双球状双亲纳米SiO_2粒子的合成

以纳米SiO_2粒子为原料,六甲基二硅氮杂烷(HMDS)和γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH560)分别作为亲油改性剂和亲水改性剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了亲油和亲水纳米SiO_2粒子.通过亲油SiO_2和亲水SiO_2粒子表面化学键的偶合,将亲油粒子和亲水粒子偶联,制备了粒径为30 nm的双球状双亲纳米SiO_2粒子.以双球状双亲纳米SiO_2粒子作为稳定剂,制备了环己烷/水Pickering乳液,证明了双球状纳米SiO_2粒子具有较好的双亲性能.     

不同反离子对高效氯氰菊酯微乳液影响的研究

研究了结合不同反离子的十二烷基苯磺酸盐(DBS)与苯乙烯苯酚聚氧乙烯醚(NR600)形成的高效氯氰菊酯微乳液的导电机理, 以及反离子对体系相行为的影响. 研究结果表明, 由于阴离子表面活性剂的溶解度不同以及溶解后反离子结合度的差异, 使得反离子能改变微乳液界面的亲水亲油作用. 具有较小水化半径的K^＋使界面的亲水作用增强, 更有利于O/W型微乳液的形成, 而水化半径较大的Na^＋, Li^＋不如K^＋有利于O/W型微乳液的形成; Ca^2＋与表面活性剂的阴离子结合形成的油溶性的表面活性剂, 有利于微乳液界面亲油作用的增强, 不利于O/W型微乳液的形成. 这与热贮分解率的结果相一致.     

相转移法制备Fe3O4正己烷磁流体

采用一种新的相转移法制备了双层包裹的Fe3O4正己烷磁流体.首先,以油酸钠作为表面改性剂,对化学共沉淀制备的Fe3O4纳米颗粒进行双层包裹,制备了稳定的水基磁流体,在此基础上,通过加入乙酸(CH3COOH)将亲水颗粒转变为亲油颗粒,并用萃取的方法将亲油颗粒成功转移到正己烷相.傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表明,通过调整pH值可以将双层包裹的磁性颗粒外层带有的亲水基团油酸根R—COO-转变为亲油的R—COOH,从而使得包裹的颗粒既可溶于极性载液也可溶于非极性载液.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、振动样品强磁计(VSM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Fe3O4颗粒的形貌、组成及磁流体的性质进行了表征.结果表明,利用这种新的相转移法可以保证颗粒在单分散下充分包裹并避免团聚.制备的正己烷磁流体稳定性好,长期放置未发生分层现象.通过蒸发正己烷,可以得到不同固含量的磁流体并可以将其与其它油基载液互溶,从而得到不同载液的Fe3O4油基磁流体.     

上转换荧光纳米材料的水溶性修饰

近红外激发/可见或近红外发射的上转换荧光纳米材料在近十年得到了迅速的发展,其在生物领域如生物检测、荧光成像、光动力治疗和药物运输等方面有着广泛的应用。目前利用油酸、油胺等作为表面活性剂,采用高温热分解法、高温共沉淀法、溶剂热法等都能合成粒径均一、发光较强、在环己烷等非极性溶剂中分散性很好的上转换荧光纳米颗粒,但此类方法合成的纳米粒子表面包覆了一层憎水的油酸或油胺分子,需要进行表面修饰,使其在水相分散后才能进行后续的生物应用。现阶段憎水相转亲水相的修饰方法主要有配体交换、配体氧化、两亲配体包覆、二氧化硅包覆等,本文将对这些表面修饰的方法逐一进行介绍并对比其优缺点。     

表面自由基链转移反应制备超萍聚合物膜

研究了通过自由基链转移反应原位接枝聚合物膜。所得聚合物膜经红外（FT- IR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、接触角及椭圆偏光测量 进行了表征。两种单体如苯乙烯/甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚合时,改变单体对的组成, 可以得到不同亲水亲油性质的表面。     

PSt-g-PEO两亲接枝共聚物溶液的性质

两亲共聚物是指分子结构中同时具有对两种相结构都有亲和性的聚合物,一般指分子结构中同时含有亲油和亲水基团的共聚物,研究两亲共聚物在选择性溶剂中的形态及聚集态结构,对于其作为表面活性剂,增溶剂,生物医药材料,以及固体微胶束的研究都具有重要的理论和实际意义。[1-3]／     

表面自由基链转移反应制备超萍聚合物膜

研究了通过自由基链转移反应原位接枝聚合物膜。所得聚合物膜经红外（FT- IR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、接触角及椭圆偏光测量 进行了表征。两种单体如苯乙烯/甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚合时，改变单体对的组成， 可以得到不同亲水亲油性质的表面。     

油酸单乙醇酰胺聚氧乙烯醚微乳液体系的研究

以油酸单乙醇酰胺聚氧乙烯醚作为乳化剂制备水包油型微乳液.通过拟三元相图、粒径大小及粒径分布确定较优配方:复配表面活性剂(由油酸单乙醇酰胺聚氧乙烯醚和吐温20组成)的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)为15,助表面活性剂为正丁醇,复配表面活性剂与助表面活性剂的质量比(Km值)为1,混合表面活性剂与正辛烷的质量比(S/O值)=1∶...     

层状溶致液晶中Ag纳米粒子的掺杂

通过在具有长程有序结构的有机溶致液晶内嵌入预制的、表面性质可调控的银纳米粒子, 得到了亲水与亲油介观空间内同时嵌入纳米粒子的无机/有机杂合体. 掺杂前后液晶结构的变化和杂合体稳定性用小角X射线散射和偏振光学显微镜等进行了表征. 结果表明, 表面活性剂双层膜与导入纳米粒子间的立体化学匹配及相互作用是影响杂合体稳定性的重要因素.     

淀粉/丙烯酸反相乳液体系的稳定性研究

以丙烯酸(AA)单体的水溶液为水相,液体石蜡为油相,失水山梨醇三油酸酯(Span 85)和辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚(Opan 10)为复合乳化剂,合成了淀粉/丙烯酸反相乳液;考察了乳化剂亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)、油水比、乳化剂用量、单体浓度、温度对乳液稳定性和类型的影响.结果表明,合成淀粉/丙烯酸稳定反相乳液体系的适宜条件...     

A Three-Step Model for Submicron W/O Emulsion Formation in a Transitional-Phase Inversion Process

A three-step model of the transitional phase inversion (TPI) process for the formation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions is presented. Three types of emulsions exist in an emulsification process at different oil–water ratios and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB). A stable W/O emulsion was obtained using Sorbitan oleate (Span 80) and polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) with a specified HLB and oil volume fraction. Oil was added into water, which contained the water-soluble surfactant, to dissolve the oil-soluble surfactant. This route allowed TPI to occur, and an interesting emulsification process was observed by varying the HLB, which corresponded to the change in the oil–water ratio. Two types of emulsions in the emulsification process were found: transition emulsion 1 (W/O/W high internal phase emulsion) and target emulsion 2 (W/O emulsion with low viscosity). This study describes the changes that occurred in the emulsification process.     

Mechanism of oil-in-water emulsification using a water-soluble amphiphilic polymer and lipophilic surfactant

A new O/W (oil-in-water) emulsification system was developed using the amphiphilic polymer HHM-HEC (hydrophobically-hydrophilically modified hydroxyethylcellulose) and a lipophilic surfactant. HHM-HEC was used as a thickener and polymeric surfactant, and the addition of small quantities of various types of nonionic lipophilic surfactant (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance <5) decreased the droplet size of several types of oil due to a lowering of the tension at the water/oil interface. The oil droplets were held by the strong network structure of the aqueous HHM-HEC solution, preserving the O/W phase without inversion. These stable O/W emulsions were prepared without the addition of hydrophilic surfactants and thus show improved water repellency.     

Multi-stage premix membrane emulsification for preparation of agarose microbeads with uniform size

Uniform-sized agarose beads with diameters less than 10 μm and agarose content as high as 14 wt% were prepared by premix membrane emulsification. Agarose aqueous solution was used as the water phase. A mixture of liquid paraffin and petroleum ether containing hexaglycerin penta ester (PO-500) was used as the oil phase. The water phase was mixed with the oil phase at 60 °C and a coarse W/O emulsion was produced in a homogenizer. Then, the coarse emulsion was extruded through a hydrophobic membrane under high pressure to form an emulsion, which was slowly cooled under gentle agitation to form gel beads. The effects of preparation conditions on emulsification results were investigated and it showed that the pressure, number of passes, petroleum ether/liquid paraffin (v/v) in the oil phase, the concentration of PO-500 and concentration of agarose in the water phase, all affected the size and uniformity; coarse emulsion did not affect the emulsification results. The coefficient variation (C.V.) of agarose beads under optimal preparation conditions was 9.8%. This method realized microbeads with both uniform sizes and high agarose contents that are difficult to be prepared by conventional emulsion methods.     

Self-assembly in linker-modified microemulsions

Linker molecules are added to microemulsion systems to enhance the interaction between the surfactant and oil (lipophilic linkers) or water (hydrophilic linkers) phases. Previous results suggest that when lipophilic and hydrophilic linkers are combined they behave as a self-assembled surfactant at the oil/water interface. In this work we investigate this self-assembly phenomenon as a function of surfactant, linker and electrolyte concentration. We find that middle phase microemulsion appears at a specific concentration higher than the critical micelle concentration (CMC), which we denote as the critical middle phase microemulsion concentration (CmicroC). When the lipophilic linker dodecanol is added in equimolar ratio to the hydrophilic linker sodium mono- and dimethyl naphthalene sulfonate (SMDNS), the middle phase microemulsion did not appear until the surfactant sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (SDHS) concentration was larger than the CmicroC of the SDHS-alone system. Dodecanol is shown to segregate near the surfactant tails following a Langmuir-type adsorption process. This segregation is not affected by the electrolyte concentration but is significantly reduced when the surfactant (SDHS) concentration approaches the CmicroC. The data suggest that the self-assembly between hydrophilic and lipophilic linkers to form middle phase microemulsions is only possible if a minimum amount of surfactant is present.     

Multihollow structured poly(methyl methacrylate)/silver nanocomposite microspheres prepared by suspension polymerization in the presence of dual dispersion agents

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/silver nanocomposite microspheres with unique multihollow structures were prepared by suspension polymerization in the presence of dual dispersion agents. The addition of a lipophilic emulsifier, polyethylene glycol (30EO) dipolyhydroxystearate (Arlacel P135), not only stabilized water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, but also converted silver nanoparticles from hydrophilic to lipophilic. When a suspension polymerization dispersion agent, poly(vinyl alcohol), was added to the above W/O emulsion system, a water-in-oil-in-water suspension was formed with silver nanoparticles dispersed in the oil phase. The suspension polymerization was carried out at low temperature with 2,2’-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) as the initiator. When modified silver nanoparticles were added, the rate of polymerization increased slightly. High monomer conversion (about 85%) was obtained in spite of low polymerization temperature of 30 °C. Under controlled conditions, PMMA/silver microspheres with various hollow structures were synthesized. The PMMA/silver microspheres with multihollow structure showed high antibacterial ability.     

多元体系油水界面上常见表面活性剂行为的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟研究了以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)为代表的阴离子型表面活性剂,以十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)为代表的阳离子型表面活性剂,以壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPE)为代表的非离子型表面活性剂,以十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(Betaine)为代表的两性表面活性剂及空白实验.模拟了表面活性剂在油水界面上的行为,考察了表面活性剂分子与石油分子之间的径向分布函数(RDF)、石油分子在竖直方向的均方位移(MSD)、油水界面张力(IFT)、石油层与岩石层之间的相互作用能、石油层的相对浓度在竖直方向的分布及石油分子质心位置随模拟时间的变化关系等,讨论了不同表面活性剂的洗油性能.结果表明:(1)SDBS,NPE和Betaine分子初始状态下呈近似的规律排列,非极性端部分插入油相中,极性端延伸进入水相中;随后表面活性剂的极性端表现出聚集趋势,逐渐形成一个外部亲油内部亲水的一个胶束状粒子,粒子随模拟的进行逐渐融入到油层当中;DTAB从开始的近似规则排列逐渐变为无规排列,但是始终保持亲油端插入到油相中,亲水端位于油水界面上.(2)表面活性剂分子与石油分子之间的相互作用强弱顺序为Betaine≈DTABSDBSNPE.(3)由质心高度和动力过程中的图像截图分析,表面活性剂洗油效果的顺序为BetaineSDBSNPEDTABNone.模拟结果与实际的驱油结果一致,从分子层面上解释了不同表面活性剂洗油的规律.     

The Relation Between Phase Behavior and Formation of Narrow Size Distribution W/O Emulsions

Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions of the water/C₁₂E₅/isooctanol/isooctane system have been prepared at 25° C. Phase behavior studies of the system with constant (2.5 and 6 wt.%) isooctanol concentration showed that the surfactant becomes more lipophilic with the increase in the alkanol concentration. Emulsification was carried out using four low-energy emulsification methods using the slow addition of one or various components to the rest of them, with gentle agitation. Emulsions with low-polydis-persity were obtained when the emulsification process started with a single lamellar liquid crystalline phase. If in addition to a lamellar liquid crystalline phase, other phases, such as excess water phase, were initially present, emulsions with intermediate polydispersity were produced. When a lamellar liquid crystalline phase was not involved and the spontaneous natural curvature of the surfactant was not changed during emulsification, highly polydisperse emulsions were obtained.     

O/W Nanoemulsion After 15 Years of Preparation: A Suitable Vehicle for Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications

The application of nanoemulsions is due to have good stability, uniform spreading and enhance active penetration upon skin. Nanometer emulsions can be obtained by low-energy emulsification method. The required hydrophilic and lipophilic balance indicates the better balance of emulsifier for optimum system emulsification. Emulsion stability is evidently controlled for the properties of the adsorbed layer formed in the surface of its globules, know as potential zeta. The aim of this work was to evaluate the oil/water nanoemulsion of formulation obtained after 15 years of preparation. The results suggested that the nanoemulsion have performed stability for many years.     

莫来石晶须/堇青石表面层的制备及准超疏水性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了硅铝混合凝胶粉体, 再通过熔盐反应在堇青石陶瓷基体上生长莫来石晶须, 制得莫来石晶须/堇青石表面层微结构. 表征结果表明, 莫来石晶须紧密生长在堇青石基体上, 晶须直径为100~300 nm, 长度可达几个微米. 莫来石晶须表面含有大量Si—OH和Al—OH极性亲水基团, 采用十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷与活性基团间的偶联反应将非极性基团引入莫来石晶须表面, 获得了静态润湿角为146°的莫来石晶须/堇青石表面层. 动态润湿研究表明, 合成的莫来石晶须增大了堇青石陶瓷的表面粗糙度, 使亲水的莫来石晶须/堇青石表面更加亲水, 而硅烷偶联剂修饰的堇青石/莫来石晶须表面则成为准超疏水表面.     

Water-in-Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions Containing Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb) and Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extracts

Hydrophobic curcumin in temulawak extract and hydrophilic betacyanin in red dragon fruit extract are high-value bioactive compounds with extensive applications in functional food. In this study, these extracts were encapsulated in water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) nanoemulsions as a delivery system using a two-step high-energy emulsification method. PGPR and Span 20 were used as lipophilic emulsifiers for the primary w/o emulsion. The most stable w/o/w formulation with the least oil phase separation of 5% v/v consisted of w/o emulsion (15% w/w) and Tween 80 (1.5% w/w) as hydrophilic emulsifier. The formulation was characterized by a 189-nm mean droplet diameter, 0.16 polydispersity index, and –32 mV zeta potential. The freeze–thaw stability may be attributed to the combination of low w/o emulsion content and high Tween 80 concentration in the outer water phase of the w/o/w nanoemulsions used in this study. The IC₅₀ values of the nanoemulsion and the red dragon fruit extract were similar. It means that the higher concentration of curcumin in the nanoemulsions and the lower IC₅₀ value of temulawak extract ensured sufficient antioxidant activities of the w/o/w nanoemulsions.