温度影响的竞争反应,Ni组分利用其较强的C-C键断裂能力,随温度的升高,乙醛重整反应占主导作用,生成目标产物H_2。通过对反应后样品分析表明,2.5Cu2.5Ni-ABZ催化剂具备良好的抗烧结和抗积炭催化性能。     

甲氧基在Rh(111)表面吸附的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法,以原子簇Rh13(9,4)为模拟表面,在6-31G(d,p)与Lanl2dz基组水平上,对甲氧基在Rh(111)表面的四种吸附位置(fcc、hcp、top、bridge)的吸附模型进行了几何优化、能量计算、Mulliken电荷布局分析以及前线轨道的计算。结果表明,当甲氧基通过氧与金属表面相互作用时,在bridge位的吸附能最大,吸附体系最稳定,在top位转移的电子数最多;吸附于Rh(111)面的过程中C—O键被活化,C—O键的振动频率发生红移。     

Interaction of SO2 with single crystal metal surfaces

Studying the interaction of SO₂ with metal surfaces under UHV conditions, a question of central interest is whether the molecule dissociates (leaving back the catalyst poison sulphur on the surface) or not. A spontaneous or a thermally activated dissociation of SO₂ occurs on Fe, Rh, W, Ni, Pd and Pt. On Cu and Ag a strong chemisorption, but only a partial dissociation induced by defects or coadsorbed alkalis, and on Au no chemisorption at all were observed.

In this paper a comparison of our results obtained for the chemisorption and multilayer adsorption of SO₂ on Cu(111), Ag(111), Ag(100) and Ag(110) in the temperature range between 80 K and 900 K is given. By combining highly resolved TPD-measurements, isothermal and temperature-programmed ΔΦ-experiments after different stages of exposure and molecular beam backscattering measurements (MBBS) —assisted by LEED, AES and isotope mixing experiments — a destinction between ordinary desorption and desorption after a reorientation process during the heating procedure could be made. Whereas on clean Ag surfaces adsorption and desorption of SO₂ are observed only below 300 K, on Cs-precovered Ag desorption of SO₂ takes place even above 600 K.

Finally, results concerning the different stages of SO₂ multilayer adsorption (bi-, tri-, multilayers) are presented showing a characteristic dependence of the layer growth on the adsorption temperature, the impinging SO₂ flux density and on the surface structure.     

Mechanism of Methane Partial Oxidation over SiO2-Supported Nickel Catalyst

The partial oxidation reaction of mathane over reduced 10wt%Ni/SiO₂ catalyst was studied at 600, 650, 700℃ by means of pulse and bond-order conservation Morse-potential (BOC-MP) methods. In the oxidation reaction of surface carbon deposited on the catalyst, it was observed that the product selectivity was subject to the reaction temperature and the selectivity of CO was increased with rasing temperature of CH₄/O₂, the same trend between CO selectivity and reaction temperature was also observed, implying that the partial oxidation of methane to syngas follows the pyrolysis mechanism under the reaction conditions. The BOC-MP calculation on the elementary reaction steps over Ni(111) surface indicates that the direct dissociation of CH₄ without the involvement of surface oxygen is more likely to occur and the formation of CO from CH(s) occurs more readily than from C(s).     

A systematic density functional theory study of the C-N bond cleavage of methylamine on metals

The C-N bond cleavage for the relative large molecule of methylamine on Cu(1111), Ag(111), Au(111), Ni(111), Rh(111), Pd(111), Pt(111), and Mo(100) has been systemically studied using the DFT-GGA method; the reaction energy changes and the activation energies were obtained. The calculated results show that the activation energy of C-N bond cleavage decreases as the metal element goes up and to the left across the periodic table, which is in general agreement with the experimental observation. Moreover, it was found that the steric effect should be considered for the metals with high activity and small radius such as Ni, which is much different from the case for the small molecule decomposition in which the steric effect may be ignored. The linear relationships between the activation energies and electronic properties (d-band center) are presented. It is expected that such a rule can be used to predict the reactivity of metal for other dissociative adsorption systems.