化学修饰木瓜蛋白酶的酶学性质研究

采用邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)对木瓜蛋白酶进行了化学修饰,通过三硝基苯磺酸法、紫外光谱、荧光光谱及FT-IR光谱对修饰效果进行了初步表征,采用动力学方法考察了pH和温度对修饰酶水解活性和稳定性的影响,并计算了一系列动力学和热力学参数.实验结果表明:PA对木瓜蛋白酶的平均氨基修饰度为43%,未对酶的活性基团-SH发生修饰,修饰酶较原酶的紫外吸收峰和最大荧光发射峰均发生蓝移,紫外吸收强度降低、荧光强度增大;PA修饰未改变木瓜蛋白酶的最适反应温度,但将其最适反应pH由7.0提高到8.5,且酶活力也提高了约20%;PA修饰有效提高了酶的催化水解效率和酶与底物的亲和力,如40℃、最适pH条件下修饰酶的转化数kcat(3.03 s-1)和亲和力kcat/Km(1.70 s.L.g-1)均较原酶的(2.28 s-1、1.15 s.L.g-1)高,修饰酶催化水解反应的活化能Ea(25.4 kJ.mol-1)较原酶的(29.3 kJ.mol-1)低;PA修饰还明显提高了酶的pH稳定性和热稳定性,半衰期t1/2延长,酶分子的热变性活化能Ea,d由77.0 kJ.mol-1提高到94.5 kJ.mol-1.可见PA化学修饰法是一种有效改善木瓜蛋白酶的催化性质和稳定性的方法.     

修饰脂肪酶催化水解反应的动力学和热力学研究

采用邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)对猪胰脂肪酶(PPL)进行了化学修饰,以三硝基苯磺酸法测定修饰酶的平均氨基修饰度,并比较了酶修饰前后的紫外光谱和荧光光谱;采用动力学方法考察了酸碱和热对修饰酶水解活性和稳定性的影响,并计算了一系列动力学和热力学参数.实验结果表明:PA对PPL的修饰度为30%,脂肪酶PPL经PA修饰后,其紫外特征吸收峰发生红移,吸收强度降低,而且最大荧光发射峰发生蓝移,荧光强度增大;PPL经PA修饰前后,催化水解反应的最适pH和最适温度未发生变化,仍为pH7.5和40℃,但修饰后酶催化水解的效率和酶与底物的亲和力得到有效提高,反应的活化能Ea、自由能ΔG≠、活化焓ΔH≠及活化熵ΔS≠均明显降低,如最适条件下修饰酶PA-PPL和脂肪酶PPL的转化数kcat和反应的活化能Ea分别为39.8 s-1、25.8 kJ/mol和34.4s-1、43.8kJ/mol;PPL经PA修饰后,酶分子热变性的热力学参数(变性活化能Ea,d、变性自由能ΔGd≠、变性活化焓ΔHd≠及变性活化熵ΔSd≠)均增大,半衰期t1/2延长,酶分子的热稳定性也得到有效提高.     

壳寡糖化学修饰对云芝漆酶催化活性和酶学性质的影响

利用壳寡糖(COS)对纯化后的云芝漆酶(EC1.10.3.2)进行化学修饰以改善其活性和稳定性.最优化学修饰条件:温度5℃,pH=4.0,100mgNaIO4,20mgCOS.在此条件下得到的修饰酶(COS-TvL)的活性(456.00U/mg)为天然酶(TvL)活性(314.39U/mg)的145.04%.十二烷基磺酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDSPAGE)结果表明,TvL的3条肽链相对分子质量为58100,45200和21600,而COS-TvL的3条肽链相对分子质量为62900,53300和39700,说明酶分子修饰成功,氨基修饰率为30.7%.TvL的最适pH值在4.0附近,而COS-TvL的最适pH值在3.5~4.0之间.TvL的最适温度为40℃,而COS-TvL的最适温度为45℃.动力学研究结果显示,TvL的Km=9.929mmol/L,vmax=714.29mmol/(mg·min);而COS-TvL的Km=8.989mmol/L,vmax=1250mmol/(mg·min).通过红外光谱、紫外吸收光谱、紫外差示光谱和荧光发射光谱对TvL和COS-TvL进行了结构表征.     

木瓜蛋白酶的化学修饰及对其酶活力的影响

用不同酸酐对木瓜蛋白酶进行化学修饰, 以三硝基苯磺酸法(TNBS)测定修饰酶的平均氨基修饰度, 对修饰前后的木瓜蛋白酶分别纯化并通过UV-vis和IR对其结构进行了表征. 考察了温度、pH值和表面活性剂SDS对化学修饰的木瓜蛋白酶活力的影响, 并与天然木瓜蛋白酶进行了比较, 对天然酶和修饰酶进行了动力学研究. 结果表明, 化学修饰木瓜蛋白酶的最适反应温度为80 ℃; 最适pH值为9.0; 在SDS浓度为5 mg•mL－1时修饰酶酶活仍能保持在50%左右; 在所有酶中, 均苯四甲酸酐修饰木瓜蛋白酶的催化效率最高, 为2.442×102. 与天然木瓜蛋白酶相比, 化学修饰木瓜蛋白酶的热稳定性、耐碱性和耐洗涤性得到了显著提高.     

提高漆酶稳定性的化学修饰方法的研究

天然漆酶在其应用条件下容易失活,因此如何提高漆酶的稳定性显得尤为重要和紧迫.以目前广泛应用的商品化漆酶DeniLite ⅡS为研究对象,采用邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)、丁二酸酐(SA)及马来酸酐(MA)对漆酶进行化学修饰,根据修饰酶的酶活和热稳定性的变化确定SA为漆酶的最佳修饰剂.采用L9(34)正交设计表研究了磷酸盐缓冲液...     

化学修饰木瓜蛋白酶的固定化及性质研究

在底物保护和无底物保护下,用丁二酸酐对木瓜蛋白酶进行化学修饰,以三硝基苯磺酸法测定修饰酶的平均氨基修饰度,以棉布为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,对修饰前后的木瓜蛋白酶分别进行固定化.考察了温度、pH和表面活性剂SDS对化学修饰的固定化木瓜蛋白酶活力的影响,并与固定化天然木瓜蛋白酶进行了比较.研究表明,化学修饰固定化木瓜蛋白酶的最适反应温度为80℃;最适pH为9.0;在SDS浓度为20mg/mL时酶活也仍能保持在40%左右;米氏常数为187g/L.与天然的固定化酶相比,化学修饰的固定化木瓜蛋白酶的热稳定性、耐碱性和耐洗涤性得到了显著提高.     

大尺寸SiO2大孔材料固定化漆酶

以表面固定Cu2+的改性大尺寸SiO2大孔材料作为载体,考察了时间、pH和给酶量对漆酶固定化效果的影响,并对固定化漆酶的活性和稳定性进行了研究。结果表明:5 h时吸附达到平衡,pH为4.5、漆酶与载体比例为5 mg·g-1时固定化效果最好,酶活回收率可达到100.4%;固定化漆酶的最适pH和最适温度较游离漆酶的均有升高且范围变宽,固定化后,漆酶的pH稳定性和热稳定性都得到显著提高;固定化漆酶的K m值略高于游离漆酶的;固定化漆酶具有良好的操作稳定性,与底物反应反复操作10批次后剩余酶活为72.7%。     

邻苯二甲酸酐化学修饰对辣根过氧化物酶催化活性的影响

通过采用邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)对辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的蛋白链进行修饰, 研究了PA化学修饰对HRP的稳定性、催化活性、活性中心结构、酶对底物的亲合性和专一性等催化性质的影响. 结果显示: 酸性条件下(pH=3), 4小时后PA-HRP的催化活性比天然HRP提高了7.5%;碱性条件下(pH=10), 4小时后PA-HRP的催化活性比天然HRP提高了27%. PA-HRP的K_m值为8.16 (mmol/L), 小于天然HRP的K_m值12.99 (mmol/L), 而PA-HRP的k_(cat)/K_m值为7.86(10~4(L/ mmol· min)大于天然HRP的k_(cat)/K_m的6.70(10~4(L/ mmol· min). 这些催化活性和动力学数据表明了PA-HRP与天然HRP相比其稳定性、酶对底物的亲和性和专一性得到了提高. 紫外-可见光谱、拉曼光谱数据显示: 修饰剂PA 改变了天然HRP血红素周围的微环境, 对酶蛋白分子的活性中心结构并没有影响. 差示光谱显示PA修饰剂可以提高酶对底物的亲和力.     

壳聚糖-g-N-羧甲基-二（2-苯并咪唑）-1,2-乙二醇和纳米金溶胶复合物固定漆酶修饰玻碳电极的直接电化学

制备了壳聚糖-g-N-羧甲基-二（2-苯并咪唑）-1,2-乙二醇（CTS-g-N-CBBIE）,将其与纯化的纳米金溶胶（NGS）共混得到CTS-g-N-CBBIE-NGS复合物。 以此复合物作为固酶载体固定云芝漆酶,固酶量大（31.10 mg/g）,固酶比活力高（1.43 U/mg）;此固酶复合物修饰的玻碳电极在无氧磷酸盐-柠檬酸盐缓冲溶液（pH=5.0）中可以实现无中介酶-电极直接电子迁移（一对准可逆氧化还原峰式电位576 mV(vs.Ag/AgCl)对应于漆酶活性中心T1位的氧化还原）,电子迁移速率常数为228.3 s-1。 当氧气浓度较小时,这种固酶修饰电极对氧气还原具有一定的生物电催化性能（空气饱和缓冲溶液中氧还原峰电位约为320 mV(vs.Ag/AgCl)）。 当氧气浓度增高后,氧还原反应受到抑制;但这种漆酶修饰电极对pH较为敏感,且稳定性和重复使用性欠佳。     

大尺寸SiO2大孔材料固定化漆酶

以表面固定Cu²⁺的改性大尺寸SiO₂大孔材料作为载体, 考察了时间、pH和给酶量对漆酶固定化效果的影响, 并对固定化漆酶的活性和稳定性进行了研究。结果表明:5 h时吸附达到平衡, pH为4.5、漆酶与载体比例为5 mg·g^-1时固定化效果最好, 酶活回收率可达到100.4%;固定化漆酶的最适pH和最适温度较游离漆酶的均有升高且范围变宽, 固定化后, 漆酶的pH稳定性和热稳定性都得到显著提高;固定化漆酶的K_m值略高于游离漆酶的;固定化漆酶具有良好的操作稳定性, 与底物反应反复操作10批次后剩余酶活为72.7%。     

漆酶活化碱木质素的磺甲基化反应活性研究

采用漆酶对碱木质素进行活化预处理,并对活化碱木质素进行磺甲基化改性,揭示了漆酶活化对碱木质素磺甲基化反应活性影响的作用机理.采用顶空气相色谱、红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、核磁共振等研究了漆酶活化碱木质素的结构特征,结果表明,漆酶对碱木质素既有聚合作用又有解聚作用,分子量变化不大,多分散性增加;漆酶活化使得碱木质素发生脱甲基作用,酚羟基含量增大,紫丁香基含量减低;另外,漆酶可氧化酚羟基变成苯氧自由基使碱木质素聚合.采用分子模拟对漆酶活化碱木质素的电子云密度进行了计算,结果表明脱甲基作用增大了木质素苯环上的电子云密度,有利于磺甲基化反应的进行.采用电位滴定测试磺甲基化产物的磺化度来表征其反应活性的大小,结果表明漆酶活化磺甲基化碱木质素的磺化度提高了35%,且对二氧化钛悬浮体系的分散性能得到明显提高.     

漆酶改性木质素磺酸钠的结构表征及吸附特征

采用漆酶对木质素磺酸钠(木钠)进行改性, 通过凝胶渗透色谱、 电位滴定、 红外光谱和核磁共振等测试方法研究了漆酶改性木钠的结构特征, 结果表明, 漆酶改性对木钠的磺酸基及表面电荷含量影响很小; 在漆酶对木钠的改性过程中既有解聚作用, 又有聚合作用, 反应初期, 漆酶使木钠发生脱甲基反应及部分链接键的断裂, 使酚羟基含量增大和分子量降低, 随着改性时间的延长, 酚羟基含量减少, 分子量变大, 聚合作用占主导地位. 采用静电逐层自组装技术研究了漆酶改性对木钠吸附特征的影响, 紫外光谱以及原子力显微镜的研究结果表明, 当漆酶改性时间为2 h时, 在平板上的吸附量及吸附膜的表面粗糙度最大, 木钠分子呈扁长的椭球形, 而改性时间为36 h时, 木钠聚合为近似球形的大分子结构, 空间位阻增大, 吸附量及吸附膜的表面粗糙度降低.     

Decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R by a Purified Laccase of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polyporus brumalis</Emphasis>

A white rot basidiomycete Polyporus brumalis has been reported to induce two laccase genes under degradation conditions of dibutylphthalate. When this fungus was grown in a minimal medium, one laccase enzyme was detected by the native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A laccase was purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography, and the estimated molecular weight was 70 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified laccase was pH 4.0 and 20 °C, respectively. The K _m value of the enzyme was 685.0 μM, and the V _max was 0.147 ODmin⁻¹ unit⁻¹ for o-tolidine. Purified laccase showed effective decolorization of a dye, Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), without any laccase mediator. However, this effect was reduced by a laccase inhibitor, kojic acid, which confirmed that the laccase was directly involved in the decolorization of RBBR.     

Syntheses of aromatic aldehydes by laccase without the help of mediators

This communication reports the selective bioconversions of substituted toluenes to substituted benzaldehydes without the help of any mediators by purified laccase of indigenous fungal strain Fomes durissimus microbial type culture collection (MTCC)-1173. Molecular mass of laccase purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was found to be 74.86 kDa (～75 kDa). By using this purified laccase, selective bioconversions of 3-nitrotoluene to 3-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-fluorotoluene to 2-fluorobenzaldehyde, 4-fluorotoluene to 4-fluorobenzaldehyde, 2-chlorotoluene to 2-chlorobenzaldehyde and 4-chlorotoluene to 4-chlorobenzaldehyde have been done without the help of mediator molecules within 1–2 hrs at room temperature and pressure with high yields (>90%). All the above bioconversions are good examples of green chemistry.     

Molecular Cloning,Characterization, and Dye-Decolorizing Ability of a Temperature- and pH-Stable Laccase from Bacillus subtilis X1

Laccases from fungal origin are typically unstable at high temperatures and alkaline conditions. This characteristic limits their practical applications. In this study, a new bacterial strain exhibiting laccase activity was isolated from raw fennel honey samples and identified as Bacillus subtilis X1. The CotA-laccase gene was cloned from strain X1 and efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli in a biologically active form. The purified recombinant laccase demonstrated an extensive pH range for catalyzing substrates and high stability toward alkaline pH and high temperatures. No loss of laccase activity was observed at pH 9.0 after 10 days of incubation, and approximately 21 % of the initial activity was detected after 10 h at 80 °C. Two anthraquinonic dyes (reactive blue 4 and reactive yellow brown) and two azo dyes (reactive red 11 and reactive brilliant orange) could be partially decolorized by purified laccase in the absence of a mediator. The decolorization process was efficiently promoted when methylsyringate was present, with more than 90 % of color removal occurring in 3 h at pH 7.0 or 9.0. These unusual properties indicated a high potential of the novel CotA-laccase for industrial applications.     

Effect of an extracellular laccase ofRigidoporus lignosus onHevea brasiliensis lignin

The abilities of white-rotting fungi to depolymerize lignin and to excrete laccases (p-diphenoloxidases), though brown-rotting fungi do not present these two biological properties, are the main differences between these two types of rotting fungi. Therefore it was assumed that the lignin scission was a result of the laccase reaction. Nevertheless,in vivo, this enzyme may play other major roles such as detoxifying of the medium by oxidation or condensing fungal growth-inhibiting phenolics. AsR. lignosus (causing a white rot on Hevea roots) secretes two laccases, our purpose was to determine whether these enzymes are able to depolymerize the lignin macromolecule or not. This was realized by showing the effect of theR. lignosus purified laccase L1 on the lignin polymerization degree by using Sephadex G100, G50, or G25 gel filtration. The laccase substrate was a lignin extracted from healthy Hevea root tissues by thioglycolic acid. This thioglycolic lignin (TGL) is hydrosoluble and is characterized by a differential ionization spectrum identical to that of a native lignin. This preparation is heterogeneous with regard to molecular weight (mw): 3000 daltons up to very high mw (excluded with the void volume of the G100 column), with a major fraction at nearly 10,000 daltons. The validity of the gel filtration method as for TGL molecular weight determination, was proved by chromatographing two TGL fractions that differ by their mw: a fraction A of high mw and a fraction B of low mw that were isolated by fractionation of crude TGL on a PM 10 Amicon Ultrafilter. The resulting elution patterns show a “normal” distribution for both fraction A and B. Moreover, repeating rechromatographies of three TGL fractions, differing from each other by their mw, demonstrated the high reproducibility of the gel filtration method. After incubation of TGL with the laccase L1, several related events could be observed (incubation in and column elution with phosphate 0.05M pH 6 buffer): o| li]1.|A quick browning of the solution and an increase (up to 50%) of the OD at 280 nm. li]2.|A progressive modification of the differential spectrum: disappearance of the maximum at 300 nm decrease of the maximum at 260 nm increase of the maximum at 365 nm which reflects the decrease of the ionizable phenolic hydroxyl groups and the increase of the number of α-carbonyl groups of the phenylpropane side chain. li]3.|The modification of the elution patterns on G100, G50, and G25, namely: A shift of the major “10,000 dalton peak” to a region where molecules of higher mw (50,000 daltons) are eluted. The appearance of several peaks corresponding to low mw molecules. This is especially clear when the reaction medium is filtrated on G50 or G25. The differential spectrum of one of those fractions shows a maximum at 335 nm, indicating most probably the presence of phenylcoumarone derivatives. These results show that the enzymatic activity of the laccase L1 on TGL results in a modification of the polymerization degree of the macromolecule leading to both condensation and depolymerization. Most probably an equilibrium between those reactions does exist. Nevertheless, it can also be assumed that the chemical bonds that are involved, respectively, in condensing and in splitting reactions, differ from each other.     

Molecular and Computational Approaches to Characterize Thermostable Laccase Gene from Two Xerophytic Plant Species

Laccases are blue multicopper oxidases that carry out single electron transfers in the oxidation of phenols to quinones. In plants, they confer structural stability to the cell wall. Thermostable laccases were identified in xerophytes Cereus pterogonus and Opuntia vulgaris that could be used in biotechnology and industrial processes. Polyclonal anti-laccase antibodies were generated against purified laccase enzyme isoforms capable of 98–99 % inhibition of the catalytic activity. Antibodies raised against lower molecular weight isoforms inhibited 70 % of the catalytic activity of higher molecular forms. Only 20 % inhibition was noted when assayed in reverse. A partial gene sequence of thermostable xerophytic laccase comprising 712 and 880 bp was identified employing cDNA as template. The nucleotide sequence was submitted to GenBank. The gene sequence was in silico translated into protein sequence and a 3-D structure was predicted using I-Tasser and Genesilico online servers that justified the experimental observations. Anti-laccase antibodies and nucleotide gene sequence of this thermostable plant laccase can be utilized for predicting laccase antigenic sequences and for cloning and expression of the thermostable eukaryotic laccase.     

Purification and characterization of a laccase from the white-rot fungus Trametes multicolor

The wood-degrading fungus Trametes multicolor secretes several laccase isoforms when grown on a simple medium containing copper in the millimolar range for stimulating laccase synthesis. The main isoenzyme laccase II was purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture supernatant by using anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Laccase II is a monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 63 kDa as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, contains 18% glycosylation, and has a pI of 3.0. It oxidizes a variety of phenolic substrates as well as ferrocyanide and iodide. The pH optimum depends on the substrate employed and shows a bell-shaped pH activity profile with an optimum of 4.0 to 5.0 for the phenolic substrates, while the nonphenolic substrates ferrocyanide and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) show a monotonic pH profile with a rate decreasing with increasing pH.     

Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes by Crude and Purified Laccases from Coprinus comatus Grown Under Different Cultures: The Role of Major Isoenzyme in Dyes Decolorization

Coprinus comatus laccase isoenzyme induction and its effect on decolorization were investigated. The C/N ratio, together with aromatic compounds and copper, significantly influenced laccase isoenzyme profile and enzyme activity. This fungus produced six laccase isoenzymes in high-nitrogen low-carbon cultures but much less in low-nitrogen high-carbon (LNHC) cultures. The highest laccase level (3.25 IU/ml), equivalent to a 12.6-fold increase compared with unsupplemented controls (0.257 IU/ml), was recorded after 13 days in LNHC cultures supplemented with 2.0 mM 2-toluidine. Decolorization of twelve synthetic dyes belonging to anthraquinone, azo, and triphenylmethane dyes, by crude laccases with different proportion of isoenzymes produced under selected culture conditions, illustrated that the LacA is the key isoenzyme contributed to dyes decolorization especially in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazol, which was further confirmed by dyes decolorization with purified LacA in the same condition. The crude laccase only was able to decolorize over 90 % of Reactive Brilliant Blue K-3R, Reactive Dark Blue KR, and Malachite Green, and higher decolorization for broader spectrum of synthetic dyes was obtained in presence of redox mediator, suggesting that C. comatus had high potential to decolorize various synthetic dyes as well as the recalcitrant azo dyes.