酸性AlCl3-BMIC离子液体中的铝阳极溶解

采用线性扫描伏安法研究了Lewis 酸性AlCl₃-BMIC (BMIC: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride)离子液体中铝电极的溶解. 铝电极在阳极极化时出现了钝化现象, 钝化是由于在铝电极表面形成了固体AlCl₃钝化膜造成的. 铝的电化学溶解过程可以依次分为三个区: 电化学控制区、过渡区和钝化区. 在电化学控制区, 铝的电化学溶解速率随着电位的正移而逐渐增加; 在过渡区, 由于电极表面AlCl₄^-和Al₂Cl₇^-浓度发生改变而析出固体AlCl₃使得铝电化学溶解速率随着电位的正移而逐渐减小; 当钝化膜形成之后, 铝的电化学溶解速率不再随着电位的正移而发生改变, 铝溶解进入钝化区. 增加搅拌、升高温度、降低离子液体AlCl₃摩尔分数都可以增加铝溶解阳极极限电流密度.     

球形微粒Co3O4电极催化氧化硫离子

尝试用氨蒸发诱导合成方法在石墨小片上生长球形Co₃O₄微粒, 并用其制备电极且进行S^2-的电化学氧化研究. 用极化曲线、恒电位技术等电化学方法考察了Co₃O₄电极对S^2-的电化学氧化的催化性能, 发现Co₃O₄电极对电化学氧化S^2-具有优异的催化性能, 极大地促进了-0.40 V 附近S^2-向含硫的酸根离子和低级多硫离子的转变, 电流密度最大可以达到580 mA·cm^-2. 恒电位极化表明电极的电催化稳定性良好; 电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试显示Co₃O₄在碱性S^2-电解液中的电荷转移电阻很小, 这从电化学动力学角度解释了它对S^2-具有良好的催化性能.     

电沉积多孔复合Ni-P/LaNi5电极及其析氢电催化性能

采用复合电沉积制备了Ni-P/(LaNi₅+Al) 复合镀层, 然后将镀层浸泡在浓碱液中除铝, 成功得到多孔复合Ni-P/LaNi₅电极. 通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪等技术表征了电极的表面形貌、组成和相结构. 运用电化学线性伏安扫描(LSV)、恒电位电解、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等手段研究了电极在20%(w) NaOH溶液中的析氢反应(HER)电催化性和稳定性. 结果表明, 与多孔Ni-P 电极相比, 多孔复合Ni-P/LaNi₅电极具有低的析氢过电位、高的比表面积和高的稳定性能; 多孔Ni-P/LaNi₅电极的析氢反应的表观活化自由能为35.44 kJ·mol^-1, 低于多孔Ni-P 的值(50.91 kJ·mol^-1).     

Zn(Ⅱ)在锌电极上的电沉积机理

在Zn(Ⅱ)-NH₄Cl准中性体系中,采用循环伏安法(CV)研究了Zn²⁺在锌电极上的反应方式, 通过计时电流法(CA)研究了Zn²⁺沉积的成核方式, 利用交流阻抗谱(EIS)考察了不同过电位时Zn²⁺沉积的阻抗行为。结果表明:Zn²⁺的电沉积是一个不可逆电极反应, 以两步骤单电子串联的方式进行, 第一步为速控步;电极反应的电荷传递系数与锌电极的表面结构有关。在恒电位条件下, 体系中锌电极上Zn²⁺的结晶近似于三维瞬时成核方式。Zn²⁺的沉积经历了覆盖、吸附成膜、大量晶核形成等过程, 该过程随着控制电位的负移由电化学极化过渡到电化学极化-浓差极化混合控制阶段。最后给出了Zn²⁺在锌电极上电沉积过程的机理。     

计时电量法求NiCl2(bpy)3在DMF中的扩散系数和速率常数

讨论了NiCl₂(bpy)₃(bpy：2,2-联吡啶)在DMF中的电化学行为. 控制电位使电极过程处于扩散控制下, 采用计时电量法求得了29 ℃时NiCl₂(bpy)₃在DMF中的扩散系数为5.99×10^－6 cm²•s^-1, 不同温度下的扩散系数随温度升高而增大. 选择合适的电极电位, 使电极过程处于扩散和电化学混合控制下, 采用计时电量法求得了不同电极电位下的反应速率常数k_f, 以及不同温度下的标准速率常数k⁰, 求得了表观活化能为14.4 kJ•mol^-1.     

铂铋金属间化合物催化剂的氧还原与抗甲醇氧化性能

采用氩弧熔炼后热处理方法制备了PtBi金属间化合物材料.采用循环伏安法和旋转圆盘电极进行电化学性能测试.通过在0.5 mol•L^－1 H₂SO₄＋0.25 mol•L^－1 CH₃OH溶液中对氧还原的起始电位和电流密度大小比较发现,与光滑铂电极相比,PtBi金属间化合物具有良好的氧还原催化性能和抗甲醇中毒性能.从结构方面分析了PtBi具有抗甲醇中毒性能的原因,认为是PtBi中Pt-Pt的间距大，不利于甲醇的吸附解离. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,PtBi材料中Pt的d电子空穴增加,可能是导致PtBi电极表面氧还原电流增大的原因.     

金属间化合物PtSb对乙醇的电催化氧化性能

采用氩弧熔炼和热处理方法获得PtSb有序金属间化合物材料. 用循环伏安和计时电流技术进行电化学性能测试. 在含有0. 25 mol•L^-1 CH₃CH₂OH的硫酸溶液中, 通过对乙醇电氧化的起始电位和电流密度大小的比较发现, PtSb金属间化合物具有良好的催化乙醇氧化性能. 利用XRD和XPS技术分析了晶体结构和电子结构. 采用不同扫描速率下的循环伏安技术得到乙醇氧化的电子交换系数(α), 发现C₂H_{5OH在PtSb催化剂表面上反应时的α远远大于在Pt电极表面的.}     

IrO2基体上阳极电沉积MnO2的电化学行为

采用极化曲线和循环伏安等电化学方法, 对不同温度下IrO₂电极在MnSO₄镀液与硫酸溶液中的电化学行为进行对比研究, 并以镀液中极化曲线上不同电流密度值进行阳极电沉积, 测量镀速大小. 研究结果表明:IrO₂电极在镀液中同时发生阳极电沉积反应和析氧副反应, 阳极电沉积反应对析氧反应具有明显的抑制作用; MnO₂的阳极电沉积过程较复杂, 存在Mn³⁺中间产物, 既有Mn³⁺→Mn⁴⁺的电沉积过程, 也有Mn³⁺的水解及水解产物的脱附的过程, 水解反应的存在严重降低了MnO₂的阳极电沉积的电流效率; MnO₂的阳极电沉积存在一定的电位区间, 在此区间, 镀速存在最大值.     

采用连续电位阶跃方法研究聚吡咯在电解质水溶液中的氧化还原稳定性

连续电位阶跃方法是一种研究氧化还原稳定性的有效方法. 本文采用连续电位阶跃方法研究了以对甲苯磺酸钠为掺杂剂的聚吡咯(ppy)膜的电化学氧化还原稳定性, 通过计算聚吡咯在阶跃电位下的还原电量(Q_red), 还原和氧化电量的比值(Q_red/Q_ox)考察聚吡咯在H₂SO₄、Na₂SO₄和NaOH溶液中在不同电位下的氧化还原可逆性. 结果发现聚吡咯过氧化的发生强烈依赖支持电解质的pH值和阶跃电位. 在H₂SO₄溶液中, 过氧化的起始电位为0.8 V, 而在Na₂SO₄溶液中, 过氧化的起始电位为0.5 V. 在NaOH溶液中, 过氧化在任何电位均可发生, 表明溶液中OH^- 的存在是过氧化发生的直接原因.     

镍锡析氢活性阴极的电化学制备及其在碱性溶液中的电催化机理

采用恒电流电沉积法在铜箔基底上获得镍锡合金镀层电极. 电子能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)以及高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)分析表明, 随着锡含量的增加, 镀层由镍晶胚与非晶镍锡构成的非晶态结构转变为Ni₃Sn₄与Ni₃Sn₂的混晶结构. 扫描电镜(SEM)分析发现, 非晶结构镍锡合金电极表面粒子分布均匀且粒径细小, Ni₃Sn₄与Ni₃Sn₂混晶结构的镍锡合金电极表面粗糙且断面呈分层自组装结构. 在25℃, 1 mol·L^-1 NaOH溶液中的稳态极化曲线表明非晶结构的镍锡合金电极具有良好的催化活性, 其析氢过电位仅为85 mV. 交流阻抗测试表明, 非晶以及混晶结构的镍锡合金在析氢电催化反应过程中由电化学吸附(Volmer)以及电化学脱附(Heyrovsky) 两个电荷转移过程控制, 且非晶结构电极相比于Ni₃Sn₄与Ni₃Sn₂混晶结构电极的高活性源于其活性氢具有更快的电化学吸附以及脱附速度.     

含钼碱性电解液中小分子醇在铂黑电极上氧化时的周期性及非周期性振荡

乙醇和甲醇在含钼碱性溶液中的铂黑电极上氧化时,在一定条件下可得到循环伏安曲线的周期性及非周期性振荡．通过微调下限电位可控制振荡的周期,其中非周期性振荡具有混沌的特性．讨论了钼的存在及碱浓度的变化对振荡的影响．结果表明,钼的氧化还原振子在电极表面与小分子醇的氧化过程中发生耦合作用是导致振荡的关键     

氢氧化钠水溶液体系中金属铬的电化学氧化过程

铬铁电氧化溶出技术是一种全新的制备铬酸钠的方法,具有反应条件温和、过程可控、工艺环保等优点,然而金属铬在NaOH水溶液中的电化学氧化过程尚不明确. 本文采用循环伏安法（CV）和阳极极化法（LSV）对金属铬在NaOH水溶液中的电化学氧化过程进行研究. 使用EDS、SEM、XRD和XPS对电解前后的金属铬表征,判断中间物的产生,使用紫外可见分光光度计验证电解液中生成了铬酸钠. 结果表明,金属铬和中间产物Cr(OH)₃可能依次发生电化学氧化直接生成Na₂CrO₄,阳极极化为金属铬的活化. 随着NaOH溶液浓度的增加,Cr(OH)₃和Na₂CrO₄的生成量在增加,金属铬电化学氧化制备铬酸钠的适宜条件为碱浓度≥ 2 mol·L^-1,阳极电势≥ 1.6 V（vs. SCE）.     

Oxidation of glucose at electrodeposited platinum electrodes

The oxidation of glucose at low concentrations was studied at electrodeposited platinum electrodes in 0.1 M HClO₄ using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). Experiments were performed over the whole potential range and then over selected regions of potential to investigate the processes giving rise to specific features in the cyclic voltammetry and mass response. In the region of potential where adsorbed hydrogen is present, EQCM experiments reveal the presence of adsorbate derived from glucose through the removal of features associated with the presence of adsorbed anions in the background electrolyte. Cycling over this potential region leads to a decrease in the mass of the electrode as the coverage of poisoning species increases. In the double-layer region of potential an increase in mass is seen as the adsorbate is oxidized and removed from the electrode surface, and is suggested to be a result of the replacement of adsorbed residues (formed from progressive oxidation of glucose) by both anions and fresh reactant. Restriction of the electrode potential to values above 0.2 V (SCE) prevents poison formation and mass responses indicate the presence of adsorbed glucose between 0.2 V and 0.6 V. Mass responses accompanying voltammetry and injection experiments also indicate that glucose or species derived from it can adsorb on an oxidized platinum surface.     

高碳铬铁在氢氧化钠水溶液中电化学氧化过程

铬铁电化学氧化法是一种新的制备铬酸钠的方法,然而高碳铬铁在NaOH水溶液中的电化学氧化过程尚不明确。 采用循环伏安法(CV)、稳态极化法(LSV)等电化学测试方法对金属铬、高碳铬铁在NaOH水溶液中的电化学氧化过程进行研究,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量散射谱(EDS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对高碳铬铁电解后固相产物表征,判断固相产物的组成。 结果表明,高碳铬铁不同于金属铬的电氧化过程,它在NaOH溶液中通过Cr(0)→Cr(Ⅵ)的电氧化方式生成铬酸钠,中间产物Cr(OH)₃和Fe(0)发生电化学反应生成稳定的FeCr₂O₄。 随着NaOH浓度的增加,电势较低时,受高碳铬铁中Fe(0)的影响,高碳铬铁容易在NaOH水溶液中发生钝化;当电势足够正时,钝化膜溶解,生成铬酸钠、氢氧化铁和亚铬酸亚铁,同时,阳极表面有氧气析出。 高碳铬铁电化学氧化制备铬酸钠的适宜条件:碱浓度≥2 mol/L,阳极电势≥1.6 V(vs.SCE)。     

In situ monitoring of potential oscillations in the reduction of IO3− by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) has been employed to study the potential oscillatory mechanism for the IO₃⁻ reduction accompanying periodic hydrogen evolution. The new experimental results that were obtained by in situ EQCM monitoring clearly demonstrate the all key steps involved in the oscillation: the diffusion-limited depletion of IO₃⁻ by reduction, the formation, growth and departure of hydrogen bubbles on the surface, and the convection-induced replenishment of IO₃⁻ by the hydrogen evolution. In addition to the frequency response to the surface mass change as reported in the literature, our study first shows that simultaneous frequency responses to the changes of density and viscosity in the diffusion layer during the oscillation can also provide meaningful and even decisive information on the oscillatory mechanism for the oscillators involving the coupling of electrochemical reactions with diffusion and convection mass transfer.     

香菇多糖的成分及其分子量研究

从香菇子实体中用0.9%NaCl水溶液、85%乙醇、热水、1%草酸铵、5%NaOH/0.05%NaBH₄和2%NaOH/2%尿素分别提取出四种杂多糖(L-FⅠ-L-FⅣn)和两种葡聚糖(L-FⅤ和L-FⅥn).红外光谱和高效液相色谱分析结果表明杂多糖主要由葡萄糖、葡萄糖醛酸、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖和鼠李糖组成,而且按照分离过程的进行多糖中葡萄糖含量递增.由光散射和膜渗透压法研究了多糖的重均分子量Mw、均方根旋转半径2>^1/2、第二维利系数A₂及数均分子量M_n.L-FⅡ、L-FⅢ、L-FⅤ及L-FⅥn的M_w值依次为19.7×10⁴、192.3×10⁴、136.4×10⁴和136.7×10⁴,它们的多分散系数-Mw/-Mn在3～5范围.     

碱性介质中葡萄糖在铂电极上的阳极氧化

为了进一步探明葡萄糖在铂电极上的氧化机理,用循环伏安法(CV)在-0.9～0.4 V(相对于饱和甘汞参比电极)内研究了葡萄糖在铂电极上催化氧化行为,首次详细报道了葡萄糖在电化学氧化过程中的电位振荡现象,并用电流扫描法表征了葡萄糖的电位振荡情况.电流扫描结果表明,在较慢的电流扫描速度下,电极过程出现了明显的电位振荡.说明电极上产生了毒化中间物,电位振荡是由于毒化中间物在电极上的吸附和在高电位下氧化除去引起的.     

Mechanisms of oscillations and formation of nano-scale layered structures in induced co-deposition of some iron-group alloys (Ni-P, Ni-W, and Co-W), studied by an in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique

We have investigated mechanisms of oscillations and formation of nano-scale layered structures in induced co-deposition of some iron-group alloys (Ni-P, Ni-W, and Co-W) that have unique properties and are widely used in industries. Detailed in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) experiments have revealed that the electrodeposition (induced co-deposition) of the alloys has negative differential resistances (NDRs), from which the oscillations and the layer-structure formation arise. The NDRs, however, cannot necessarily be seen in current-potential curves owing to overlap of hydrogen evolution current, indicating that the oscillations are of a hidden-NDR (H-NDR) type. The EQCM experiments have also shown that electrolyte components (such as H2PO2- and WO4(2-)) or related species are adsorbed at the electrode (deposit) surface and act as a promoter for the co-deposition reaction and that the NDRs arise from desorption of the adsorbed promoter. Interestingly, the adsorbed promoter is drawn into the deposition reaction itself, thus resulting in the alloy deposits. This mechanism was supported by in situ EQCM investigations of the oscillation as well as Auger electron spectroscopic (AES) analyses of deposits formed during the oscillation. The present work has for the first time clarified a general mechanism for the induced co-deposition reactions of some industrially important iron-group alloys (Ni-P, Ni-W, and Co-W).     

铂基Pb-Sb表面合金电催化剂的制备与结构表征

通过电化学方法,在玻碳载体表面制备以Pt、Pb、Sb为主要成分的铂基Pb Sb表面合金电催化剂.运用电化学循环伏安、石英晶体微天平（EQCM）和扫描隧道显微镜（STM）技术对催化剂电极进行表征.结果表明：酸性溶液中在所制备的表面合金电极上,析氢起始电位负移至－0.45 V,表面合金的起始氧化电位为0.15 V,其稳定性明显高于电催化还原中常用的铅、锑等金属电极.通过EQCM研究表面合金电极的形成过程,结合STM观察和XPS深度剖析,确定电催化剂表面是由粒度均匀的纳米颗粒构成的表面合金层.     

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies of the rectified quantized charging of gold nanoparticle multilayers

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) was employed to investigate the dynamics of rectified quantized charging of gold nanoparticle multilayers by in situ monitoring of the interfacial mass changes in aqueous solutions with varied electrolytes. EQCM measurements showed that interfacial mass changes only occurred at potentials more positive than the potential of zero charge (PZC), where nanoparticle quantized charging was well-defined, whereas in the negative potential regime where only featureless voltammetric responses were observed, the QCM frequency remained virtually invariant. This was ascribed to the fact that nanoparticle quantized charging was induced by the formation of ion-pairs between hydrophobic electrolyte anions (PF6-, ClO4-, BF4-, and NO3-) and positively charged gold nanoparticles. Based on the total frequency changes and the number of electrolyte anions adsorbed onto the particle layers, the number of water molecules that were involved in the ion-pairing processes was then quantitatively estimated at varied particle charge states, which was found to increase with increasing hydrophobicity of the anions. Additionally, the electron-transfer dynamics of the gold particle multilayers were also evaluated by electrochemical impedance measurements. It was found that the particle electron-transfer rate was about an order of magnitude slower than that of the ion diffusion and binding.