石墨烯/银复合薄膜的制备及表征

采用静电自组装技术,通过交替沉积聚(二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵)(PDDA)(或硝酸银)和氧化石墨烯,制备氧化石墨烯/PDDA薄膜和氧化石墨烯/硝酸银复合薄膜。然后在600℃下通入氩气和氢气进行气氛还原得到石墨烯薄膜和石墨烯/银复合薄膜。采用AFM、SEM、XPS、UV-Vis以及四探针电阻仪等对薄膜结构及性质进行表征。结果表明,通过静电自组装法可以获得生长均匀的薄膜。对比于相同自组装次数的石墨烯薄膜,石墨烯/银复合薄膜具有更好的透光性和更低的薄膜方块电阻。在λ=500 nm时,四层石墨烯/银复合薄膜的透过率为85%左右,而石墨烯薄膜的透过率为72%左右;石墨烯薄膜的方阻为161.39 kΩ.□-1,而石墨烯/银复合薄膜的方阻为99.11 kΩ.□-1。     

石墨烯/碳纳米管复合薄膜的制备进展

石墨烯/碳纳米管复合材料具有石墨烯和碳纳米管的共同特性,它弥补了石墨烯不连续和碳纳米管网存在间隙这两方面缺点。 本文探讨了石墨烯/碳纳米管复合薄膜的制备新进展,阐述了利用自组装合成、非原位合成以及非化学合成等方法制备厚度薄、强度高和比电容高等特点的石墨烯/碳纳米管复合薄膜的方法,对石墨烯/碳纳米管复合薄膜在传感器、锂电池和超级电容器等方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

层层自组装法制备石墨烯/聚苯胺复合薄膜及在传感器中的应用

利用层层自组装技术,将聚丙烯酸修饰的石墨烯(PAA-Gr)与聚苯胺(PANI)进行层层自组装,制备了石墨烯/聚苯胺{PAA-Gr/PANI}n复合薄膜.聚丙烯酸修饰石墨烯不仅可以提高石墨烯的分散性,而且可以使石墨烯表面带负电荷,为其与带正电的PANI进行层层自组装提供了可能.利用紫外光谱跟踪了{PAA-Gr/PANI}n复合薄膜层层自组装过程.通过红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和循环伏安等方法表征了{PAA-Gr/PANI}n复合薄膜的结构.研究了{PAA-Gr/PANI}n复合薄膜的电化学性能,并探讨了复合薄膜在过氧化氢(H2O2)传感器中的应用.{PAA-Gr/PANI}n复合薄膜对H2O2表现出良好的电催化活性,其线性检测范围为0.005~0.3 mmol/L,线性相关系数为0.99858,检测下限为1×10-6mol/L.     

石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂的设计及其在水处理中的应用

当今,资源和能源极度紧缺,改良传统吸附剂,开发高效、低成本、高性能的复合吸附剂成为一大研究课题。石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂结合了无机材料石墨烯和有机材料的优势,在水处理吸附领域有着广阔的应用前景。目前有关石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂的设计思路、合成方法及其在水处理中的应用缺少相关的综述。因此,本文对近些年在石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂的制备及其应用等方面取得的进展进行了综述,探讨和分析了不同类型石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂的性能以及存在的问题,对其发展方向进行了展望,为后续开展石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂的相关研究及应用提供了参考。     

超级电容器用石墨烯薄膜：制备、基元结构及表面调控

石墨烯薄膜是一种以石墨烯纳米片为基元结构的宏观体,通过合理的结构设计和表面修饰使其具有优异的电学、力学和热学性能,将在电化学储能、电子器件、健康和环保等领域具有潜在的应用。本文主要综述了从石墨烯基元调控到二维宏观膜组装以及石墨烯薄膜在超级电容器应用中的研究进展。主要介绍了石墨烯薄膜的简易制备方法,并详细介绍了通过对石墨烯基元的结构调控和表面修饰来优化石墨烯薄膜电化学性能的两大策略,最后对石墨烯薄膜应用所面临的挑战和未来的发展进行了总结与展望。     

一步法制备TiO_2/石墨烯复合多孔薄膜应用于增强光催化活性及光伏性能（英文）

纳米二氧化钛具有制备简单、成本低、化学稳定性好及光响应度高等诸多优势,因而广泛应用于光催化及太阳能转化等诸多领域中.然而,传统TiO_2纳米材料受限于较高光电子空穴复合率,导致其光催化活性及光电转化效率较低.为解决这一问题,研究者采用多种方法用以改善纳米TiO_2的结构,包括化学掺杂、半导体材料插层、碳材料杂化等;另一方面则关注材料结构的设计,例如将合成的纳米材料进一步加工为多孔薄膜,以增大材料比表面积及器件稳定性,以增强其器件性能.其中,将石墨烯引入纳米TiO_2中,形成复合纳米材料,以提升材料本身的光电子传输效率,降低光生载流子复合率,为制备高性能光催化剂及光伏器件开辟了一条可行之路.然而,目前制备的纳米TiO_2/石墨烯复合材料的性能仍不理想,其中常见的问题为合成的材料团聚严重,导致光生载流子在界面传输阻力及复合率都十分高,限制其实际应用.此外,当前大多数关于纳米TiO_2/石墨烯的制备方法仍为溶胶凝胶法、水热法等,所得材料需要进一步进行微纳加工方能形成介孔结构;这些加工方式往往需要二次退火处理,这会进一步加重纳米材料的团聚现象,导致孔隙率分布混乱、材料界面缺陷增多等不良结果.因此,本文采用一步法-蒸汽热法成功制备了TiO_2/石墨烯复合多孔薄膜,无需二次热处理.实验结果表明,所制TiO_2/石墨烯复合物(VTH)的形貌为二维结构,其比表面积高达260 m~2g~(–1),获得的多孔薄膜无明显团聚且孔隙分布集中.当复合物中还原氧化石墨烯含量为5.0wt%时,其光催化活性最高,高于单一的TiO_2薄膜近3倍;将还原氧化石墨烯含量为0.75wt%的复合物用于染料敏化太阳能电池的光阳极时,光电转化效率达到7.58%,明显高于传统方法制备的单一TiO_2的(4.38%).     

基于多层结构设计的高储能密度氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合材料

采用逐层涂布、 分层控制固化程度的方法, 利用聚酰胺酸(PAA, 聚酰亚胺前体)溶液和含有氧化石墨烯（GO）的PAA溶液制备了一系列由高绝缘性PI层与GO@PI介电层交替组合而成的界面清晰且紧密衔接的多层复合薄膜. 通过调控介电层中GO含量及分层结构, 使多层复合薄膜兼具高介电常数和高击穿强度特征. 结果表明, 三层复合薄膜PI/1.0GO@PI/PI的击穿强度为261.5 kV/mm, 储能密度达到1.27 J/cm³, 与相同介电层厚度的单层薄膜相比, 击穿强度和储能密度分别提高了97%和144%, 同时, 其介电损耗也保持在较低水平(tanδ=0.0079). 绝缘层和高介电常数层的协同作用提升了氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜的储能密度. 这种简单的多层结构设计有利于氧化石墨烯/聚合物复合材料在介质储能领域的应用.     

具有高表面反射性和导电性的聚酰亚胺-银复合薄膜的制备

聚酰亚胺-银的复合薄膜以其表面银层无与伦比的反射性和电导率,再加上聚酰亚胺基体本身优异的热稳定性和物理机械性能,以及其轻质和柔性的特点,在航空航天和微电子等许多领域具有广阔的应用前景,成为近年来广泛研究的多功能材料之一。本文对比了当前用于制备表面金属化的聚酰亚胺薄膜的各种方法及其优缺点,包括外部沉降法、超临界流体法、原位一步自金属化法、表面改性离子交换自金属化法和直接离子交换自金属化法,特别总结了由本课题组近年来所发展起来的表面改性离子交换自金属化法和直接离子交换自金属化法在制备高反射高导电的双面银化的聚酰亚胺薄膜方面所取得的研究进展。这两种方法均基于简单的银盐化合物前驱体即可实现双面高反射高导电的表面银化的聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备,过程简单,成本低廉。所制得的聚酰亚胺-银复合薄膜的表面反射率超过100%,表面电阻接近纯金属银的水平;复合薄膜的表面银层与聚合物基体之间有很优异的粘结性能;且很好地保持了母体聚酰亚胺薄膜优异的机械性能和热性能。其中采用直接离子交换自金属化技术,仅需将聚酰亚胺的预聚体薄膜在极稀的银盐水溶液中(0.01M银氨溶液)处理5min,然后热处理即可实现聚酰亚胺薄膜的双面金属化,是目前效率最高和银利用率最高的方法。     

石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料的制备及应用

石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料由于其优异的电学、热学、电化学性能和机械性能等特点,吸引了研究者们的广泛关注。本文对近几年来石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料的发展状况进行了简单介绍,首先总结了原位聚合法、界面聚合法、自组装法、溶液共混法等不同制备方法对石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料结构和性能的影响。由于石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料结合了石墨烯和聚苯胺两者的优点,展现出更加优异的性能,因此本文还对其在超级电容器、传感器、燃料电池、太阳能电池等方面的应用进行了详细介绍。     

银/聚合物纳米复合材料

银/聚合物纳米复合材料是一种典型的聚合物基复合材料, 其结构和性能依赖于合成方法,因此开发材料的优异性能必须以深入研究纳米材料的先进合成技术为前提。本文综述了纳米银粒子及其与聚合物形成的纳米复合材料的最新合成进展, 重点介绍了基于液相化学还原方法合成纳米银粒子的新方法, 如溶胶-凝胶法、沉淀法、微乳液法和离子液体法, 以及纳米银粒子的分散技术和原位法合成银/聚合物纳米复合材料的新技术, 并介绍了纳米银复合材料的电绝缘性、表面增强拉曼散射性能、抗菌性及其在生物医学等领域中的应用。     

超洁净石墨烯薄膜的制备方法

化学气相沉积(Chemical vapor deposition，CVD)法制备的石墨烯薄膜具有质量高、可控性好、可放大等优点，近年来受到了学术界和工业界的广泛关注。然而，近期研究结果表明，在高温CVD生长石墨烯的过程中，伴随着许多副反应，这些副反应会导致石墨烯薄膜表面沉积大量的无定形碳污染物，造成石墨烯薄膜的“本征污染”现象。同时，这些污染物的存在会导致转移后的石墨烯薄膜表面更脏，对石墨烯材料和器件的性能带来严重影响。这也是CVD石墨烯薄膜的性能一直无法媲美机械剥离石墨烯的重要原因之一。事实上，超洁净生长方法制备得到的超洁净石墨烯薄膜在诸多指标上都给出了目前文献报道的最好结果，代表着石墨烯薄膜材料制备技术的发展前沿。本文首先对CVD法制备石墨烯过程中表面污染物的形成机理进行分析，然后综述了超洁净石墨烯薄膜的制备方法，并列举了超洁净石墨烯薄膜的优异性质。最后，总结并展望了超洁净石墨烯未来可能的发展方向和规模化制备面临的机遇与挑战。     

石墨烯纤维材料的化学气相沉积生长方法

石墨烯纤维材料是以石墨烯为主要结构基元沿某一特定方向组装而成或由石墨烯包覆纤维状基元形成的宏观一维材料。根据组成基元的不同可将石墨烯纤维材料分为石墨烯纤维和石墨烯包覆复合纤维。石墨烯纤维材料在一维方向上充分发挥了石墨烯高强度、高导电、高导热等特点,在智能纤维与织物、柔性储能器件、便携式电子器件等领域具有广阔的应用前景。随着化学气相沉积(Chemical Vapor Deposition,CVD)制备石墨烯薄膜技术的发展,CVD技术也逐渐应用于石墨烯纤维材料的制备。利用CVD法制备石墨烯纤维可避免传统纺丝工艺中繁琐的氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)还原过程。同时,通过CVD法直接将石墨烯沉积至纤维表面可以保证石墨烯与纤维基底之间强的粘附作用,提高复合纤维的稳定性,同时可实现对石墨烯质量的有效调控。本文综述了石墨烯纤维材料的CVD制备方法,石墨烯纤维材料优异的力学、电学、光学性质及其在智能传感、光电器件、柔性电极等领域的应用,并展望了CVD法制备石墨烯纤维材料未来的发展方向。     

Graphene Field‐Effect Transistors: Electrochemical Gating,Interfacial Capacitance,and Biosensing Applications

Single‐layer graphene has received much attention because of its unique two‐dimensional crystal structure and properties. In this review, we focus on the graphene devices in solution, and their properties that are relevant to chemical and biological applications. We will discuss their charge transport, controlled by electrochemical gates, interfacial and quantum capacitance, charged impurities, and surface potential distribution. The sensitive dependence of graphene charge transport on the surrounding environment points to their potential applications as ultrasensitive chemical sensors and biosensors. The interfacial and quantum capacitance studies are directly relevant to the on‐going effort of creating graphene‐based ultracapacitors for energy storage.     

Plasma enhanced synthesis of N doped vertically aligned carbon nanofibers on 3D graphene

Graphene and carbon nanotubes/fibers (CNT/CNF) hybrid structures are emerging as frontier materials for high-efficiency electronics, energy storage, thermoelectric, and sensing applications owing to the utilization of extraordinary electrical and physical properties of both nanocarbon materials. Recent advances show a successful improvement in the structure and surface area of layered graphene by incorporating another dimension and structural form—three-dimensional graphene (3DG). In this study, vertically aligned CNFs were grown using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition on a relatively new form of compressed 3DG. The latter was synthesized using a conventional thermal chemical vapor deposition. The resulting free-standing hybrid material is in-situ N doped during synthesis by ammonia plasma and is produced in the form of a hybrid paper. Characterization of this material was done using electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements. The N doped hybrid showed relatively higher surface area and improved areal current density in electrochemical measurements than compressed pristine 3DG, which makes it a potential candidate for use as an electrode material for supercapacitors, sensors, and electrochemical batteries.     

A Review on Graphene Oxide Two-dimensional Macromolecules: from Single Molecules to Macro-assembly

Graphene oxide(GO), which consists of two-dimensional(2 D) sp² carbon hexagonal networks and oxygen-contained functional groups, has laid the foundation of mass production and applications of graphene materials. Made by chemical oxidation of graphite, GO is highly dispersible or even solubilized in water and polar organic solvents, which resolves the hard problem of graphene processing and opens a door to wet-processing of graphene. Despite its defects, GO is easy to functionalize, dope, punch holes, cut into pieces, conduct chemical reduction, form lyotropic liquid crystal, and assemble into macroscopic materials with tunable structures and properties as a living building block. GO sheet has been viewed as a single molecule, a particle, as well as a soft polymer material. An overview on GO as a 2 D macromolecule is essential for studying its intrinsic properties and guiding the development of relevant subjects. This review mainly focuses on recent advances of GO sheets, from single macromolecular behavior to macro-assembled graphene material properties. The first part of this review offers a brief introduction to the synthesis of GO molecules. Then the chemical structure and physical properties of GO are presented, as well as its polarity in solvent and rheology behavior. Several key parameters governing the ultimate stability of GO colloidal behavior, including size, p H and the presence of cation in aqueous dispersions, are highlighted. Furthermore, the discovery of GO liquid crystal and functionalization of GO molecules have built solid new foundations of preparing highly ordered, architecture-tunable, macro-assembled graphene materials, including 1 D graphene fibers, 2 D graphene films, and 3 D graphene architectures. The GO-based composites are also viewed and the interactions between these target materials and GO are carefully discussed. Finally, an outlook is provided in this field, where GO is regarded as macromolecules, pointing out the challenges and opportunities that exist in the field. We hope that this review will be beneficial to the understanding of GO in terms of chemical structure,molecular properties, macro-assembly and potential applications, and encourage further development to extend its investigations from basic research to practical applications.     

Preparation and Z-Scan nonlinear optical characterization of Au/SiO2- and Ag/SiO2-supported nanoparticles dispersed in silica sonogel films

Au/SiO₂ and Ag/SiO₂ supported metal-nanoparticles (MNPs) were implemented to fabricate SiO₂-based inorganic?Cinorganic hybrid sonogel films. Prepared Au/SiO₂- and Ag/SiO₂-MNPs exhibited low 2D-HCP crystallinity with particle diameters below 10?nm and homogeneous size distribution. The catalyst-free (CF) sonogel route was successfully implemented to produce these optically active nanocomposite films by doping the liquid sol-phase with these MNP systems and its subsequent deposition onto glass substrates via standard spin-coating procedures. The easy MNP-loading within the mesoporous dielectric sonogel network evidenced a huge chemical affinity between the silica sonogel hosting system and the guest SiO₂-supported MNPs. This fact allowed us to fabricate high quality hybrid films suitable for cubic nonlinear optical (NLO) characterizations via the Z-Scan technique. Indeed, the hosting sonogel network provided adequate thermal and mechanical stability protecting the active MNPs from environment conditions and diminished their tendency to aggregate; thus, preserving their pristine optical properties and morphology, giving rise to stable sol?Cgel hybrid films appropriate for photonic applications. Comprehensive morphological, structural, spectroscopic and nonlinear photophysical characterizations were optimally performed to the developed hybrid films. Our results have shown that the crystalline nature of the implemented MNPs, their small sizes and appropriate guest?Chost stabilizing interactions play a crucial role in the observation of improved cubic NLO-properties of these MNP structures embedded within the highly pure CF-sonogel confinement.     

Edge‐Selectively Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets

Graphene, as a single layer of graphite, is currently the focal point of research into condensed matter owing to its promising properties, such as exceptional mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, large specific surface area, and ultrahigh electron‐transport properties. Therefore, various physical and chemical synthetic procedures to prepare graphene and/or graphene nanoplatelets have been rapidly developed. Specifically, the synthesis of edge‐selectively functionalized graphene (EFG) has been recently reported by using simple and scalable approaches, such as “direct” Friedel‐Crafts acylation reactions in a mild acidic medium and a mechanochemical ball‐milling process. In these approaches, chemical functionalization predominantly take place at the edges of the graphitic layers via the covalent attachment of targeted organic “molecular wedges”. In addition, the distortion of the crystalline structures in the basal plane, which is beneficial for preserving the unique properties of the graphitic framework, can be minimized. In addition, the efficient exfoliation of graphene can be achieved, owing to the strong repulsive forces from the covalently linked wedges and strong shear forces during the reaction. Furthermore, EFG shows promising potential in many useful applications, such as highly conductive large‐area films, metal‐free electrocatalysts for the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR), and as additives in composite materials with enhanced properties. Herein, we summarize the recent progress and general aspects of EFG, including synthesis, reaction mechanism, properties, and applications.     

Fast growth of graphene on SiO2/Si substrates by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition with floating metal catalysts

Graphene on dielectric substrates is essential for its electronic applications. Graphene is typically synthesized on the surface of metal and then transferred to an appropriate substrate for fabricating device applications. This post growth transfer process is detrimental to the quality and performance of the as-grown graphene. Therefore, direct growth of graphene films on dielectric substrates without any transfer process is highly desirable. However, fast growth of graphene on dielectric substrates remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate a transfer-free chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to directly grow graphene films on dielectric substrates at fast growth rate using Cu as floating catalyst. A large area (centimeter level) graphene can be grown within 15 min using this CVD method, which is increased by 500 times compared to other direct CVD growth on dielectric substrate in the literatures. This research presents a significant progress in transfer-free growth of graphene and graphene device applications.     

Chemistry and physics of a single atomic layer: strategies and challenges for functionalization of graphene and graphene-based materials

Graphene has attracted great interest for its superior physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties that enable a wide range of applications from electronics to nanoelectromechanical systems. Functionalization is among the significant vectors that drive graphene towards technological applications. While the physical properties of graphene have been at the center of attention, we still lack the knowledge framework for targeted graphene functionalization. In this critical review, we describe some of the important chemical and physical processes for graphene functionalization. We also identify six major challenges in graphene research and give perspectives and practical strategies for both fundamental studies and applications of graphene (315 references).