低硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛上C4烃的催化裂解反应

以低硅铝比(n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=20-45)的ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂, 研究了混合C4烃的催化裂解反应, 并对不同硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛进行了酸性表征. 混合C4烃的催化裂解反应结果表明, 低硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛具有较高的低温催化活性, 高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上乙烯和丙烯的收率高于低硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛催化剂, 低硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛上苯和甲苯的收率高于高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛催化剂. 在反应温度为625 ℃时, 硅铝比为20的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上乙烯、丙烯、苯和甲苯的总收率可达79.42%. 酸性表征结果表明, 硅铝比低的ZSM-5分子筛具有更多的Bronsted(B)酸酸量、Lewis(L)酸酸量及总酸酸量, 这是低硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛具有低温高活性及高的苯和甲苯收率的原因.     

ZSM-5／MOR复合分子筛催化剂对混合C4烃转化反应的催化性能

以ZSM-5/丝光沸石(MOR)复合分子筛为催化剂,对混合C4烃的催化转化反应进行了评价,并采用程序升温脱附和原位红外光谱技术对ZSM-5/MOR的酸性进行了表征. 结果表明,与ZSM-5相比, MOR具有很低的催化活性,但ZSM-5/MOR复合分子筛具有较高的催化活性,随着ZSM-5/MOR复合分子筛中ZSM-5含量的增加, C4烃转化率稍有升高;在C4烃转化率大致相同的情况下,乙烯和丙烯的总选择性比较接近,但苯和甲苯的总收率却快速升高. 随着ZSM-5/MOR复合分子筛中ZSM-5含量的增加,弱酸和中强酸的酸量逐渐减少,强酸的酸量有所增加. 由于ZSM-5/MOR复合分子筛中MOR对ZSM-5起到分散作用而产生更多的L酸中心,且此L酸中心处于分子筛的外表面而具有较高的能量,导致苯和甲苯的总收率升高.     

ZSM-5分子筛晶粒尺寸对C4烯烃催化裂解制丙烯的影响

 采用水热法合成了晶粒尺寸分别为20～30,1～2和0.2～0.3 μm的三种ZSM-5分子筛样品,并用SEM,XRD,氮低温物理吸附,NH3-TPD和TGA等技术对ZSM-5分子筛进行了表征,以考察其晶粒尺寸对C4烯烃裂解生产丙烯过程中催化剂活性和稳定性的影响. 结果表明,在常压,WHSV=10 h-1和550 ℃的条件下,以ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,通过C4烯烃的催化裂解可以获得高收率的丙烯,反应初期丙烯的单程收率可达38%; 尽管三种晶粒尺寸的分子筛具有相近的比表面积和总酸量,但小晶粒的ZSM-5分子筛(粒径0.2～0.3 μm)具有微孔短、外比表面积大和孔口多等特点,因而表现出较强的容积炭能力和较好的稳定性; 小晶粒的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂经过10次再生重复使用,其催化生成丙烯的收率没有明显降低.     

ZSM-5/ZSM-57复合分子筛催化剂上混合C4烃的催化转化反应

以ZSM-5/ZSM-57复合分子筛为催化剂, 考察了其对混合C4烃催化转化的反应性能. 采用氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和吡啶吸附傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱技术表征复合分子筛的酸性质. 结果表明, 当复合分子筛中ZSM-5的含量较低时, 比ZSM-5具有更高的催化活性及乙烯和丙烯选择性, 这是因为此时复合分子筛酸强度较高、酸量较多, 且小孔ZSM-57有利于乙烯和丙烯的择形反应. 而当复合分子筛中ZSM-5的含量较高时, 具有较高的苯和甲苯选择性, 其原因可能是其孔结构及共晶生长时的结构匹配性对芳构化反应有利.     

高硅MCM-22分子筛的合成及其C4烯烃裂解性能

由于丙烯衍生物需求量迅速增长,致使全球丙烯需求增长速率超过乙烯,近年来,人们一直在寻求新的丙烯增产的方法,采用分子筛作为催化剂,通过裂解C4及C4以上富烯烃原料来获取高收率的丙烯已引起国内外学者的高度关注,Rubinm等于1990年首先合成出MCM-22分子筛,由于其特有的酸性和独特的孔结构而被广泛用于各类化学反应中,迄今尚未见文献报道MCM-22分子筛在C4烯烃裂解反应中的催化性能研究,由于高硅铝比分子筛具有相对较高的热稳定性和水热稳定性,     

高硅分子筛ZSM-23催化裂解C4烷烃制乙烯丙烯的研究

采用廉价的硅溶胶作为硅源,吡咯烷为模板剂,静态水热晶化法合成出不同硅铝比的ZSM-23分子筛.采用XRD,SEM,吡啶吸附红外光谱等技术,对合成的ZSM-23分子筛的结构、形貌、表面酸性质进行了表征.并进行了所制样品对C4烷烃催化裂解制乙烯丙烯反应催化性能的研究.本文详细考察了硅铝比、反应温度、反应空速以及催化剂稳定性等各种因素对催化性能的影响.结果表明,ZSM-23分子筛的乙烯丙烯收率达到56.0%,丁烷转化率达到88.9%.     

Pt/HZSM-5基催化剂双功能协同性对正丁烷催化裂解反应机制的影响

轻质烷烃结构稳定,化工利用率低.催化裂解轻质烷烃是其高值利用的重要途径,相关研究同时对C-C键和C-H键活化和演变调控具有重要意义.本文在基于原子层沉积法构建高稳定Pt/HZSM-5基双功能模型催化剂的基础上,研究了不同酸性HZSM-5分子筛引入脱氢组分Pt对反应路径及目的产物低碳烯烃的影响规律.研究发现,双功能催化剂中, Pt的脱氢性能与分子筛的酸性裂解性能存在协同作用,不同硅铝比的分子筛上引入Pt,高硅铝比分子筛上Pt的引入对脱氢促进效应更明显.同时,将脱氢组分Pt引入到不同裂解能力的酸性分子筛载体上,会改变其低碳烯烃的生成路径,高硅铝比的分子筛上引入Pt后丁烯的生成路径增强,而低硅铝比的分子筛上则会增强乙烯与丙烯的生成路径,当分子筛硅铝比继续降低时,乙烯的生成路径进一步增强.本研究对多相复杂反应中反应路径调控及高效双功能催化剂设计具有指导意义.     

水蒸气处理对ZSM-5酸性及其催化丁烯裂解性能的影响

 考察了水蒸气处理温度和时间对ZSM-5分子筛酸性及其催化丁烯裂解性能的影响. 结果表明,通过水蒸气处理可降低ZSM-5分子筛的酸量和酸强度,明显提高产物中丙烯与乙烯的选择性和收率,抑制副产物芳烃和低碳烷烃的生成. 用柠檬酸脱除水蒸气处理过程中产生的非骨架铝,可提高ZSM-5分子筛孔道的容碳能力,从而提高催化剂的稳定性. 考察了反应条件对催化剂性能的影响,结果表明较佳的反应条件为WHSV=3.5～8.8 h-1,p=0.06～0.1 MPa,θ=600～620 ℃.     

不同硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛作为助催化剂在渣油裂化中的应用

采用不同方法表征了硅铝比(SiO2/Al2O3)为33、266和487的质子型ZSM-5分子筛,并研究了ZSM-5分子筛作为助催化剂在渣油裂解中的应用。与USY分子筛基催化剂混合后,在固定流化床上,评价了ZSM-5分子筛助催化剂的催化裂化性能。研究发现,提高ZSM-5分子筛硅铝比,可以有效抑制混合催化剂对汽油烯烃的裂解,从而避免了汽油烷烃的大量损失。加入ZSM-5助催化剂后,伴随着液化气(LPG)产率的增加,异丁烷和异戊烷产率增加,这可能是由USY基催化剂和ZSM-5助催化剂的综合效应引起的。汽油烷烃和芳烃含量的变化,引起了汽油辛烷值的增加。高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛(硅铝比为266和487)不仅可以显著改善汽油的辛烷值,而且有效避免了汽油的大量损失。催化汽油辛烷值的改善主要是由于高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛具有适宜的芳构化和异构化活性,这些变化主要源于高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛小的孔道直径和适宜的酸性。     

不同硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛作为助催化剂在渣油裂化中的应用（英文）

采用不同方法表征了硅铝比(Si O2/Al2O3)为33、266和487的质子型ZSM-5分子筛,并研究了ZSM-5分子筛作为助催化剂在渣油裂解中的应用.与USY分子筛基催化剂混合后,在固定流化床上,评价了ZSM-5分子筛助催化剂的催化裂化性能.研究发现,提高ZSM-5分子筛硅铝比,可以有效抑制混合催化剂对汽油烯烃的裂解,从而避免了汽油烷烃的大量损失.加入ZSM-5助催化剂后,伴随着液化气(LPG)产率的增加,异丁烷和异戊烷产率增加,这可能是由USY基催化剂和ZSM-5助催化剂的综合效应引起的.汽油烷烃和芳烃含量的变化,引起了汽油辛烷值的增加.高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛(硅铝比为266和487)不仅可以显著改善汽油的辛烷值,而且有效避免了汽油的大量损失.催化汽油辛烷值的改善主要是由于高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛具有适宜的芳构化和异构化活性,这些变化主要源于高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛小的孔道直径和适宜的酸性.     

Sc2MgGa2 and Y2MgGa2

Scandium magnesium gallide, Sc₂MgGa₂, and yttrium magnesium gallide, Y₂MgGa₂, were synthesized from the corresponding elements by heating under an argon atmosphere in an induction furnace. These intermetallic compounds crystallize in the tetragonal Mo₂FeB₂‐type structure. All three crystallographically unique atoms occupy special positions and the site symmetries of (Sc/Y, Ga) and Mg are m2m and 4/m, respectively. The coordinations around Sc/Y, Mg and Ga are pentagonal (Sc/Y), tetragonal (Mg) and triangular (Ga) prisms, with four (Mg) or three (Ga) additional capping atoms leading to the coordination numbers [10], [8+4] and [6+3], respectively. The crystal structure of Sc₂MgGa₂ was determined from single‐crystal diffraction intensities and the isostructural Y₂MgGa₂ was identified from powder diffraction data.     

Zur Kenntnis der Dialkalimetalldichalkogenide β-Na2S2, K2S2, α-Rb2S2, β-Rb2S2, K2Se2, Rb2Se2, α-K2Te2, β-K2Te2 und Rb2Te2

On Dialkali Metal Dichalcogenides β-Na₂S₂, K₂S₂, α-Rb₂S₂, β-Rb₂S₂, K₂Se₂, Rb₂Se₂, α-K₂Te₂, β-K₂Te₂ and Rb₂Te₂ The first presentation of pure samples of α- and β-Rb₂S₂, α- and β-K₂Te₂, and Rb₂Te₂ is described. Using single crystals of K₂S₂ and K₂Se₂, received by ammonothermal synthesis, the structure of the Na₂O₂ type and by using single crystals of β-Na₂S₂ and β-K₂Te₂ the Li₂O₂ type structure will be refined. By combined investigations with temperature-dependent Guinier-, neutron diffraction-, thermal analysis, and Raman-spectroscopy the nature of the monotropic phase transition from the Na₂O₂ type to the Li₂O₂ type will be explained by means of the examples α-/β-Na₂S₂ and α-/β-K₂Te₂. A further case of dimorphic condition as well as the monotropic phase transition of α- and β-Rb₂S₂ is presented. The existing areas of the structure fields of the dialkali metal dichalcogenides are limited by the model of the polar covalence.     

The alkali hypophosphites KH2PO2, RbH2PO2 and CsH2PO2

The structures of the hypophosphites KH₂PO₂ (potassium hypophosphite), RbH₂PO₂ (rubidium hypophosphite) and CsH₂PO₂ (caesium hypophosphite) have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structures consist of layers of alkali cations and hypophosphite anions, with the latter bridging four cations within the same layer. The Rb and Cs hypophosphites are isomorphous.     

Electrochemical study of (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2 and (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2FeCl2

Summary The ability of [MoS₄]^2–, anions to be used as ligands for transition metal ions has been widely demonstrated, especially with Fe²⁺. The present study has been restricted to linear complexes such as (NEt₄)₂ [Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂] and (NEt₄)₂[Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂FeCl₂]. Their electrochemical properties are described: upon electrochemical reduction, these compounds yield MoS₂, as a black precipitate, and an iron complex in solution, assumed to be [SFeCl₂]^2–. The electrochemical reduction goes through two electron transfers, coupled with the breakdown of the molecular skeleton: a DISPl and an ECE mechanism. Depending on the solvent, the following equilibrium may be observed: [Cl₄Fe₂MoS₄]^2–[Cl₂FeMoS₄]^2–+FeCl₂. The equilibrium constant, K_D, was evaluated by differential pulse polarography. K_D is tightly related to the donor number of the solvent.     

Formal [(2+2)+2] and [(2+2)+(2+2)] nonconjugated dienediyne cascade cycloadditions

[reaction: see text] Fluoranthene 2 and heptacycle 3 are easily accessible from the reaction of diyne 1 and norbornadiene (NBD) in the presence of the rhodium catalyst. The unusual [(2+2)+(2+2)] adduct 3 was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure analysis.     

Crystal Structures of [Bu2Sn(O2PPh2)2], [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2], and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2. Raman Spectra of [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2] and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2

[(n‐Bu)₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 1 ), and [Ph₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 2 ) have been synthesized by the reactions of R₂SnCl₂ (R=n‐Bu, Ph) with HO₂PPh₂ in Methanol. From the reaction of Ph₂SnCl₂ with diphenylphosphinic acid a third product [PhClSn(O₂PPh₂)OMe]₂ ( 3 ) could be isolated. X‐ray diffraction studies show 1 to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with a = 1303.7(1) pm, b = 2286.9(2) pm, c = 1063.1(1) pm, β = 94.383(6)°, and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes triclinic in the space group , the cell parameters being a = 1293.2(2) pm, b = 1478.5(4) pm, c = 1507.2(3) pm, α = 98.86(3)°, β = 109.63(2)°, γ = 114.88(2)°, and Z = 2. Both compounds form arrays of eight‐membered rings (SnOPO)₂ linked at the tin atoms to form chains of infinite length. The dimer 3 consists of a like ring, in which the tin atoms are bridged by methoxo groups. It crystallizes triclinic in space group with a = 946.4(1) pm, b = 963.7(1) pm, c = 1174.2(1) pm, α = 82.495(6)°, β = 66.451(6)°, γ = 74.922(6)°, and Z = 1 for the dimer. The Raman spectra of 2 and 3 are given and discussed.     

Die Photoionenspektren von SCl2, S2Cl2 und S2Br2

Photoionization Mass Spectra of SCl₂, S₂Cl₂, and S₂Br₂ Photoionization mass spectra of SCl₂, S₂Cl₂, and S₂Br₂ have been measured. Heats of formation, bond energies, and ionization potentials of fragments have been calculated from appearance potentials.