新型掺杂多孔芳香骨架材料的储氢性能模拟

基于PAF-301分子模型通过Li掺杂或B取代等模式设计了几种新型多孔芳香骨架(PAFs)材料,采用量子力学和分子力学方法对新材料的储氢性能进行研究.由量子力学计算得到了不同分子片段与H2之间的结合能,并结合DDEC方法计算了各分子片段的原子电荷分布.利用巨正则蒙特卡洛(GCMC)模拟方法计算了77和298 K下H2在不同PAFs材料中的吸附平衡性质.结果表明,H2直接与苯环的结合能较低,但掺杂Li原子能够提高H2与六元环的结合能,同时Li原子体现出较高的正电性质,B原子取代苯环中的两个C原子后,使得原有C原子电负性增强;77 K下PAF-301Li具有最高的储氢性能,而PAF-C4B2H4-Li2-Si和PAF-C4B2H4-Li2-Ge体现出较好的常温储氢性能,各种材料的常温储氢性能远低于其低温储氢性能.通过77 K下H2在PAFs材料中的等位能面分布和吸附平衡质心密度分布对H2在PAFs材料中的优先吸附位置进行分析,发现在PAF-301和PAF-301Li骨架中,由于中心能量较低的等位能区域范围较宽,H2在其中存在四个明显的吸附高密度分布区域,而其它三种PAFs晶胞中心能量较低的等位能区域范围较窄,使得H2在其中只存在两个明显的吸附高密度分布区域.     

二维TiC层表面H2的化学吸附与物理吸附

第一性原理计算研究发现由于二维TiC单原子层具有高的比表面积与大量的暴露在表面的Ti原子,其是一种非常有潜力的储氢材料.计算结果显示H2可以在二维TiC单原子层表面进行物理吸附与化学吸附.其中化学吸附能为每个氢分子0.36 eV,物理吸附能是每个氢分子0.09 eV.覆盖度为1和1/4层(ML)时,H2分子在二维TiC单原子层表面的离解势垒分别为1.12和0.33 eV.因此,除了物理吸附与化学吸附,TiC表面还存在H单原子吸附.最大的H2储存率可以达到7.69％(质量分数).其中,离解的H原子、化学吸附的H2、物理吸附的H2的储存率分别为1.54％、3.07％、3.07％.符合Kubas吸附特征的储存率为3.07％.化学吸附能随覆盖度的变化非常小,这有利于H2分子的吸附与释放.     

二维TiC 层表面H2的化学吸附与物理吸附

第一性原理计算研究发现由于二维TiC单原子层具有高的比表面积与大量的暴露在表面的Ti原子,其是一种非常有潜力的储氢材料.计算结果显示H2可以在二维TiC单原子层表面进行物理吸附与化学吸附.其中化学吸附能为每个氢分子0.36 eV,物理吸附能是每个氢分子0.09 eV.覆盖度为1和1/4层(ML)时,H2分子在二维TiC单原子层表面的离解势垒分别为1.12和0.33 eV.因此,除了物理吸附与化学吸附,TiC表面还存在H单原子吸附.最大的H2储存率可以达到7.69%(质量分数).其中,离解的H原子、化学吸附的H2、物理吸附的H2的储存率分别为1.54%、3.07%、3.07%.符合Kubas吸附特征的储存率为3.07%.化学吸附能随覆盖度的变化非常小,这有利于H2分子的吸附与释放.     

氢气在碳纳米管基材料上的吸附-脱附特性

利用高压容积法测定多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)及钾盐修饰的相应体系(K＋-MWCNTs)的储氢容量,并用程序升温脱附(TPD)方法表征研究氢气在MWCNTs基材料上的吸附-脱附特性.结果表明,在经纯化MWCNTs上,室温、9.0 MPa实验条件下氢的储量可达1.51％（质量分数）;K＋盐对MWCNTs的修饰对增加其储氢容量并无促进效应,但相应化学吸附氢物种的脱附温度有所升高;K＋的修饰也改变了MWCNTs表面原有的疏水性质.在低于723 K的温度下,H2/MWCNTs体系的脱附产物几乎全为氢气;773 K以上高温脱附产物不仅含H2,也含有CH4、C2H4、C2H2等C1/C2烃混合物;H2/K＋-MWCNTs储氢试样的脱附产物除占主体量的H2及少量C1/C2烃混合物外,还含水汽,其量与吸附质H2源水汽含量密切相关.H2在碳纳米管基材料上吸附兼具非解离 (即分子态) 和解离(即原子态)两种形式.     

钇对石墨烯储氢性能的影响

应用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究过渡金属钇（Y）修饰对石墨烯储氢性能的影响。考虑Y原子在石墨烯上易形成团簇,采用B原子掺杂有效阻止了团簇形成。通过模拟计算得到的改性体系稳定、储氢性能优异,可吸附6个H₂分子,平均吸附能范围为-0.539到-0.655 eV （per H₂）,理论上满足理想的氢吸附能范围。经Bader电荷初步计算和基于Y/B/graphene （G）体系吸附H₂分子的电子态密度及电荷差分密度图分析得,Y原子与石墨烯间通过电荷转移产生结合,与H₂分子则发生典型的Kubas型相互作用。Y原子改变了H₂分子与石墨烯基的电荷分布,成为连接两者电子云的桥梁,从而增强了H₂分子的吸附能。改性石墨烯体系吸附的均为氢分子,有利于在环境温度和压力条件下进行循环控制,是具有良好发展前景的储氢材料之一。     

二维TiC 层表面H2的化学吸附与物理吸附

第一性原理计算研究发现由于二维TiC 单原子层具有高的比表面积与大量的暴露在表面的Ti 原子,其是一种非常有潜力的储氢材料. 计算结果显示H₂可以在二维TiC 单原子层表面进行物理吸附与化学吸附. 其中化学吸附能为每个氢分子0.36 eV,物理吸附能是每个氢分子0.09 eV. 覆盖度为1和1/4层（ML）时,H₂分子在二维TiC 单原子层表面的离解势垒分别为1.12 和0.33 eV. 因此,除了物理吸附与化学吸附,TiC 表面还存在H单原子吸附. 最大的H₂储存率可以达到7.69%（质量分数）. 其中,离解的H原子、化学吸附的H₂、物理吸附的H₂的储存率分别为1.54%、3.07%、3.07%. 符合Kubas吸附特征的储存率为3.07%. 化学吸附能随覆盖度的变化非常小,这有利于H₂分子的吸附与释放.     

应用基于第一性原理的分子模拟方法预测小分子在多孔材料中的吸附

分子在多孔材料中的吸附在工业中有着重要的应用．计算化学的发展和应用使得对多孔材料中小分子的吸附研究进入了一个新阶段．从第一性原理出发,在MP2高精度量子化学计算基础上推导小分子与多孔材料相互作用的分子力场,运用巨正则系综的蒙特卡罗模拟,研究小分子在多孔材料的吸附和脱附过程．以具有代表性的沸石分子筛ZSM-5和储氢材料MOF-5为对象,应用上述方法分别研究氨气分子和氢气分子在两种材料中的吸附,进而讨论沸石的酸性和MOF-5的储氢性能,计算得到的结果和实验数据高度吻合．     

储氢材料第一性原理计算的研究进展

综述了第一性原理计算在储氢材料研究中取得的成果和最新的进展。 第一性原理计算在储氢材料研究中的应用主要有以下4个方面： 1）研究纳米结构的储氢性能; 2） 研究储氢材料中掺杂和缺陷的作用及对储氢性能的影响; 3）研究储氢机理; 4）确定氢化物的几何结构以及预测新型储氢材料。 同时展望了第一性原理计算在储氢领域中的应用前景。     

不同金属外掺杂富勒烯C20M（M=Li,Ti,Fe）的储氢性能

使用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的广义梯度近似(GGA)对经碱金属原子Li、过渡金属原子Ti和Fe修饰的富勒烯C20M(M=Li,Ti,Fe)的储氢性能进行研究.结果表明,C20Li(C20Ti和C20Fe)能够吸附H2的最大数目为6,6和4,与18电子规则相吻合;C20M(M=Li,Ti,Fe)对H2的平均吸附能在0.25~0.80 eV范围内,介于物理吸附和化学吸附之间(0.1~0.8 eV),因此可以实现常温下对氢的可逆吸附.C20Li主要通过正负电荷形成的偶极矩作用进行储氢,而C20Ti和C20Fe主要通过Dewar-Kubas作用进行储氢.     

含Co或Ni的双金属及三金属纳米颗粒的制备方法及其催化制氢性能

常见的氢气储存方法有液态储氢、高压气态储氢、有机化合物储氢、金属氢化物储氢、吸附储氢及液相化学储氢材料储氢等,其中液相化学储氢材料由于具有含氢量高且可按需即时释放氢气的优点,引起了研究人员的广泛关注。选择合适的催化剂催化液相储氢材料制氢已成为一个研究热点。含有Co或Ni的双金属或三金属纳米颗粒是一种极具应用前景的催化剂,具有价格低廉、储量丰富和催化性能优异等众多优点。本文综述了含Co或Ni的双金属或三金属纳米颗粒的制备方法及其催化制氢性能,并提出了其目前研究中存在的问题和未来的发展方向。     

Raman studies of hydrogen adsorbed on nanostructured porous materials

Raman spectroscopy was applied to study the adsorbed hydrogen phase in porous materials at room temperature and under cryogenic conditions. A comparison between the Raman spectra of H(2) molecules adsorbed on single walled carbon nanotubes and on a Cu-based metal-organic framework reveals that the interaction strength for the adsorption of molecular hydrogen is very similar in these materials. In both cases the small perturbation of the Raman spectrum of hydrogen indicates that adsorption takes place without any evident charge transfer between H(2) and the adsorbent. Additionally for single walled carbon nanotubes at least two types of adsorption sites could be identified by Raman spectroscopy.     

Adsorption of atomic hydrogen on single-walled carbon nanotubes

We have investigated atomic and electronic structures of hydrogen-chemisorbed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by density functional calculations. We have searched for relative stability of various hydrogen adsorption geometries with coverage. The hydrogenated SWCNTs are stable with coverage of H/C, theta >/= 0.3. The circular cross sections of nanotubes are transformed to polygonal shapes with different symmetries upon hydrogen adsorption. We find that the band gap in carbon nanotubes can be engineered by varying hydrogen coverage, independent of the metallicity of carbon nanotubes. This is explained by the degree of sp(3) hybridization.     

Hydrogen adsorption on carbon-doped boron nitride nanotube

The adsorption of atomic and molecular hydrogen on carbon-doped boron nitride nanotubes is investigated within the ab initio density functional theory. The binding energy of adsorbed hydrogen on carbon-doped boron nitride nanotube is substantially increased when compared with hydrogen on nondoped nanotube. These results are in agreement with experimental results for boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) where dangling bonds are present. The atomic hydrogen makes a chemical covalent bond with carbon substitution, while a physisorption occurs for the molecular hydrogen. For the H(2) molecule adsorbed on the top of a carbon atom in a boron site (BNNT + C(B)-H(2)), a donor defect level is present, while for the H(2) molecule adsorbed on the top of a carbon atom in a nitrogen site (BNNT + C(N)-H(2)), an acceptor defect level is present. The binding energies of H(2) molecules absorbed on carbon-doped boron nitride nanotubes are in the optimal range to work as a hydrogen storage medium.     

Molecular dynamics simulations on the effects of diameter and chirality on hydrogen adsorption in single walled carbon nanotubes

We present systematic molecular dynamics simulation studies of hydrogen storage in single walled carbon nanotubes of various diameters and chiralities using a recently developed curvature-dependent force field. Our main objective is to address the following fundamental issues: 1. For a given H2 loading and nanotube type, what is the H2 distribution in the nanotube bundle? 2. For a given nanotube type, what is the maximal loading (H2 coverage)? 3. What is the diameter range and chirality for which H2 adsorption is most energetically favorable? Our simulation results suggest strong dependence of H2 adsorption energies on the nanotube diameter but less dependence on the chirality. Substantial lattice expansion upon H2 adsorption was found. The average adsorption energy increases with the lowering of nanotube diameter (higher curvature) and decreases with higher H2 loading. The calculated H2 vibrational power spectra and radial distribution functions indicate a strong attractive interaction between H2 and nanotube walls. The calculated diffusion coefficients are much higher than what has been reported for H2 in microporous materials such as zeolites, indicating that diffusivity does not present a problem for hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes.     

Cryogenic separation of hydrogen isotopes in single-walled carbon and boron-nitride nanotubes: insight into the mechanism of equilibrium quantum sieving in quasi-one-dimensional pores

Quasi-one-dimensional cylindrical pores of single-walled boron nitride and carbon nanotubes efficiently differentiate adsorbed hydrogen isotopes at 33 K. Extensive path integral Monte Carlo simulations revealed that the mechanisms of quantum sieving for both types of nanotubes are quantitatively similar; however, the stronger and heterogeneous external solid-fluid potential generated from single-walled boron nitride nanotubes enhanced the selectivity of deuterium over hydrogen both at zero coverage and at finite pressures. We showed that this enhancement of the D(2)/H(2) equilibrium selectivity results from larger localization of hydrogen isotopes in the interior space of single-walled boron nitride nanotubes in comparison to that of equivalent single-walled carbon nanotubes. The operating pressures for efficient quantum sieving of hydrogen isotopes are strongly depending on both the type as well as the size of the nanotube. For all investigated nanotubes, we predicted the occurrence of the minima of the D(2)/H(2) equilibrium selectivity at finite pressure. Moreover, we showed that those well-defined minima are gradually shifted upon increasing of the nanotube pore diameter. We related the nonmonotonic shape of the D(2)/H(2) equilibrium selectivity at finite pressures to the variation of the difference between the average kinetic energy computed from single-component adsorption isotherms of H(2) and D(2). In the interior space of both kinds of nanotubes hydrogen isotopes formed solid-like structures (plastic crystals) at 33 K and 10 Pa with densities above the compressed bulk para-hydrogen at 30 K and 30 MPa.     

Effect of chemical potential on the computer simulation of hydrogen storage in single walled carbon nanotubes

Hydrogen is a kind of clean, sustainable and renewable energy carrier. Of the problems to be solved for the utilization of hydrogen energy, how to store and transport hydrogen has been given high priority on the research agenda. Recently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were reported to be very promising candidates for hydrogen uptake[1], which may have possibility to satisfy the benchmark set by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Plan for fuel cell powered vehicles: a gravimetric density …     

First-principle study of adsorption of hydrogen on Ti-doped Mg(0001) surface

Ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to study the adsorption of H2 molecules on a Ti-doped Mg(0001) surface. We find that two hydrogen molecules are able to dissociate on top of the Ti atom with very small activation barriers (0.103 and 0.145 eV for the first and second H2 molecules, respectively). Additionally, a molecular adsorption state of H2 above the Ti atom is observed for the first time and is attributed to the polarization of the H2 molecule by the Ti cation. Our results parallel recent findings for H2 adsorption on Ti-doped carbon nanotubes or fullerenes. They provide new insight into the preliminary stages of hydrogen adsorption onto Ti-incorporated Mg surfaces.     

纳米碳管储能的化学原理与储存容量研究

通过在大温度、压力范围内系统地测定氢在纳米碳管粉末与压片上的吸附等温线和对所得等温线的理论分析,计算出吸附热,并用超临界气体的吸附模型充分地描述了氢在纳米碳管上的吸附行为,证明纳米碳管储氢的原理是超临界吸附;比表面积和储气温度控制着储气容量.甲烷在干纳米碳管上的吸附机理与氢气相同,但在湿纳米碳管中的存储机理在于甲烷水合物的生成,因此孔容控制储气容量.单位质量多壁管的湿储容量是干储容量的5.1倍 ,单壁管可能产生更大的增强存储作用.     

Comparative study of hydrogen adsorption on carbon and BN nanotubes

The physisorption and chemisorption of hydrogen in BN nanotubes, investigated by density functional theory (DFT), were compared with carbon nanotubes. The physisorption of H2 on BN nanotubes is less favorable energetically than on carbon nanotubes; BN nanotubes cannot adsorb hydrogen molecules effectively in this manner. Chemisorption of H2 molecules on pristine BN nanotubes is endothermic. Consequently, perfect BN nanotubes are not good candidates for hydrogen storage by either mechanism. Other strategies must be utilized if BN nanotubes are to be employed as hydrogen storage media such as utilizing them as supporting media for hydrogen-absorbing metal nanoclusters.     

Hydrogen adsorption in defected carbon nanotubes

Recently there has been lot of interest in the development of hydrogen storage in various systems for the large-scale application of fuel cells, mobiles and for automotive uses. Hectic materials research is going on throughout the world with various adsorption mechanisms to increase the storage capacity. It was observed that physisorption proves to be an effective way for this purpose. Some of the materials in this race include graphite, zeolite, carbon fibers and nanotubes. Among all these, the versatile material carbon nanotube (CNT) has a number of favorable points like porous nature, high surface area, hollowness, high stability and light weight, which facilitate the hydrogen adsorption in both outer and inner portions. In this work we have considered armchair (5,5), zig zag (10,0) and chiral tubes (8,2) and (6,4) with and without structural defects to study the physisorption of hydrogen on the surface of carbon nanotubes using DFT calculations. For two different H₂ configurations, adsorption binding energies are estimated both for defect free and defected carbon nanotubes. We could observe larger adsorption energies for the configuration in which the hydrogen molecular axis perpendicular to the hexagonal carbon ring than for parallel to C–C bond configuration corresponding to the defect free nanotubes. For defected tubes the adsorption energies are calculated for various configurations such as molecular axis perpendicular to a defect site octagon and parallel to C–C bond of octagon and another case where the axis perpendicular to hexagon in defected tube. The adsorption binding energy values are compared with defect free case. The results are discussed in detail for hydrogen storage applications.