表面水热碳层对磁性NiFe2O4八面体光催化活性的影响

采用葡萄糖水热碳化法合成了一系列碳层包覆的NiFe₂O₄核壳八面体(NiFe₂O₄@C). 通过调控葡萄糖的含量可以有效控制NiFe₂O₄表面包覆的碳层厚度. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 拉曼光谱(Roman)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等对NiFe₂O₄@C的组成、 结构、 形貌和光学性能进行了表征. 考察了表面水热碳层对NiFe₂O₄光催化降解亚甲基蓝(MB)性能的影响. 结果表明, NiFe₂O₄的光催化活性很大程度上依赖于在其表面包覆的碳层厚度, 碳层厚度为5.5 nm的NiFe₂O₄@C-3展现了最佳的光催化活性. 荧光光谱(PL)、 瞬态光电流和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)表征结果证明, NiFe₂O₄@C的光催化性能的提升归因于在NiFe₂O₄核和碳壳之间形成了异质结, 有效地促进了光生载流子的传输和分离效率. NiFe₂O₄@C复合材料展现了较好的稳定性和可回收性, 在污水处理方面有很大的应用潜力.     

类蛋结构的可磁分离光催化剂纳米球的制备及催化性能

通过反胶束和静电自组装方法制备了一种类蛋结构的可磁分离光催化剂纳米材料SiO₂@NiFe₂O₄@TiO₂(TSN), 这种光催化剂对甲基橙废水有较好的降解效果, 并显示出了超顺磁性, 通过外加磁场方便地实现催化剂在水中的分离与回收. 该光催化剂纳米球的X射线衍射, TEM和FTIR结果表明, 铁酸镍纳米粒子被包裹在SiO₂内, 形成SiO₂@NiFe₂O₄(SN)纳米球载体, 纳米TiO₂颗粒组装在SN表面, 形成TiO₂光催化壳层. 利用甲基橙的降解考察了光催化剂纳米球的活性, 结果表明, 在NiFe₂O₄和TiO₂之间包覆一层无定形的SiO₂可以显著提高光催化剂纳米球TSN的催化活性.     

盐酸介导策略合成的具有优异光催化能力的ZnFe2O4小颗粒点缀一维苝二酰亚胺S型异质结

由于有机材料的结构多样性,越来越多的研究者选择有机材料作为光催化剂.典型的n型有机半导体苝二酰亚胺(PDI)不仅在可见光照射下有较强的光响应能力,而且有合适的带隙和负导带,使得光激发电子具有较强的还原能力.半导体光催化剂的适用性受到光生载流子复合的限制,而构建S型异质结可有效保证电荷分离,也可保证空穴和电子的强氧化能力和强还原能力.此外,由于普通光催化剂分离回收困难,可以将PDI与磁性半导体ZnFe₂O₄相结合来构建复合光催化剂,该复合光催化剂可以通过外加磁场进行回收以降低成本,在提高复合光催化剂性能的基础上保证回收率,并且具有较好的光化学稳定性.然而,不同方法制得不同粒径和形貌的PDI或ZnFe₂O₄的光催化性能也不同.因此控制PDI和ZnFe₂O₄的形貌对增强光催化活性起着至关重要的作用.本文采用盐酸-介导策略制备了ZnFe₂O₄小颗粒点缀的一维PDI的S型异质结(1D PDI/ZnFe₂O₄).实验发现,用盐酸介导策略调控二者的形貌可以使其具有更好的光催化能力.采用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱等对1D PDI/ZnFe₂O₄进行表征,通过光降解四环素溶液评价1D PDI/ZnFe₂O₄的光催化能力和稳定性,并利用DFT理论计算和ESR方法等对1D PDI/ZnFe₂O₄的光催化机理进行深入的探讨.扫描电子显微镜和TEM结果表明,盐酸介导可有效调控1D PDI/ZnFe₂O₄的形貌,经过盐酸介导,PDI变成均匀的棒状结构,ZnFe₂O₄变成均匀的小颗粒,并点缀在PDI上;而未引入盐酸的PDI仍呈不规则块状,其ZnFe₂O₄仍为小颗粒团聚的大球状结构.XPS结合能的偏移及DFT理论计算结果表明,材料间形成了内部电场.当PDI和ZnFe₂O₄接触时,为了使PDI和ZnFe₂O₄的费米能级相同,PDI中的e^-通过界面转移到ZnFe₂O₄中,导致界面处产生了内部电场.同时,由于e^-的流失,PDI的带边向上弯曲,而ZnFe₂O₄的带边向下弯曲.在光照射下,PDI和ZnFe₂O₄的e^-从VB激发到CB.内电场、带边弯曲和库仑相互作用加速了PDI CB上e^-和ZnFe₂O₄ VB上h⁺的复合,也抑制了PDI CB上e^-和VB上h⁺的复合.综上,1D PDI/ZnFe₂O₄的电子传递机理与S型异质结光催化反应机理一致.光催化剂催化四环素溶液降解性能结果表明,1D PDI/ZnFe₂O₄催化四环素溶液的降解率分别是PDI和ZnFe₂O₄的9.18倍和9.73倍.说明通过盐酸介导策略可以有效地调控1D PDI/ZnFe₂O₄的形貌,使其具有良好的光催化性能和回收再利用性.本文为磁性有机-无机S型异质结光催化剂的组装提供了新思路.     

g-C3N4光催化材料的第一性原理研究

能源短缺和环境恶化是人类社会快速发展面临的重大难题。太阳能作为一种清洁无污染的理想新型能源,具有取之不尽、用之不竭的特点,是实现可持续发展的最佳能源选择。半导体光催化可以直接利用太阳光进行催化反应,得到了广泛关注。作为一种低成本无金属光催化剂,g-C₃N₄具有独特的电子能带结构、优良的化学稳定性和热力学稳定性,在光催化领域如分解水制氢制氧、降解有机污染物、CO₂还原、抗菌和有机官能团选择性转换等方面表现出巨大的应用前景。目前g-C₃N₄光催化剂存在着如比表面积小、可见光利用率低、量子产率低和光生载流子易复合等问题,制约了其在光催化领域的应用。因此,提升g-C₃N₄光催化性能是光催化研究领域的重要课题。第一性原理具有半经验方法不可比拟的优势,已成为光催化研究领域计算和模拟的重要基础。基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理在光催化领域的广泛应用,为有效迅速地探求能够改善g-C₃N₄光催化性能的方法提供了明确的研究手段。本文从理论计算的角度综述了近年来在g-C₃N₄改性方面所取得的一些重要研究进展,主要包括元素掺杂、复合和形貌调控等改性手段。本文以g-C₃N₄改性光催化剂为研究对象,从电子性质、能带结构、光学性质和缺陷形成能的角度阐述了各种改性手段提高光催化活性的微观机理。最后,在总结前文所述各类改性研究的基础上,对g-C₃N₄改性光催化剂未来的发展趋势作出了展望。     

NiFe2O4对刚果红的光催化降解性能研究

采用水热法合成了尖晶石型NiFe₂O₄,并利用X射线粉末衍射仪对其物相进行了表征,利用紫外-可见分光光度计对其光催化降解刚果红的性能进行了研究。以刚果红为光催化降解底物,探究了刚果红初始浓度、催化剂用量、溶液pH、不同光源等因素对NiFe₂O₄光催化降解刚果红活性的影响。结果表明,当刚果红溶液浓度为20 mg/L、催化剂NiFe₂O₄的用量为0.065 g、pH 2~10、在太阳光下照射480 min时,刚果红的降解率高达99%以上,催化剂性能稳定,适合处理刚果红类有机污染物。     

光催化产过氧化氢材料

过氧化氢(H₂O₂)是一种很有潜力的能量载体，且作为一种环保型氧化剂广泛运用于有机合成、饮用水处理、废水处理等工业和医疗卫生领域。随着对环境保护要求的提升，预计H₂O₂的需求量将大幅增加。传统的蒽醌法(AQ)制备H₂O₂的工艺流程繁琐和存在有机物污染环境的现象。以O₂和H₂O为原料、太阳能为能源、半导体为光催化剂的光催化生产H₂O₂是一个绿色化学过程，具有反应条件温和、操作简单可控和无二次污染等优点。近年来，光催化产H₂O₂引起了人们的广泛关注。本综述介绍了光催化产H₂O₂的机理和效率低的原因，重点论述了光催化生成H₂O₂的体系以及提高光催化产H₂O₂的策略，最后对光催化产H₂     

β-Bi2O3修饰Bi2WO6光催化降解苯酚及其可能机理

采用简单混合法制备了一系列Bi₂O₃/Bi₂WO₆复合光催化剂. 在紫外光降解水中苯酚的过程中, Bi₂O₃/Bi₂WO₆的光催化活性随Bi₂O₃含量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势. 当Bi₂O₃最佳负载量等于12.5% (质量分数, w)时, 该复合光催化剂的活性大约是单一Bi₂WO₆的4 倍. 固体样品表征表明, Bi₂O₃主要以β-Bi₂O₃存在, 复合光催化剂是Bi₂O₃和Bi₂WO₆的简单混合物. 此外, 在电催化氧化水的过程中, β-Bi₂O₃/Bi₂WO₆薄膜电极的光电流远大于β-Bi₂O₃和Bi₂WO₆薄膜电极的光电流之和. Bi₂O₃对Bi₂WO₆光催化的促进作用是由于前者接受后者的光生空穴, 提高Bi₂WO₆光生载流子的分离效率, 从而加快了O₂的还原和苯酚的降解.     

铁酸镍/碳复合中空多壳层结构的制备及吸波性能

采用次序模板法合成了单、双壳层的中空铁酸镍(NiFe₂O₄)材料,通过改变前驱体溶液组成及煅烧条件等因素实现了对产物形貌的调控.在中空NiFe₂O₄颗粒表面原位包覆聚多巴胺,再经过碳化处理,制备了具有中空多壳层结构(HoMS)的NiFe₂O₄/C复合吸波材料;考察了其电磁参数,计算了其吸波性能,分析了不同复合结构对性能的影响.结果表明,中空多壳层结构能够显著降低材料的密度,而碳薄层不仅能够改善其阻抗匹配性,而且提升了材料的反射损耗性能.其中,双壳层NiFe₂O₄/C复合物的吸波性能最佳,当样品厚度为3.5 mm时,材料在8.44 GHz处反射损失最小,为-32.35 dB;当样品厚度为2.0 mm时,材料在14.01～17.69 GHz范围内反射损耗小于-10 d B,有效吸收频宽为3.68 GHz.这些优异性能主要源于独特的中空多壳层结构增加了电磁波多次反射/散射的概率,提供了更多的界面极化,实现了电磁波的快速...     

TiO2担载在新型载体上的光催化电极

介绍了一种将TiO₂光催化剂担载在新型载体上的光催化电极.新型载体是用炭质材料和聚四氟乙烯制备的,它具有电合成H₂O₂的功能.在电流密度为15mA/cm²时,光催化电极不仅具有高达80%的电合成H₂O₂的电流效率,而且该电极的电位处在0.02V(SCE)左右,使载体表面的TiO₂光催化剂获得了约+0.47V的阳极偏压(相对平带电势),对增加TiO₂光催化反应效率十分有益.在具有新型光催化电极的光反应体系中,水中的有机分子受到来自溶液中大量·OH自由基(H₂O₂被紫外光分解的中间产物)的均相氧化(即光化学氧化),以及来自TiO₂表面光生空穴的复相氧化(即光催化氧化).在光化学氧化和光催化氧化的联合作用下,有机分子的矿物化反应速度显著提高.     

石墨相氮化碳的改性及在环境净化中的应用

利用半导体光催化剂技术可以将环境污染物进行分解、转化和矿化,是解决环境污染问题的一条有效途径.聚合物半导体石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)具有独特的电子结构和化学性质,是一种新型的非金属功能性材料,在利用太阳能转化清洁能源和化学合成领域受到广泛关注.近几年,g-C₃N₄的开发使得利用半导体光催化技术进行环境净化的研究取得了进一步发展.本文围绕g-C₃N₄作为催化材料在环境净化中的应用,包括对水体有机污染物、细菌、大气污染物、重金属离子、CO₂等的分解转化等,综述国内外近年来的一些重要研究进展.并以在降解有机污染物中的应用为例对g-C₃N₄性能优化的各种改性措施进行了总结.最后,本文对g-C₃N₄在光催化环境净化反应过程的反应机理进行总结,并对未来发展趋势进行展望.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.