乙酰胆碱酯酶与抑制剂分子对接的ABEEMσπ/MM研究

应用ABEEMσπ/MM方法,对乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂Tacrine(塔克宁)与组胺转甲基酶进行了分子对接.然后对乙酰胆碱酯酶与4种乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂的分子对接进行了研究.在研究中将受体分子固定,配体分子可自由移动,采用半柔性对接方式.通过对4种乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂与乙酰胆碱酯酶结合能大小的计算,得到结合能力大小顺序依次为:Donpezil(多奈哌齐)＞Huperzine(石杉碱甲)＞Rivastigmine(利发斯的明)＞Tacrine(塔克宁).这个顺序与实验中得到的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)抑制活性IC50值大小顺序相一致.为使用该方法进行抑制剂设计提供参考.     

AChE抑制剂类抗AD药物的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是常见的一种神经退行性疾病,胆碱能神经传递缺陷是该病的主要病因。AD可以通过使用能抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的制剂来治疗。抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的关键作用一是增强AD患者的胆碱在大脑中的运输,二是减少患者大脑中β-样淀粉蛋白的聚集和神经纤维的形成。目前对AChE抑制剂的研究主要集中在他克林、多奈哌齐、加兰他敏、石杉碱甲等已有药物及其衍生物,以及天然产物(尤其是植物、微生物来源的)及其衍生物。     

胆碱酯酶抑制剂萘酰亚胺衍生物的合成与聚集诱导发光性质

阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,严重影响老年人的生活质量,目前治疗AD的药物主要是胆碱酯酶抑制剂,如多奈哌齐、卡巴拉汀等.本文基于多奈哌齐结构,设计合成了一系列新的萘酰亚胺衍生物并进行了活性评价.结果表明,所合成的化合物均对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)有选择性抑制,其中2-((1-(3-甲氧基苄基)哌啶-4-基)甲基)-1H-苯并异喹啉-1,3(2H)-二酮(4k)的抑制活性最强,IC₅₀值为4.43μmol·L^-1,优于对照药物卡巴拉汀.酶动力学及分子对接表明4k能够同时作用于ACh E的催化活性位点和外周结合位点,并且4k对SH-SY5Y和PC12细胞毒性较低.此外,这些化合物均显示出典型的聚集诱导发光(AIE)性质,可能与萘酰亚胺分子内旋转受阻机制有关.     

6-羟基石松碱与乙酰胆碱酯酶的相互作用

目前治疗阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的主要药物为乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂(AChEI).为探讨石松碱类化合物对AChE的抑制作用,以6-羟基石松碱(6-hydroxylycopodine,HLD)为对象,应用核磁共振、分子对接、酶活性测定、分子动力学模拟及自由能分析,研究了HLD与AChE的相互作用.研究发现6-羟基石松碱对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有混合型抑制作用,其结合作用主要来自氢键和范德华作用.     

基于他克林的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂的3D-QSAR研究及虚拟筛选

本文通过对58个他克林派生物乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂分子进行建模分析,研究其结构与活性的关系,并通过虚拟筛选方法获得一系列潜在AChE抑制剂双位点分子。首先将一系列他克林二联体化合物与AChE晶体结构对接,获得化合物的活性构象,以此进行建模分析,建立结构与活性之间的三维定量构效关系。所得模型CoMFA、CoMSIA、TopomerCoMFA的交叉验证系数分别为0.510、0.702、0.571,非交叉验证系数为0.998、0.988、0.794,测试集r_(pred)~2为0.750、0.742、0.766,所得模型具有良好的预测性,由此可以为设计高活性的新分子提供理论基础。然后,使用Topomer search对ZINC数据库中的125909分子进行虚拟筛选,得到891个具有潜在AChE抑制活性的分子。最后,对这891个分子进行分子对接,观察分子与晶体结构的结合情况,筛选得到66个具有高选择性的双位点AChE抑制剂分子。     

基于MOE软件的虚拟仿真实验*——多奈哌齐与乙酰胆碱酯酶的分子对接

基于MOE软件设计了多奈哌齐与乙酰胆碱酯酶的分子对接虚拟仿真实验。通过分子结构预处理、分子对接以及数据分析等内容,帮助学生掌握分子对接的基本技能,深入理解立体化学结构对药物-靶分子相互作用的影响。本实验可以作为药物化学、生物化学等基础课的扩展内容,提高学生研究式学习的兴趣和能力。     

毛细管电泳法测定天麻素对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的抑制

阿尔茨海默症（AD）是引起中老年人痴呆最常见的疾病。目前治疗AD的药物主要为乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂（AChEI）。建立快速地从天然产物中筛选AChEI的方法,将对临床治疗AD产生积极的作用。该研究建立了一种简单可靠的AChEI筛选新方法。通过海美溴铵在毛细管内壁形成一段正电荷涂层,再经过离子吸附作用制备1.5 cm长的乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）反应器。底物碘化乙酰硫代胆碱在0.015 MPa压力下进样10 s,在微酶反应器中停留1 min后采用毛细管电泳（CE）法对底物和酶解产物进行分离。天麻素是天麻的重要药效成分之一,对AChE具有抑制作用。该研究以天麻素为例,根据加入药物前后酶解产物峰面积的差异,完成天麻素对AChE活性的抑制能力的测定。结果表明,随着天麻素浓度的增加,产物峰面积逐渐减小,对AChE的活性抑制变大。该方法所建微酶反应器产物峰面积的RSD值小于5.3%,可连续使用300次。当天麻素浓度为5.24 μmol/L时,对AChE活性抑制率达到64.8%。根据加入不同浓度天麻素时的抑制率,测定出天麻素的IC₅₀值为（2.26±0.14）μmol/L（R²=0.9983）。与传统紫外分光光度法所得结果（2.09±0.18）μmol/L吻合较好。固定化酶微反应器的活性变差时,可以洗脱掉固定在柱上的AChE,重复酶的固定化步骤即可完成再生。该方法简单、高效,运行成本低,柱上固定的AChE酶反应器稳定性较好,可重复使用,极大地提高了工作效率,未来有望应用于各类AChEI的高通量筛选,对AD药物的研发具有积极作用。     

基于AChE和BuChE靶标的查尔酮衍生物的合成及生物活性研究

为了探寻治疗阿尔茨海默症（AD）的潜在双靶标活性化合物,本研究设计合成了5个新的查尔酮衍生物,并对它们的生物活性进行了评价。酶活性测定结果表明,化合物C1～C5对乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和丁酰胆碱酯酶（BuChE）均具有显著的抑制活性。其中,化合物C4对AChE和BuChE有明显的抑制作用,IC₅₀分别为6.00和2.63μmol/L。细胞实验表明,化合物C4对Glu、H₂O₂和Aβ_1-42诱导的神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y损伤具有显著的保护作用,且呈剂量依赖性。Y迷宫和Morris水迷宫研究表明,C4能改善东莨菪碱诱导的小鼠的认知障碍和背景记忆能力,且对小鼠自主活动无影响,具有毒副作用小的优点。此外,C4能显著降低小鼠皮层总胆碱酯酶和丙二醛含量,提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶含量。分子模拟显示,化合物C4能够结合AChE和BuChE的催化活性位点和外周阴离子位点。因此,化合物C4可能是一种很有前途的双靶向活性分子,值得做进一步的结构优化和活性评价,以期发现更安全高效的AD治疗药物。     

新型他克林-丁苯酞杂合物作为多靶点胆碱酯酶抑制剂的设计合成及活性评价（英文）

设计合成并评价了一系列他克林-丁苯酞杂合物作为多功能胆碱酯酶(ChE)抑制剂治疗阿尔茨海默病的活性.结果表明,他克林-丁苯酞杂合物对两种胆碱酯酶均表现出抑制活性.其中3-丁基-6-((7-((1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶-9-基)氨基)庚基)氧基)异苯并呋喃-1(3H)-酮(10b)显示出最优的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE,IC50=38.65nmol·L-1)抑制活性,高于他克林(IC50=200.70 nmol·L-1)约5倍. 3-丁基-6-((8-((6-氯-1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶-9-基)氨基)庚基)氧基)异苯并呋喃-1(3H)-酮(10g)显示出最好的丁酰胆碱酯酶(BuChE,IC50=33.69nmol·L-1)抑制活性,其值与他克林(IC50=27.12nmol·L-1)相似,高于多奈哌齐(IC50=7530nmol·L-1)约220倍.在大鼠海马体神经元细胞Aβ诱导损伤模型中,测试化合物对大鼠海马神经元细胞(Rat hippocampal neurons)中ROS水平的影响,结果显示,大多数化合物均能对Aβ1-42诱导的大鼠海马体神经元细胞分泌的ROS产生抑制作用.     

β－烷氧羰乙基三氯化锡与2－羟基苯乙酮缩苯胺类Schiff碱配合物的合成与结构

合成并表征了１６种新的β－烷氧羰乙基三氯化锡与２－羟基苯乙酮缩苯胺类Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ碱配合物。测定了β－甲氧羰乙基三氯化锡与２－羟基苯乙酮缩对甲苯胺Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ碱配合物的晶体结构。晶体属于Ｐ空间群，晶胞参数：ａ＝１．０２０１（６）ｎｍ，ｂ＝１．０８２２（４）ｎｍ，ｃ＝１．３９４９（６）ｎｍ，ａ＝９９．８８（３）°，β＝９８．６３（４）°，γ＝９７．８６（４）°，Ｚ＝２。配合物是配体通过酚羟基氧原子与锡原子配键生成的，分子内存在羰基氧原子与锡原子的配键，锡原子的配位数是６。     

Theoretical studies of interaction models of human acetylcholine esterase with different inhibitors

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and one of the most common causes of dementia in the elderly. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChEI) are the main drugs used in the treatment of AD. In this work, docking studies have been performed in order to understand the interaction between a number of inhibitors (tacrine, rivastigmine, huperzine A, TV-3326 (ladostigil), donepezil and anseculin) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE). The calculated binding affinities between inhibitors and AChE increase in the order tacrine < rivastigmine < huperzine A < TV—3326 < donepezil < anseculin, which reflects the experimental inhibitory activity expressed in terms of the half maximal inhibitory concentration (the IC₅₀ value). Of the above inhibitors, anseculin is the most useful drug for the treatment of dementia.     

Magnesium effect on the acetylcholinesterase inhibition mechanism: A molecular chromatographic approach

The acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) was immobilized on a chromatographic support to study the effect of magnesium on the binding mechanism of five AChE inhibitors (donepezil, tacrine, galanthamine, physostigmine and huperzine). The determination of the enthalpy and entropy changes of this binding at different magnesium concentration values suggested that van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds predominated the donepezil and tacrine association to AChE. As well, hydrophobic and electrostatic forces seemed to be the major interactions controlling the huperzine, galanthamine and physostigmine association with AChE. In addition, it appeared that magnesium cation increased the binding affinity of galanthamine and physostigmine to the active site gorge of AChE. A comparison of the inhibitors hydrophobicity to their relative bound percentage with AChE showed an affinity enhanced with the increase in the molecule hydrophobicity and confirmed that the hydrophobic forces played an important role in the AChEI-AChE binding process. This novel biochromatographic column could be useful to find a specific inhibitor for this enzyme and so open new perspectives to be investigated.     

Terpenoids as potential anti-Alzheimer's disease therapeutics

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most well-known neurodegenerative diseases and explains 50-60% of dementia in patients. The prevalence rate of AD is positively correlated with age and AD affects ≥ 40% of those over 85 years old. The major AD therapeutics available on the market are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as tacrine and donepezil. New therapeutic agents that can block the disease-inducing mechanisms are essential. Diverse efforts have been made to discover anti-AD agents from natural sources. In this review article, we describe some representative terpenoids such as ginsenosides, gingkolides, and canabinoids as potential anti-AD agents. These compounds exhibit promising in vitro and in vivo biological activities, but are still waiting clinical trials. Additionally, we also discuss some terpenoids including cornel iridoid glycoside, oleanolic acid, tenuifolin, cryptotanshinone, and ursolic acid, which are under investigation for their in vitro and in vivo animal studies.     

Molecular Docking and Design of Novel Heterodimers of Donepezil and Huperzine Fragments as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

To provide hints for the design of new acetylcholinesterase(ACh E) inhibitors with higher potency and specificity, the binding modes of novel heterodimers comprised of donepezil and huperzine A fragments with ACh E were explored by employing the docking simulations. The results show that the binding mode of S-17b(the most potent inhibitor in Ref. 2, i.e., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21, 676-683) is clearly different from that of donepezil, while the binding modes of other heterodimers in Ref. 2 are the same as that of donepezil. In addition, based on the binding mode and structure modification of S-17 b, two novel inhibitors(S-17b1 and S-17bb1) with much higher inhibitory potency than S-17 b were obtained. Our design strategy was to replace the hupyridone moiety of S-17 b with the bulky group, and to replace the dimethoxyindanone moiety of S-17 b with more hydrophobic and bulky group with a highly positive charge, which would result in generating potent and selective AChE inhibitors.     

Determination of therapeutics with growth-hormone secretagogue activity in human urine for doping control purposes

The administration of growth-promoting agents such as human growth hormone as well as compounds with respective secretagogue activity is prohibited in sports according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors have been demonstrated to stimulate growth-hormone secretion in elderly humans, and new orally active drugs have been developed to provide alternatives to therapeutic injections of growth-hormone preparations. Preventive anti-doping strategies include method development for emerging drugs and potentially misused compounds. Hence, the mass spectrometric dissociation behavior of three acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine) and a structural analogue to the growth-hormone secretagogue SM-130686 were studied using high-resolution/high-accuracy orbitrap mass spectrometry. These data provided substantial information for screening procedures, complementing common methods of sports drug testing. Using liquid-liquid extraction and subsequent liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis, the four target analytes were determined at urinary concentrations of 15-20 ng/mL, recoveries ranged from 55-97%, and assay precisions were calculated at 5.2-15.8% (intraday) and 10.2-21.6% (interday) for all compounds. The applicability of the developed assay to authentic urine specimens was tested using two administration study urine samples after application of Reminyl (galantamine) and Aricept (donepezil). In both cases, the administered drug and the respective desmethylated metabolites were detected.     

Repurposing FDA-Approved Compounds for the Discovery of Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors as Drugs Against Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative causes of dementia, the pathology of which is still not much clear. It′s challenging to discover the disease modifying agents for the prevention and treatment of AD over the years. Emerging evidence has been accumulated to reveal the crucial role of up-regulated glutaminyl cyclase (QC) in the initiation of AD. In the current study, the QC inhibitory potency of a library consisting of 1621 FDA-approved compounds was assessed. A total of 54 hits, 3.33 % of the pool, exhibited QC inhibitory activities. The Ki of the top 5 compounds with the highest QC inhibitory activities were measured. Among these selected hits, compounds affecting neuronal signaling pathways and other mechanisms were recognized. Moreover, several polyphenol derivatives with QC inhibitory activities were also identified. Frameworks and subsets contained in these hits were analyzed. Taken together, our results may contribute to the discovery and development of novel QC inhibitors as potential anti-AD agents.     

Cholinesterases in Biorecognition and Biosensors Construction: A Review

Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase are the only two known cholinesterases. Acetylcholinesterase plays an important part in cholinergic system. It terminates neurotransmission by hydrolysis of transmitter acetylcholine. The role of butyrylcholinesterase is not well understood. It is able to detoxify several compounds such as cocaine, succinylcholine, and so forth. The current review is focused on the application of cholinesterases in biorecognition. Cholinesterases are important markers in the body. Butyrylcholinesterase activity in plasma can serve as a liver function test or specific marker for sensitivity to myorelaxants or liver carcinoma. Both cholinesterases can serve as markers of poisoning by some neurotoxic compounds. Nerve agents (sarin, soman, tabun, VX), some Alzheimer disease drugs (galantamine, huperzine, donepezil, rivastigmine), pesticides (carbofuran, trichlorfon, paraoxon, malaoxon), and natural toxins (aflatoxin, pyridostigmine) can act as inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase and/or acetylcholinesterase. Devices filled with immobilized cholinesterases can be used for the assay of the aforementioned toxins. In this review, methods for examination of cholinesterases activity in the body and in analytical devices are described. Applications, types of diagnosis, and assays are described as well.     

Characterization of reversible and pseudo-irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors by means of an immobilized enzyme reactor

The aim of the present study was the application of a human AChE-CIM-IMER (enzyme reactor containing acetylcholinesterase immobilized on a monolithic disk) for the rapid evaluation of the thermodynamic and kinetic constants, and the mechanism of action of new selected inhibitors. For this application, human recombinant AChE was covalently immobilized onto an ethylenediamine (EDA) monolithic Convective Interaction Media (CIM) disk and on-line studies were performed by inserting this IMER into a HPLC system. Short analysis time, absence of backpressure, low nonspecific matrix interactions and immediate recovery of enzyme activity were the best characteristics of this AChE-CIM-IMER. Mechanisms of action of selected reversible inhibitors (tacrine, donepezil, edrophonium, ambenonium) were evaluated by means of Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis. Analyses were performed on-line by injecting increasing concentrations of the tested inhibitor and substrate and by monitoring the product peak area. AChE-CIM-IMER kinetic parameters (Km(app) and vmax(app)) were derived as well as inhibitory constants (Ki(app)) of selected compounds. Moreover, noteworthy results were obtained in the application of the AChE-CIM-IMER to the characterization of the carbamoylation and decarbamoylation steps in pseudo-irreversible binding of carbamate derivatives (physostigmine and rivastigmine). AChE-CIM-IMER appeared to be a valid tool to determine simultaneously the kinetic constants in a reliable and fast mode. The obtained values were found in agreement with those obtained with the classical methods with the free enzyme. Furthermore, after inactivation by carbamates, activity could be fully recovered and the AChE-CIM-IMER could be reused for further studies. Results showed that the AChE-CIM-IMER is a valid tool not only for automated fast screening in the first phase of the drug discovery process but also for the finest characterization of the mode of action of new hit compounds with increased accuracy and reproducibility and with saving of time and materials.     

Clicked tacrine conjugates as acetylcholinesterase and β-amyloid directed compounds

The multifaceted nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has led to the development of multi-targeted compounds based on the classical AD drug, tacrine, first known to inhibit the acetylcholine-degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In the present work, we explore the potentiality of multimers of tacrine in this field. The synthesis using the so-called "click chemistry" and the in vitro study of the conjugates are described. Two or four copies of the tacrine molecule are "clicked" on a constrained cyclopeptide template proven to be a convenient tool for multimeric presentation. The multimers significantly inhibit self-induced amyloid fibril formation from Aβ(40) at low inhibitor to Aβ molar ratios at which the tacrine monomer is fully inactive (Thioflavin T assays and AFM observation). Moreover, they have the capacity to bind to Aβ(40) fibrils (SPR assays) while retaining the AChE inhibitory activity of the parent tacrine.