示波分析在中国的发展：Ⅲ.示波滴定在药物分析中的应用

示波滴定法具有终点直观，操作简便，仪器简单，价格低廉，分析快速，易于推广等优点。将示波滴定法应用于药物分析可以发迹药物分析方法落后的现状。     

示波库仑滴定

示波滴定的理论和实际应用近几年来发展较快,但过去的工作多限于常量分析。库仑滴定可获得较高的准确度和灵敏度,但常常因缺乏简便、灵敏的终点指示方法而使其应用范围受到限制。若将这两种方法结合起来,则既可弥补库仑滴定法的不足使滴定终点变得简单直观,又可使示波技术用于痕量分析。本文报道两铂电极示波电位滴定终点指示技     

示波滴定

本文综述南京大学化学系电化学分析小组几年来在示波滴定方面的研究工作。文中提出了一系列新的电滴定方法,这些方法兼有指示剂法和物理化学滴定法的优点,即终点直观、仪器便宜,操作简便、快速准确,适用于药物分析及冶金分析,受到国内分析工作者的重视。文中提出了示波滴定的定义、分类和每一方法的特点及发展前途的预测。     

示波分析在中国的发展：Ⅳ.示波滴定在无机分析中的应用

示波滴定包括计时电位、电位，电导，安培以及库仑等示波滴定方法。综述了它们在无机分析中的应用，引用文献１５２篇。     

交流示波极谱滴定法在药物分析中的应用（Ⅵ）

引言 司可巴比妥钠是催眠药。利尿酸、利尿酸钠是利尿药。盐酸去氧肾上腺素是升压药。苯酚是消毒防腐药。对这四类药物的含量测定文献报道为溴量法,其片剂测定方法为萃取溴量法。以碘-淀粉兰色消失为终点,淀粉宜在终点前加入,否则会因淀粉对碘的吸附而增加误差,萃取溴量法不仅操作烦琐而且还消耗有机溶剂。     

简易示波伏安法的研究—药物滴定分析

本文运用简易示波伏安法成功地进行了药物滴定分析,测定了两种新药胃复康及氢溴酸苯甲托品,获得了满意的结果。这种方法克服双池伏安法仪器复杂等缺点,使用一个电解池和一个很简单的线路也可获得示波伏安图。它能部分地扣除充电电流,终点时峰形变化敏锐。     

示波极谱图的伸缩及位移

利用示波极谱图的伸缩或位移指示滴定终点是示波极谱滴定的一种新技术.本文全面探讨了示波极谱图伸缩及位移的原理,并用实验作了对照,理论计算与实验结果一致.伸缩来源于电极阻抗的变化,位移则主要由动力学因素引起.     

Antilg de／dt—E曲线上的示波极谱滴定法

在示波极谱滴定中,当去极剂切口位于示波极谱图|dE/dt|的最大值附近时,利用Antilg dE/dt～E示波图来指示滴定终点能使终点变化更为敏锐。原来较难进行滴定的一些体系现在可用这种方法滴定。在50Hz的交流电频率下,用氨羧络合剂滴定了Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Co~(2+),滴定结果符合分析要求。非线性放大还可应用于以dE/dt～E示波图的扩张或收缩来指示滴定终点的示波极谱滴定法及以荧光电位线的伸长或收缩来指示滴定终点的示波电位滴定法,以提高终点变化的敏锐性。以亚硝酸钠滴定对氨基苯磺酸为例说明了这一方法的可行性。     

小电流交流示波极谱E～t曲线理论公式的推导方法

本文用电极等效电路原理推导了小交流电流情况下的E～t曲线方程式,在近似应用于大电流的情况时,与Micka公式相似,当进一步近似时即可得Micka公式,但在纯充电时可得到与Heyovsky公式相一致的结果,弥补丁Micka公式的不足,能说明一些Micka公式不能说明的现象。     

两Ag-TPB电极上的零电流示波双电位滴定法

将银片(或碳棒、铂片等)依次浸入Na-TPB及AgNO_3溶液中,得到用于示波电位滴定的Ag-TPB电极。在这种电极上进行双电位滴定。并用示波器直接指示⊿E的变化,确定滴定终点。方法简便灵敏,且可用于药物分析。     

Time-series analysis in analytical process control

Analysis of time series tries to extract tendencies from measured values dependent on time. For this purpose the cusum technique has proved to be a very sensitive tool for the evaluation of both current and completed time series. Even very weak tendencies can be detected at a high level of noise. Time-series analysis further tries to predict values to come from hitherto performed measurements. As a very flexible model exponential smoothing could be successfully used. Even for processes with a high extent of non-stationarity this model allowed a good prediction owing to the dynamics of the process. Three types of time-series analysis, i.e., evaluation of current measurements, retrospective evaluation and prediction of data (also known as “in vivo”, “post mortem” and “in futurum” time-series analysis) are demonstrated for problems stemming from analytical process control.     

Determination of rank by augmentation (DRAUG)

Determining the rank of a chemical matrix is the first step in many multivariate, chemometric studies. Rank is defined as the minimum number of linearly independent factors after deletion of factors that contribute to random, nonlinear, uncorrelated errors. Adding a matrix of rank 1 to a data matrix not only increases the rank by one unit but also perturbs the primary factor axes, having little effect on the secondary axes associated with the random errors in the measurements. The primary rank of a data matrix can be determined by comparing the residual variances obtained from principal component analysis (PCA) of the original data matrix to those obtained from an augmented matrix. The ratio of the residual variances between adjacent factor levels represents a Fisher ratio that can be used to distinguish the primary factors (chemical as well as instrumental factors) from the secondary factors (experimental errors). The results gleaned from model studies as well as those from experimental studies are used to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology. The method is independent of the nature of the error distribution. Limitations and precautions are discussed. An algorithm, written in MATLAB format, is included. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On-line fermentation gas analysis: Error analysis and application of mass spectrometry

On-line fermentation gas analysis is of general interest because it permits the determination of metabolic rates in almost any biological process using living organisms. The consumption and production of gases (O₂, CO₂, CH₄, etc.) and volatile compounds may be determined without causing any risk of infection. Elemental balancing permits the determination of other metabolic rates if the stoichiometry is known. This was studied with the production of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Alcaligenes latus. Estimations were based on the measurement of gas partial pressure and flow-rates, pH and alkali consumption rate. Experiments with a small quadrupole mass spectrometer showed unacceptable error propagation. Therefore, dynamic error propagation for all rates was studied using simulation. It was found that, for example, a 1% relative offset-calibration error for oxygen can result in an error in PHB estimation of > 50%. It is suggested that this culture is used in combination with elemental balancing for thorough tests of the accuracy of on-line gas analysis equipment. An on-line process gas analyser based on a quadrupole mass spectrometer (Balzers PGM 407) gave the following precision values (abs. vol.?%) during cultivation of Bacillus subtilis: nitrogen (m/z 14), 0.024; oxygen (m/z 32), 0.020; argon (m/z 40), 0.0011; and carbon dioxide (m/z 44), 0.0034. These values, combined with automatic recalibration, would be sufficient for reasonable estimation of PHB, biomass and substrates.     

Chemometric and trend analysis of water quality of the South Chennai lakes: an integrated environmental study

In order to bring out the nature of the factors influencing lake water composition, multivariate statistical analysis and trend analysis were performed based on the hydrochemical data of the study area, namely, South Chennai. Change in land use pattern and settlements along the banks of the lakes alters the quality and quantity of the surface water. In the present study, the R‐mode factor analysis and cluster analysis were applied to the geochemical parameters of the water to identify the factors affecting the chemical composition of the lake water. Dendograms of both the seasons give three major clusters, reflecting the groups of unpolluted to moderately polluted, polluted, and heavily polluted stations. The movement of stations from one cluster to another clearly brings out the seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the lake water. The complex hydrochemical data of the surface water were interpreted by condensing them into three major factors. Factor score analysis was used successfully to delineate the stations under study and the role of the contributing factors, and the nature of factors responsible for the variation in chemical composition of the water has been clearly brought out. Results of trend analysis using ArcGIS clearly indicate that the trend in water quality is deteriorating at a faster rate in the eastern part of the study area. It is understood that although natural shifts probably can account for some of the variation, it is most likely that human activities play a major role in affecting the water quality on a regional scale. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of Mercury in Geological Materials by Continuous-Flow,Cold-Vapor,Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Abstract

To determine mercury in geological materials, samples are digested with nitric acid and sodium dichromate in a closed teflon vessel. After bringing to a constant weight, the digest is mixed with air and a sodium chloride-hydroxylamine hydrochloride-sulfuric acid solution and then Hg(II) is reduced to Hg with stannous chloride in a continuous flow manifold. The mercury vapor is then separated and measured using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). For a 100 mg sample the limit of detection is 20 parts per billion (ppb) Hg in sample. To obtain a 1% absorption signal, the described method requires 0.21 ppb Hg solution (equal to 16 ppb in sample). Precision is acceptable at less than 1.2% RSD for a 10 ppb Hg aqueous standard. Accuracy is demonstrated by the results of the analysis of standard reference materials. Several elements do interfere but the effect is minimal because either the digestion procedure does not dissolve them (e.g., Au or Pt) or the; are normally of low abundance (e.g., Se or Te).     

Quality evaluation of moluodan concentrated pill using high‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprinting coupled with chemometrics

In this study, a fast and effective high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed to obtain a fingerprint chromatogram and quantitative analysis simultaneously of four indexes including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, albiflorin and paeoniflorin of the traditional Chinese medicine Moluodan Concentrated Pill. The method was performed by using a Waters X‐bridge C₁₈ reversed phase column on an Agilent 1200S high‐performance liquid chromatography system coupled with diode array detection. The mobile phase of the high‐performance liquid chromatography method was composed of 20 mmol/L phosphate solution and acetonitrile with a 1 mL/min eluent velocity, under a detection temperature of 30°C and a UV detection wavelength of 254 nm. After the methodology validation, 16 batches of Moluodan Concentrated Pill were analyzed by this high‐performance liquid chromatography method and both qualitative and quantitative evaluation results were achieved by similarity analysis, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The results of these three chemometrics were in good agreement and all indicated that batch 10 and batch 16 showed significant differences with the other 14 batches. This suggested that the developed high‐performance liquid chromatography method could be applied in the quality evaluation of Moluodan Concentrated Pill.     

Impact of alkali treatment on physico-chemical,thermal, structural and tensile properties of Carica papaya bark fibers

This study aims to examine the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on the physico-chemical properties, structure, thermal, tensile and surface topography of Carica papaya fibers (CPFs). The surface of raw CPFs was modified by soaking with 5% NaOH solution for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90?min. The results of thermo-gravimetric analysis revealed that the optimum treatment time for alkali treatment was 60?min. It was found that the alkali treatment improved the properties of the CPFs. The results of TGA, FT-IR, XRD and AFM suggest that the treated CPF is a suitable alternative as reinforcement in polymer composites.     

A Tin(II) Chloride Based Reduction Method for Multiple-Metal Trace Analysis of Natural Waters

Based on tin(II) chloride reduction in basic medium, a method of general use is proposed for the estimation of the whole gamut of multiple trace metals in natural waters by the atomic absorption method. The quantitative aspects of the method related to variables such as pH of the medium, amount of reductant and operational conditions are studied as a function of absorption sensitivity. The proposed method utilizes only a 50.0 ml portion of the water sample and yields above 90 per cent recoveries for various metals from a single aliquot of the sample. The reported data pertain to the estimation of silver, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, manganese, magnesium, nickel and strontium, reported as averaged over replicate measurements at +-2S confidence level. The precision in individual cases is found to be better than +1.8%.     

新材料的发展与分析化学

文章介绍了新材料的重要性及发展方向,分析化学在新材料研制中起着耳目的作用,另一方面新材料也为分析化学的进展提供了课题与条件。微量分析、微区分析、表面分析是此领域中的重点。在未来的发展中,分析化学在材料的发展中的地位不会改变,并期待着分析灵敏度与空间分辩率的进一步提高。     

钴-5-Br-PADAP极谱催化波研究

许多作者研究了某些有机试剂存在时钴的极谱行为.本文报道在氢氧化钠和盐酸羟胺底液中,钴-5-Br-PADAP配合物的极谱行为,证明峰电流为配合物吸附波.将铁分离后测定标钢中微量钴,与光度法结果一致,直接测定茶叶中钴,结果满意.