Selective catalytic methanation of CO in hydrogen-rich gases over Ni/ZrO2 catalyst

Ni/ZrO2 catalysts were prepared by the incipient-wetness impregnation method and were investigated in activity and selectivity for the selective catalytic methanation of CO in hydrogen-rich gases with more than 20 vol% CO2. The result showed that Ni loadings significantly influenced the performance of Ni/ZrO2 catalyst. The 1.6 wt% Ni loading catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity among all the catalysts in the selective methanation of CO in hydrogen-rich gas. The outlet concentration of CO was less than 20 ppm with the hydrogen consumption below 7%, at a gas-hourly-space velocity as high as 10000 h-1 and a temperature range of 260 °C to 280 °C. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） and temperature programmed reduction （TPR） measurements showed that NiO was dispersed thoroughly on the surface of ZrO2 support if Ni loading was under 1.6 wt%. When Ni loading was increased to 3 wt% or above, the free bulk NiO species began to assemble, which was not favorable to increase the selectivity of the catalyst.     

泡沫金属微反应器内富氢重整气中CO选择性甲烷化

在微反应器中,用泡沫金属镍为载体负载4Ni-2Ru/ZrO2双金属催化剂,用于选择性甲烷化去除富氢重整气中的CO。考察了催化剂负载方法、焙烧温度和空速等对CO选择性甲烷化的影响,借助X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等手段对催化剂制备方法与催化性能的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,直接将4Ni-2Ru/ZrO2催化剂涂布在泡沫镍片上,350℃下焙烧,反应温度为260℃,空速为2 000 h-1~6 000 h-1,可将富氢转化气中CO降至30×10-6以下,其中空速为5 000 h-1,可将CO出口浓度降至7×10-6,CO2的转化率低于1.5%。反应温度在260℃~300℃,CO的转化率在99.6%以上,CO出口浓度在50×10-6以下。     

Selective CO methanation over amorphous Ni-Ru-B/ZrO2 catalyst for hydrogen-rich gas purification

Amorphous Ni-Ru-B/ZrO₂ catalysts were prepared by chemical reduction method. The effects of Ni-Ru-B loading and Ru/Ni mole ratio on the catalytic performance for selective CO methanation from reformed fuel were studied, and the catalysts were characterized by BET, ICP, XRD and TPD. The results showed that Ru strongly affected the catalytic activity and selectivity by increasing the thermal stability of amorphous structure, promoting the dispersion of the catalyst particle, and intensifying the CO adsorption. For the catalysts with Ru/Ni mole ratio under 0.15, the CO methanation conversion and selectivity increased significantly with the increasing Ru/Ni mole ratio. Among all the catalysts investigated, the 30 wt% Ni-Ru-B loading amorphous Ni₆₁Ru₉B₃₀/ZrO₂ catalyst with 0.15 Ru/Ni mole ratio presented the best catalytic performance, over which higher than 99.9% of CO conversion was obtained in the temperature range of 230°C～250°C, and the CO₂ conversion was kept under the level of 0.9%.     

Highly selective CO methanation over amorphous Ni-Ru-B/ZrO_2 catalyst

Amorphous Ni-Ru-B/ZrO_2 catalyst was prepared by the means of chemical reduction,and selective CO methanation as a strategy for CO removal in fuel processing applications was investigated over the amorphous Ni-Ru-B/ZrO_2 catalyst.The result showed that,at the temperature of 210-230℃,the catalyst was shown to be capable of reducing CO in a hydrogen-rich reformate to less than 10 ppm,while keeping the CO_2 conversion below 1.55%and the hydrogen consumption below 6.50%.     

处理方法对多壁碳纳米管结构及负载Ru催化剂氨分解反应活性的影响

分别用H2O2、强碱（NaOH、KOH）和HNO3处理CNTs。以处理后的CNTs为载体、通过浸渍RuCl3水溶液结合高温H2还原制备Ru/CNTs催化剂,并将其应用在氨分解催化反应中。利用XRD、TPR、TPD-MS表征手段研究了Ru在CNTs表面的分散、还原性能及CNTs表面化学基团,探究催化剂结构-性能间构效关系。结果表明,强碱及双氧水处理CNTs,为其表面引入了数量适宜的羧基、酸酐、酚等官能团,而传统硝酸处理则引入了大量的羧基、酸酐、酯、内酯、酚、醌和羰基等官能团,对CNTs本征结构性质影响很大。经强碱及双氧水处理CNTs上负载Ru后所得催化剂的效果明显优于传统硝酸处理CNTs上负载Ru催化剂。本研究为CNTs的新型处理方法、表面化学官能团分析、提高Ru/CNTs催化分解氨活性提供了新的思路。     

Catalytic properties of Cu-Co catalysts supported on HNO3-pretreated CNTs for higher-alcohol synthesis

HNO 3 -pretreated CNTs were employed as supports, and a special ultrasound-assisted impregnation method was designed to prepare supported Cu-Co catalysts for higher-alcohol synthesis from syngas. The catalysts used in this work were characterized by N 2 adsorption-desorption, TEM, XRD, H 2 -TPR, CO-TPD techniques. It was found that the pre-treatment procedure of CNTs remarkably promoted the catalytic properties of the Cu-Co/CNTs catalysts. For the Cu-Co catalyst supported on CNTs pre-treated by 68 wt% HNO 3 , some active components were introduced into the CNTs channels, their dispersions and the amount of strongly adsorbed CO-species were improved. The CO conversion and alcohol yield on the HNO 3 -pretreated Cu-Co/CNTs catalyst were increased by ～21% and ～69%, respectively, compared with those on the normal Cu-Co/CNTs catalyst.     

CO removal by two-stage methanation for polymer electrolyte fuel cell

In order to remove CO to achieve lower CO content of below 10 ppm in the CO removal step of reformer for polymer electrolyte fuel cell （PEFC） co-generation systems, CO preferential methanation under various conditions were studied in this paper. Results showed that, with a single kind of catalyst, it was difficult to reach both CO removal depth and CO2 conversion ratio of below 5%. Thus, a two-stage methanation process applying two kinds of catalysts is proposed in this study, that is, one kind of catalyst with relatively low activity and high selectivity for the first stage at higher temperature, and another kind of catalyst with relatively high activity and high selectivity for the second stage at lower temperature. Experimental results showed that at the first stage CO content was decreased from 1% to below 0.1% at 250-300 ℃, and at the second stage to below 10 ppm at 150-185 ℃. CO2 conversion was kept less than 5%, At the same time, influence of inlet CO content and GHSV on CO removal depth was also discussed in this paper.     

Effects of Neodymium on the Properties of Ni‐B/CNTs Amorphous Alloy Catalyst

Neodymium is used as a promoter of Ni‐B/CNTs amorphous alloy catalyst to modify its catalytic properties. Ni‐B/CNTs and Ni‐Nd(5wt%)‐B/CNTs catalysts were prepared by the impregnation chemical reduction method. Their catalytic performances were examined in acetylene selective hydrogenation, which is a crucial step in industrial polymerization processes, with the aim of the complete elimination of alkynes from alkene feedstocks. Experiments showed that the latter exhibited higher acetylene hydrogenation activity but lower ethylene selectivity. Catalysts were characterized by ICP, CO‐chemisorption, XPS, XRD and H₂‐TPD techniques. On the basis of characterizations, the modification of Nd on Ni‐B/CNTs catalyst was related to its geometric and electronic effects.     

镍基催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整反应的研究

考察了载体对Ni催化剂乙醇水蒸气重整制氢反应性能的影响。结果表明，Ni/CeO2催化剂具有较好的低温活性和氢气选择性。对Ni担载量和焙烧温度考察发现，400℃焙烧的15%NiCeO2催化剂具有较好的催化性能；继续升高焙烧温度引起NiO和CeO2粒子的显著增大,导致对氢气选择性的降低。较小的Ni和CeO2粒子有利于乙醇水汽重整反应的进行，而大的粒子倾向于乙醇的分解反应。 350℃时,在反应过程中分别添加CO、CO2和CH4的结果表明没有发生CO和CO2甲烷化反应,而发生了一定程度的CH4水汽重整反应。     

Pt/Al2O3整体催化剂上选择性氧化脱除甲醇重整氢源中CO——副反应对CO脱除效果的影响分析

移动甲醇重整制氢是质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）可行的供氢方式之一，包括水蒸气重整、部分氧化重整和自热重整。甲醇重整制氢方法不同，重整气体积组成在H245％～75％，CO215％～25％，CO1％～10％，H2O10％～20％和N20—20％变化。重整气进入PEMFC之前要经过CO水蒸气变换反应（如果采用水蒸气重整，不需要变换过程），     

液相中镍催化剂催化合成气甲烷化的初步研究

采用液相还原法制备非负载型镍催化剂,将非负载型镍催化剂分散在液相供氢溶剂十氢萘中,催化合成气甲烷化反应。在高压反应釜内,考察了反应温度、物质的量比等操作条件下,镍催化剂催化合成气甲烷化反应的反应活性。并对催化剂进行XRD、SEM、H2-TPR表征分析。研究结果表明,在330℃、催化剂用量为2%时,产品气中甲烷含量可达89.39%,CO和H2的转化率分别为94.56%和92.60%;催化剂用量为4%时,产品气中甲烷含量可高达94.26%,CO的转化率可达到99%以上。合成气甲烷化反应的最佳操作温度为330℃,H2/CO物质的量比最佳为2.20~2.67。     

处理方法对多壁碳纳米管结构及负载Ru催化剂氨分解反应活性的影响

分别用H_2O_2、强碱(NaOH、 KOH)和强酸HNO_3处理CNTs.以处理后的CNTs为载体、通过浸渍RuCl_3水溶液结合高温H_2还原制备Ru/CNTs催化剂,并将其应用在氨分解催化反应中.利用XRD、 TPR、 TPD-MS表征手段研究了Ru在CNTs表面的分散、还原性能及CNTs表面化学基团,探究催化剂结构-性能间构效关系.结果表明,强碱及双氧水处理CNTs,为其表面引入了数量适宜的羧基、酸酐、酚等官能团,而传统硝酸处理则引入了大量的羧基、酸酐、酯、内酯、酚、醌和羰基等官能团,对CNTs本征结构性质影响很大.经强碱及双氧水处理CNTs上负载Ru后所得催化剂的效果明显优于传统硝酸处理CNTs上负载Ru催化剂.我们发展的CNTs的新型处理方法为研制高活性Ru/CNTs催化分解氨催化剂提供了新的思路.     

等离子体还原催化剂在CO2甲烷化反应中的活性

采用浸渍法和原位生长水滑石法制备了Ni-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃和Ni-Ce-LDHs/γ-Al₂O₃ 2种不同类型的催化剂前驱体, 考察了2种前驱体分别经氩-氢等离子体和常规氢热方法还原所得催化剂在CO₂甲烷化反应中的活性. 结果表明, 等离子体还原催化剂的低温活性明显高于常规氢热还原催化剂, 主要表现为前者反应启动的临界温度点比后者低20~30 ℃. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 CO₂程序升温脱附(CO₂-TPD)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对所得催化剂的形貌和结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 等离子体还原催化剂具有较小的活性组分粒径、 较高的活性组分分散度以及较高的表面碱性, 这些特性有利于催化剂活性位对CO₂的化学吸附, 使其在甲烷化反应中表现出较好的低温活性.     

Supported Ru catalysts prepared by two sonication-assisted methods for preferential oxidation of CO in H2

The preferential oxidation (PROX) of CO in the presence of H(2) is an important step in the production of pure H(2) for industrial applications. In this report, two sonochemical methods (S1 and S2) were used to prepare highly dispersed Ru catalysts supported on mesoporous TiO(2) (TiO(2)(MSP)) for the PROX reaction, in which a reaction gas mixture containing 1% CO + 1% O(2) + 18% CO(2) + 78% H(2) was used. The supported Ru catalysts performed better than the supported Au and Pt catalysts, and the S1 and S2 methods are superior to the impregnation method. The Ru/TiO(2)(MSP) catalysts were active for the PROX reaction below 200 °C and good for the methanation reactions of CO and CO(2) above 200 °C. The presence of residual chlorine in the catalysts severely suppressed their PROX reaction activity, and a higher dispersion of Ru particles led to better catalytic performances. The addition of Au in the Ru/TiO(2)(MSP) catalyst also caused a poorer catalytic activity for both the PROX and the methanation reactions. TPR results showed that in the active catalysts prepared by the S1 and S2 methods, the well dispersed Ru particles, after calcination in air, had a stronger interaction with the support than those in the catalyst prepared by the impregnation method and in the Au-Ru/TiO(2)(MSP) catalyst. In situ CO absorption experiments performed with the diffusion reflectance Fourier transform infra red (DRIFT) method showed that the bridged adsorbed CO species on isolated Ru(0) sites correlated with the catalytic performances, indicating that these isolated Ru(0) sites are the most active sites of the Ru/TiO(2)(MSP) catalysts in the PROX reaction.     

碳纳米管负载Cu-Co复合氧化物的富氢气氛中CO催化消除

采用超声处理辅助浸渍法制备了多壁碳纳米管负载的Cu-Co复合氧化物催化剂. 利用XRD、TEM、H2-TPR、XPS和Raman光谱等表征了催化剂的结构性质. 在Cu和Co氧化物以及金属氧化物与碳纳米管载体间存在强相互作用. 催化剂在富氢气氛中CO催化消除反应中,与单一Cu或Co催化剂相比,Cu-Co复合氧化物催化剂表现出独特的反应特性,特别是在较高反应温度下可同时结合CO优先氧化和CO甲烷化的反应途径来实现高效CO消除. 当Cu/Co比为1/8时活性最优,可以实现在150-250℃和高反应空速 （120 L/（h·g））富氢气氛中CO的完全消除.     

WO3/CeO2-ZrO2, a promising catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 in diesel exhaust

A WO3/CeO2-ZrO2 catalyst system was discovered for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3; the catalyst (10 wt% WO3 loading) showed nearly 100% NOx conversion in a temperature range of 200-500 degrees C, at a space velocity of 90 000 h(-1) in a simulated diesel exhaust containing 550 ppm NOx (NO : NO2 feed ratio at 1.0), 10 vol% H2O and 10 vol% CO2; the catalyst also exhibited high temperature stability.     

Effect of niobium promoter on iron-based catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch reaction

Niobium-promoted Fe/CNTs catalysts were prepared using a wet impregnation method.Samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption,H2-TPR,TPD,XRD and TEM.The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis(FTS) was carried out in a fixed-bed microreactor at 220 ℃,1 atm and H2/CO=2 for 5 h.Addition of niobium into Fe/CNTs increased the dispersion,decreased the average size of iron oxide nanoparticles and the catalyst reducibility.Niobium-promoted Fe catalyst resulted in appreciable increase in the selectivity of C5+ hydrocarbons and suppressed methane formation.These effects were more pronounced for the 0.04%Nb/Fe/CNTs catalyst,compared to those observed from other niobium compositions.The 0.04%Nb/Fe/CNTs catalyst enhanced the C5+ hydrocarbons selectivity by a factor of 67.5% and reduced the methane selectivity by a factor of 59.2%.     

液相还原Ru/CNTs催化氨分解性能研究

近年来各国对环境保护日益关注,为了减少甚至消除汽车、小型发电站等带来的污染,供给质子膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的现场制氢技术的研究受到关注.     

氧空位修饰的暴露TiO2{001}的Ru/TiO2增强光热协同CO2甲烷化活性和稳定性

利用太阳能在温和条件下实现CO₂还原反应,不仅可以缓解过度消耗化石能源造成的能源危机,还可以改善诸如温室效应和海洋酸化等环境问题.光热协同催化可以有效降低催化反应温度,具有较大的应用前景.本文利用Ru与暴露TiO₂{001}晶面的TiO₂载体产生的金属-载体相互作用,经过高温氢气煅烧后,获得具有丰富表面氧空位的Ru/TiO₂催化剂.活性测试结果表明,具有丰富表面氧空位的Ru/TiO₂表现出优异的CO₂甲烷化活性,反应过程中甲烷的TOF值在300°C时可以达到22 h-1,但该催化剂却表现出较差的稳定性,在反应10小时后,甲烷的TOF值逐渐降低到19 h-1.将紫外光引入到Ru/TiO₂热催化甲烷化体系中,甲烷的TOF值增加到30 h-1,且兼具高稳定性.热催化反应过程中逐渐消失的表面氧空位和部分氧化的Ru是活性降低的主要原因.在光热协同反应中,光生电子的产生稳定了Ru表面的电子密度,同时也再生了催化剂上表面氧空位,这有效地提高了反应的活性和稳定性.程序升温原位红外和X射线光电子能谱实验结果表明,当催化剂表面具有丰富的表面氧空位时,CO₂可以有效地在Ru纳米粒子上解离成CO中间体,随后吸附在Ru上的CO中间体解离成表面碳物种,并加氢产生甲烷.在热催化反应过程中,Ru纳米粒子逐渐被氧化成Ru Ox物种,且表面氧空位被CO中间物种覆盖,降低了催化反应的稳定性.当紫外光引入到上述反应中,催化剂的表面氧空位可有效提高光生载流子的分离能力.TiO₂载体产生的光电子转移至Ru表面,稳定了金属Ru纳米粒子的价态.另外,载体产生的光生空穴加速了H₂质子化,提高了催化剂对氢气的活化迁移能力,促进了CO中间体的加氢甲烷化反应,进而再生表面氧空位.因此在紫外光照下,兼顾提高了热催化CO₂甲烷化的活性和稳定性.值得注意的是,当Ru负载于暴露少量TiO₂{001}晶面的TiO₂载体上时,产生了强金属-载体相互作用并抑制了H₂在催化剂上的吸附活化,不利于产生表面氧空位.因此暴露少量TiO₂{001}晶面的Ru/TiO₂催化剂也不利于光生载流的产生和分离,这导致热催化或光热协同催化反应活性较低.     

TiO2对Ni/Al2O3催化剂CO甲烷化性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了一系列不同TiO₂含量的TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体,并通过浸渍法制备了NiO/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂。分别考察了不同TiO₂含量的NiO/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂及反应温度对CO甲烷化催化性能的影响。实验结果表明,当复合载体中TiO₂质量分数为30%,反应温度为350～450 ℃时,催化剂催化活性较高。利用N₂吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)及H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)等手段对催化剂物化性能进行了表征。结果表明,加入适量的TiO₂能抑制镍铝尖晶石NiAl₂O₄物种的生成,改善NiO的表面分散性能,避免大晶粒NiO的形成,也改善了催化剂的还原性能,从而提高催化剂的CO甲烷化活性。