聚砜、聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚对羟基苯乙烯三元多嵌段共聚物的形态结构

利用动态力学分析（ＤＭＡ）．透射电子显微镜（ＴＥＭ）和小角Ｘ 光光散射（ＳＡＸＳ）对聚砜（ＰＳＦ）、聚二甲基硅氧烷（ＰＤＭＳ）和聚对羟基苯乙烯（ＰＨＳ）三元多嵌段共聚物ＰＳＦ—ＰＤＭＳ—ＰＨＳｎ的形态结构进行了研究．结果表明，ＰＳＦ—ＰＤＭＳ—ＰＨＳｎ的形态结构出现了许多新的现象，除具有微相分离的基本特征外，还出现双连续相双分散相的特征．在适当的嵌段长度和组成下，通过ＴＥＭ观察到一种新的特殊形态 蜂窝状形态结构，并在嵌段共聚物两相界面处直接观察到非常清晰的界面相．同时，对该形态的形成过程作了初步讨论．     

含有机硅三元多嵌段共聚物的研究5.含有机硅三元多嵌段共聚物的形态结构

利用ＤＭＡ，ＴＥＭ和ＳＡＸＳ对ＰＳＦ－ＰＤＭＳ－ＰＨＳｎ，ＰＳＦ－ＰＤＭＳ－ＰＨＥｎ，ＰＰＯ－ＰＤＭＳ－ＰＨＳｎ和ＰＨＳ－ＰＤＭＳ－ＰＢＥｎ四种三元多嵌段共聚物的形态结构进行了研究，结果表明，不同三元多嵌段共聚物中三种链段的相互作用情况不同，其动态力学性能和形态结构有很大差异，并与嵌段共聚物微相分离的几种基本形态不同，特别是通过ＴＥＭ在ＰＳＦ－ＰＤＭＳ－ＰＨＳｎ和ＰＰＯ－ＰＤＭＳ－ＰＨＳｎ中观察到清晰的互容界面相。     

高折光指数光学树脂的合成——相转移法合成不饱和硫醇酯单体的条件控制

采用正常的低温相转移催化（ＰＴＣ）和反滴碱溶液ＰＴＣ法分别合成了含硫双烯ＭＥＳＤＭＡ和单烯ＭＥＰＳＭＡ．１Ｈ ＮＭＲ分析证明ＭＥＳ中的杂质主要是由原料ＴＤＧ引入的．对含单个巯基的ＭＥＰＳ的正常ＰＴＣ酯化接枝双键，因存在巯基和不饱和双键的加成反应而导致失败．作者最终得到了折光指数在１６２５以上的ＭＥＳＤＭＡ／ＭＥＰＳＭＡ共聚物．     

聚二甲基硅氧烷／聚氨酯共混体系的增容作用（I）

采用二甲基硅氧烷－ｂ－乙二醇嵌段共聚物（ＤＭＳ－ｂ－ＯＥ）对聚二甲基硅氧烷／聚氨酯（ＰＤＭＳ／ＰＵ）共混体系的增容，重点研究了增容共混体系的微观形态结构和软科学性能之间的关系。扫描电子显微镜、动态力学分析和力学性能测试结果表明：ＤＭＳ－ｂ－ＯＥ对ＰＤＭＳ／ＰＵ具有优良的增容作用，改善了ＰＤＭＳ／ＰＵ共混体系的相容性，提高了该共混物的力学性能。其抗张强度由３．４ＭＰａ提高到７．６ＭＰａ。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备和性能

讨论了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（ＰＥＴ）／层状硅酸盐（蒙脱土）纳米复合材料的制备技术和新材料的结构与性能特征．天然蒙脱土矿物经有机离子修饰剂处理后,参与ＰＥＴ的缩聚反应．ＴＥＭ测定证实蒙脱土在ＰＥＴ中的层厚分布为３０～５０ｎｍ．蒙脱土不影响ＰＥＴ的分子量及其分布．利用ＤＳＣ、ＷＡＸＤ、ＳＡＬＳ和偏光显微镜测定了ＰＥＴ／蒙脱土的结晶速率和结晶形态,说明ＰＥＴ／蒙脱土有着很快的结晶速率,不能生成球晶结构,一般只能生成结构不完整的微晶体．ＰＥＴ／蒙脱土在工程塑料和工业纤维领域有潜在的应用前景     

SAPO-34分子筛晶化机理的研究

采用ＸＲＤ，ＳＥＭ，ＩＲ和ＣＰ／ＭＡＳ及ＭＡＳＮＭＲ等手段，对快速水热合成ＳＡＰＯ３４分子筛的全过程进行了监测，研究了由原始凝胶到ＳＡＰＯ３４结晶体过程中固相物质的组成结构随晶化时间的变化规律．结果表明，ＳＡＰＯ３４晶核的形成过程既是一个硅氧、磷氧和铝氧四面体由无序排列的胶团到有序排列的晶格骨架的重排过程，同时又是羟基缔合脱水环化的过程．晶化分为晶化前期和晶化后期两个阶段．晶化前期，硅原子直接参与晶核的形成和晶粒的长大过程，生成Ｓｉ（４Ａｌ）结构；晶化后期，少量硅以同时取代一对磷铝原子的方式进入分子筛骨架形成Ｓｉ（３Ａｌ），Ｓｉ（２Ａｌ），Ｓｉ（１Ａｌ），Ｓｉ（０Ａｌ）等多种硅结构．但在整个晶化过程中Ｓｉ（４Ａｌ）结构的生成并不排除硅单独取代磷机理的共同作用．     

二胺扩链剂对RIM聚氨酯－脲弹性体的结构与性能的影响

采用实验室小型ＲＩＭ机制备了一组不同芳香二胺扩链的嵌段聚氨酯－脲（ＰＵＵ）弹性体，借助于ＩＲ、ＤＳＣ、ＤＭＴＡ、ＳＥＭ以及拉伸试验等测试手段对其结构与性能进行了研究．通过比较由ＭＤＡ、ＤＥＴＤＡ以及ＣＡＭＤＡ三种不同活性和结构的芳香二胺扩链剂与二异氰酸酯反应形成的硬链段对ＲＩＭＰＵＵ弹性体的结构与性能的影响，表明：ＭＤＡ基ＲＩＭＰＵＵ中软、硬链段微区界面作用指数很小，微相分离程度却很大，其性能最差；ＤＥＴＤＡ基ＲＩＭＰＵＵ弹性体有理想的界面作用指数，以及适当的微相分离程度，其性能位于三者之中最佳．ＤＭＴＡ研究证实在一定的温度范围内ＤＥＴＤＡ基ＲＩＭＰＵＵ的模量稳定性最好．     

纳米刚性微粒与橡胶弹性微粒同时增强增韧聚丙烯的研究

通过力学性能测试、动态力学试验、ＤＳＣ 分析以及材料断面形貌与结构分析等手段,对以纳米二氧化硅（ＳｉＯ２） 为刚性微粒、以三元乙丙橡胶（ＥＰＤＭ） 为弹性微粒组成的聚丙烯（ＰＰ）／ 纳米ＳｉＯ２／ＥＰＤＭ 的同时增强增韧效果进行了研究．结果显示,上述两种微粒可同时大幅度提高ＰＰ 的韧性、强度和模量,当ＰＰ／ 纳米ＳｉＯ２／ＥＰＤＭ 为８０／３／２０ 时,两种微粒体现较明显的协同增韧效应．纳米ＳｉＯ２ 可提高ＰＰ 的结晶温度和结晶速度,并使球晶细化．纳米ＳｉＯ２ 刚性微粒在ＰＰ连续相中以微粒团聚体形态分布,构成团聚体的平均微粒数约为６ ～７ ,其与ＰＰ基体表现出较强的结合牢度．ＰＰ／ 纳米ＳｉＯ２／ＥＰＤＭ 的综合性能已接近或达到工程塑料的性能．     

离散物Surlyn对PBT／PP共混体系的力学性能及形态结构的影响

用力学性能测试，ＤＭＡ、ＳＥＭ等方法研究了离聚物Ｓｕｒｌｙｎ对ＰＢＴ／ＰＰ共混体系的力学性能及形态结构的影响。结果表明，在ＰＢＴ／ＰＰ共混体系中引入少量Ｓｕｒｌｙｎ可以改善界面的粘接性，从而改善其力学性能。     

马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯的等温结晶动力学研究

用ＤＳＣ法追踪了马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯的等温结晶过程，讨论了马来酸酐降低聚丙烯球晶径向生长自由能，提高结晶速率，但降低聚丙烯结晶度的物理和化学机制．同时探讨了马来酸酐的接枝对球晶生长和成核机制的影响．     

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF PEKEKK（T／I） USING WAXD, IMAGING PLATES AND SAXS

Structures and crystal form transition of the novel aryl ether ketone polymer containing meta-phenylene linkage: PEKEKK(T/I) were investigated by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), imaging plates (IPs) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The energy of activation of the decomposition reaction and degree of crystallinity of PEKEKK(T/I) were determined by WAXD and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Results obtained fi‘om WAXD and IPs show that crystal forms I and II coexist in the PEKEKK(T/I) samples isothermally cold crystallized in the temperature range from 180℃ to 240℃ and only form I occurs in PEKEKK(T/I) samples isothermally cold crystallized at 270℃. The radius of gyration (Rg), thickness of microregions with electron-density fluctuations (E) and distribution of particle sizes were investigated by SAXS.     

高密度聚乙烯/丁基橡胶共混体系形态与性能的研究

高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)与丁基橡胶(IIR)共混后,耐环境应力开裂性(ESCR)和抗冲击强度得到了提高。当IIR含量小于50％时,共混物中HDPE的晶格、结晶度、熔点保持未变。随IIR含量的增加,进入HDPE片晶间无定形区域的IIR量增加。少量IIR链段沿HDPE片晶厚度方向把一些片晶连接起来,共混物的抗冲击强度和ESCR因而获得显著提高。     

THE EFFECT OF CLAY DISPERSION ON THE CRYSTALLIZATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF POLYPROPYLENE／CLAY COMPOSITES

PP/clay composites with different dispersions, namely, exfoliated dispersion, intercalated dispersion and agglomerates and particle-like dispersion, were prepared by direct melt intercalation or compounding. The effect of clay dispersion on the crystallization and morphology of PP was investigated via PLM, SAXS and DSC. Experimental results show that exfoliated clay layers are much more efficient than intercalated clay and agglomerates of clay in serving as nucleation agent due to the nano-scale dispersion of clay, resulting in a dramatic decrease in crystal size (lamellar thickness and spherulites) and an increase of crystallization temperature and crystallization rate. On the other hand, a decrease of melting temperature and crystallinity was also observed in PP/clay composites with exfoliated dispersion, due to the strong interaction between PP and clay. Compared with exfoliated clay layers, the intercalated clay layers have a less important effect on the crystallization and crystal morphology. No effect is seen for samples with agglomerates and particle-like dispersion, in regard to melting temperature, crystallization temperature, crystal thickness and crystallinity.     

Structural Development During Thermal Fractionation of Polyethylenes

In this study, the stepwise isothermal crystallization or thermal fractionation of Ziegler—Natta and metallocene based polyethylenes (ZN-PE and m-PE) with two kinds of branch lengths (ethyl and hexyl) and branch compositions were studied using simultaneous synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)/wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystal long period and the invariant were determined by SAXS, and the variations of crystal unit cell parameters and the degree of crystallinity were determined by WAXD. The arithmetic mean length (Ln), the weightedmean length (Lw) and the broadness index (Lw/Ln) of the studied polyethylenes were previously determined by DSC. Results from these studies were interpreted using the model of branch exclusion, which affects the ability of the chain-reentry into the crystal phase. Multiple SAXS peaks and step-change in crystallinity change (WAXD) were seen during heating, which corresponded well with the crystal thickness distribution induced by stepwise crystallization. The effects of the heterogeneity of the 1-olefin branch length and the distribution on the crystal long period and the invariant as well as the degree of crystallinity were discussed.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Tensile yield of polyethylene in relation to crystal thickness

Tensile yield stress measurements have been performed on a serie of four ethylene/1-butene copolymers covering the crystallinity range 0.33–0.74. Samples have been prepared from melt-crystallization and from solution-crystallization at various concentrations in decalin in order to span a wide range of crystal thickness. It is shown that tensile yield stress depends on crystal thickness rather than on crystallinity. This result is perfectly consistent with a plasticity model based on the nucleation of dislocations. Besides, it in-dicates that the main role of the amorphous phase is only to transmit the load upon the crystals, irrespective of its proportion. The yield stress dependence on crystallinity reported previously relies on the direct correlation of crystal thickness and crystallinity, in the case of melt-crystallized samples only. Discrepancies with the model are amply discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Quantitative analysis of crystallization kinetics by light depolarization technique. Possibilities and limitations

The kinetics of isothermal crystallization of various polymers was investigated by light depolarization technique (LDT) using the new setup with direct registration of depolarization ratio. Experimental data were analyzed using new method proposed by Ziabicki who shown that degree of crystallinity is a non-linear function of degree of depolarization, crystal thickness, and its birefringence. Other experimental methods were involved providing supplementary information on crystal thickness (SAXS) and allowing comparison of crystallization kinetics (WAXS, DSC). The advantage of LDT relies on high sampling rate allowing on-line measurements and lack of inertia effects that exist in other methods like calorimetry. The limitations of the applicability of the method are discussed. The method needs supplementary information not only on crystal thickness but also on variable optical birefringence of real crystals. Our results show that LDT can be used in a simple way for investigation of crystallization kinetics at relatively high temperatures, providing large and perfect crystals. In such a case it is sufficient to use crystal intrinsic birefringence and final crystal thickness typical at particular temperature of crystallization. On the other hand, depolarization ratio combined with measurements by other methods (crystallinity and crystal thickness) can be used for estimation of crystal birefringence.     

利用x射线衍射法测定不同序列的聚苯乙烯-聚环氧乙烷嵌段共聚物的结晶度和晶粒大小

PSt-PEO嵌段共聚物,由于其PSt链段的亲油性及无定形性,PEO链段亲水性及结晶性所具有的两重性质^[1],使得它们在理论研究及实际应用上都具有较大的意义。但对其结晶度及晶粒大小的测定还不曾见报导。     

含反式-1,4和间规-1,2链节的聚丁二烯X-射线衍射谱分析

<正> 近年来陆续出现在顺式-1,4聚丁二烯分子链中引入室温下可结晶的反式-1,4及间规-1,2聚丁二烯链节,以期改善顺丁橡胶的抗撕裂性和抗弯曲性等。有关这方面的结构表征工作尚很少报道。本工作用广角X-射线衍射(WAXD)方法,对钒、钴催化体系合成的含反式-1,4及钴催化体系合成的含间规-1,2的顺丁橡胶进行了结构表征。     

Structure-property relationships of copolyamides. II. crystal structure of drawn copolyamide films

The crystal structures of drawn copolyamides 6/6.6, 6/6.T, 6/6.1, 6/PXD.6, 6/MXD.6, and 6/MXD.I were examined by wide-angle x-ray diffraction. Copolyamide 6/6.6, which follows the inclusion model, shows only α-characteristics at all the comonomer compositions examined (0–33.3 mol%). However, the other copolyamides, which follow either the partial-inclusion or complete-exclusion model, show γ-characteristics more predominantly as the comonomer content increases. The interplanar spacing of the (200) planes, which corresponds to the hydrogen bond distance between antiparallel chains, remain constant, whereas the spacing of the (020) planes corresponding to the distance between hydrogen bonded sheets increases monotonically with increasing the comonomer content. It is also observed that both the crystal perfection index and the crystal thickness decrease as the comonomer content increases.     

聚丁二酸丁二酯/纳米二氧化硅共混体系的结晶和动态力学性能研究

用溶液共混法制备了聚丁二酸丁二酯(PBS)/纳米二氧化硅(nano-SiO2)复合材料,并通过DSC、XRD、TEM和DMTA对其结晶、微观结构和动态力学性能进行了研究.DSC与XRD结果表明,在PBS中加入纳米SiO2,提高了PBS的结晶温度,并随着nano-SiO2含量的增加呈正相相关性,从纯PBS的67.7℃提高到含5%nano-SiO2时的73.3℃;在空气淬火条件下,提高了复合材料中PBS的结晶度,在nano-SiO2含量为2%时达到42.4%;TEM照片表明SiO2与基体PBS的界面模糊,表明二者之间具有一定的相互作用;这种相互作用和复合材料结晶性能的变化使PBS/nano-SiO2复合材料的储能模量和损耗因子均高于纯PBS.上述结果表明在PBS中添加适量的nano-SiO2,能显著提高PBS的结晶和动态力学性能.