2-芳基-2,3-二氢4(1H)-喹唑啉酮类化合物的合成

在NaHSO4催化下,以苯甲醛和邻氨基苯甲酰胺为底物,在室温下合成了一系列2-芳基-2,3-二氢-4(1H)-喹唑啉酮类化合物,该反应产率高、操作简单、并且避免使用有毒的金属催化剂.     

Cu-Pd/γ-Al_2O_3催化硝基苯和乙醇反应一锅法合成2-甲基喹啉

在5%Cu-5%Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂作用下,由硝基苯和乙醇反应一锅法合成了2-甲基喹啉.实现了乙醇与硝基苯转移加氢、乙醛缩合、苯胺与不饱和醛加成、脱水环化、脱氢等多步反应的耦合.极大地简化了2-甲基喹啉的合成工艺.相比较传统的化学合成方法,由于避免了使用无机酸碱或均相金属络合物作为催化剂,该方法环境更加友好,解决了均相金属络合物催化剂分离、回收困难的问题.在优化的反应条件:使用1g催化剂,硝基苯15mL,乙醇60mL,水30mL,T=453K,P=3.5MPa,反应时间为12h时,2-甲基喹啉的收率达66.4%.     

微波照射下H2O2氧化1,2-环己二醇合成己二酸

以钨酸钠为催化剂在微波照射条件下,用30％H2O2使1,2-己二醇氧化开环合成己二酸。考察了照射时间、溶液pH值、不同催化剂及催化剂循环使用等对反应的影响,找出了反应的最佳条件。     

无溶剂、无催化剂条件下绿色高效合成N-邻氨芳基-β-烯胺酯

以1,3-二羰基酯和取代的1,2-苯二胺为原料,室温、无溶剂、无催化剂条件下绿色高效合成了9种N-邻氨芳基-β-烯胺酯。该方法不仅产率高、选择性好、反应操作简单,而且还因不使用有机溶剂和催化剂以及反应在室温下进行而具有环境友好、低能耗、清洁高效等优点。     

6-溴代呋喃[2,3-d]嘧啶双环核苷的合成新方法研究

6-溴代呋喃[2,3-d]嘧啶双环核苷是合成具有显著抗病毒活性的呋喃并嘧啶双环核苷衍生物的重要中间体.该类化合物的文献制备方法合成步骤多,并需使用钯配合物作催化剂.以易得的5-甲酰基嘧啶核苷为原料,先经与四溴化碳缩合得5-(2,2-二溴乙烯基)嘧啶核苷类似物,然后在碘化亚铜催化下发生环化反应生成目标产物,不仅缩短了合成路线,而且避免了贵金属试剂的使用,是一种经济实用的新方法.     

CuBr_2催化的三组分反应合成喹啉-2,4-二羧基衍生物

以廉价的CuBr2为催化剂,发展了一种通过芳胺、乙醛酸酯与丙酮酸酯三组分反应制得喹啉-2,4-二羧基衍生物的简便有效方法.该方法具有很好的原子经济性,使用了便宜的催化剂和易得的试剂,在温和的条件下解决了以往喹啉-2,4-二羧基衍生物合成条件苛刻、产率低等问题,在生物活性分子和药物分子合成上有潜在的应用价值.     

在离子液体中电化学还原合成2-氨基苯甲醚

利用循环伏安法研究了2-硝基苯甲醚在离子液体中的电化学还原行为。以Cu为工作电极,石墨电极为对电极,饱和甘汞电极(SCE)为参比电极,在室温离子液体中电化学还原2-硝基苯甲醚合成2-氨基苯甲醚。优化了电解实验条件,在最佳实验条件(E= -1.0 V, T=50 ℃, c=74.4 mmol·L-1, Q=6 F·mol-1, Y=10:1)下2-氨基苯甲醚的产率最高可达51.3%。在离子液体中电化学合成2-氨基苯甲醚,反应条件温和,避免了有毒易挥发的溶剂、催化剂及其他支持电解质等的使用;并实现了离子液体的重复利用,为2-氨基苯甲醚提供了一条新的绿色化合成路线。     

高温水中2,3-二氢喹唑啉-4(1H)-酮衍生物的合成反应研究

为发展绿色化学,减少化学反应中有毒害溶剂的使用,本文以高温水为溶剂,在未使用任何有机溶剂及催化剂的条件下,以2-氨基苯甲酰胺与醛为底物,成功合成了2,3-二氢喹唑啉-4(1H)-酮衍生物。研究了反应温度、反应时间及芳环上取代基对反应的影响。在摩尔比1∶1、温度为130℃、反应时间1h的优化条件下,收率为32. 4%～85. 7%。     

超声条件下低共熔溶剂中的Biginelli反应

在超声辅助下和低共熔溶剂中,使用氯化锌催化Biginelli反应合成了9个3,4-二氢嘧啶-2（1H）-酮衍生物(4a~4i),其结构经¹H NMR和IR确证。以4a的合成为例,研究了超声时间、催化剂种类及用量、反应温度和原料摩尔比对反应的影响。结果表明：在最佳反应条件[氯化胆碱/尿素为溶剂,氯化锌作催化剂,n(苯甲醛)/n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)/n(尿素)=1.0/0.9/1.0,于90 ℃反应20 min]下,4a产率最高可达86.3%。     

硫酸氢钾催化一锅法合成1-乙酰胺烷基-2-萘酚

以硫酸氢钾为催化剂,在无溶剂条件下催化2-萘酚和乙酰胺分别与苯甲醛、对硝基苯甲醛、水杨醛、茴香醛、香兰素等五种芳香醛的三组分反应,利用一锅法合成了系列1-乙酰胺烷基-2-萘酚.以1-乙酰胺基苯甲基-2-萘酚(AAN)的合成为模板反应考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、原料配比及反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响.结果表明,硫酸氢钾催化合成AAN反应的适宜条件为:n(2-萘酚)∶n(苯甲醛)∶n(乙酰胺)∶n(硫酸氢钾)=1∶1.2∶1.2∶0.05,90℃下反应40min,AAN的收率达92.1%.硫酸氢钾对其他四种反应也有较理想的催化作用,目标产物收率为69.1%～94.0%.     

宝日希勒褐煤在合成气与复合溶剂系统下的液化性能研究

在合成气（CO+H₂）与复合溶剂（水+有机溶剂）液化系统下研究了气氛、温度、催化剂类型对宝日希勒褐煤转化率、油气水产率和CO转化率等液化特征的影响,从而探讨其液化性能。结果表明,在高含水复合溶剂系统中,合成气气氛、反应温度430-450℃适宜宝日希勒褐煤液化转化,转化率可达到81.15%,油气水产率达到71.53%。该液化系统下,含铁、碱和硫复合型催化剂能有效地提高液化转化率和油气水产率,在430℃催化液化下褐煤转化率达92.27%,油气水产率达79.39%。该催化剂有效促进了煤中大分子的裂解和系统中水煤气变换反应进程,沥青质减少,油含量增多。液化油中多环芳烃衍生物在催化液化过程中向单环芳烃衍生物和烷烯烃转化,分子量降低,提高了油品质量。     

液体弹珠：制备策略、物理性质及应用探索

Liquid marbles (LMs) are liquid droplets coated with a layer of lyophobic particles at the air-liquid interface. Since the pioneering work by Aussillous et al. in 2001, LMs have attracted significant attention owing to their facile fabrication, flexibility in the choice of the constituent particles and liquids, intriguing properties such as non-wetting and non-adhesive nature, satisfactory elasticity and stability, as well as promising applications in microfluidics, sensors, controlled release, and microreactors. The classical strategy for the preparation of LMs involves rolling a small volume of a droplet on a lyophobic powder bed for complete encapsulation of the liquid by the particles. In addition, various innovative methods, including electrostatic and coalescent approaches, have been developed for preparing special LMs with a complicated structure or morphology. Diverse materials such as water, surfactant solutions, liquid metals, reagents, blood, and even viscous adhesives have been employed as the internal liquid for the fabrication of LMs. Theoretically, any particulates such as lycopodium, polytetrafluoroethylene, Fe₃O₄, SiO₂, and graphite grains can be employed as the outer coating, but they are usually required to be lyophobic with sizes of less than hundreds of microns. The unique structure of the particle-covered droplet and the dual solid-liquid characteristics endow LMs with some unique and interesting properties, especially the non-wetting and non-adhesive nature. As the lyophobic coating particles restrain the internal liquid from contacting the substrate, LMs can move easily across either solid or liquid surfaces, neither wetting the substrate nor contaminating the internal liquid. An equally fascinating property of LMs is their satisfactory stability, which is necessary for most of their applications. The high stability of LMs stems from the protection of the coating powders and is embodied in both good mechanical stability (remaining intact after being released from a certain height or under a certain compression) and long lifetime (greatly suppressing the evaporation of the internal liquid). These extraordinary properties make LMs promising candidates for use in multitudinous fields, especially droplet microfluidics and microreactors. The potential application of LMs in microfluidics is ascribed to their non-wetting, non-adhesive nature and other features such as an ability to float on a liquid surface, coalescence, split, a small force of rolling friction, and response to external forces. Notably, LMs hold great promise for applications in microreactions, because they can create a confined reaction microenvironment, minimize reagent usage, facilitate unhindered gas exchange between the internal liquid medium and the surrounding environment, and allow the entry/exit of the reactants/products. We herein review the recent advances in LMs, such as manufacturing techniques, formation mechanisms, physical properties, and emerging applications. In particular, much attention is paid to the factors affecting the stability of LMs and the potential strategies to increase their stability. Moreover, this review discusses the challenges in the future development of LMs, suggests several possible ways of addressing these challenges, and forecasts the future development directions. We believe that this review can help researchers gain a better understanding of LMs and promote their further advances.     

载体对包埋酶微环境的影响分析

包埋法固定化酶过程中,酶固定化载体的选择和设计是酶固定化过程的关键因素,适宜的载体微环境对酶活性和稳定性的影响尤为重要。论文首先分析并提出了影响固定化酶所处载体微环境的主要因素,包括载体的亲疏水性、结构形态和反应活性。载体的亲疏水性决定固定化酶微环境中的水分含量。载体的结构形态对酶形成的笼效应,以及载体的反应活性,包括共价键合、静电和氢键等的结合能力,影响酶构象的稳定性和运动性。另外,底物／产物的扩散速率和酶的可及性也同样受到载体的孔结构、孔分布以及载体反应活性的影响。本文介绍了常用的酶包埋载体,包括sol-gel二氧化硅、高分子水凝胶以及高分子－二氧化硅杂化凝胶固定化酶过程,结合上述影响酶微环境的因素,分析比较了三类载体固定化酶的包埋率、活性和稳定性,综述了为改善固定化酶微环境所进行改进研究的进展。     

石墨烯纤维：制备、性能与应用

石墨烯纤维是一种由石墨烯片层紧密有序排列而成的一维宏观组装材料。通过合理的结构设计和可控制备,石墨烯纤维能够将石墨烯在微观尺度的优异性能有效传递至宏观尺度,展现出优异的力学、电学、热学等性能,从而应用于功能织物、传感、能源等领域。目前,石墨烯纤维主要通过湿法纺丝、限域水热组装等方法制备得到,其性能可以通过对材料体系和制备工艺的优化而进一步提升。本文首先介绍了石墨烯纤维的制备方法,然后详细阐述了石墨烯纤维的性能,讨论了其性能提升策略,并总结了石墨烯纤维的应用,最后对石墨烯纤维的未来发展、挑战和前景进行了展望。     

智能聚合物基材料富集磷酸化肽和糖肽的研究进展

翻译后修饰是蛋白质组学研究的前沿和重点,它不仅调节着蛋白质的折叠、状态、活性、定位以及蛋白质间的相互作用,也能帮助科学家更全面地了解生物体的生命过程,为疾病的预测、诊断和治疗提供更加强大的支撑和依据。翻译后修饰产物(例如磷酸化肽和糖肽)丰度很低,且存在着强烈的背景干扰,很难直接用质谱进行分析,因此迫切需要开发高效的富集材料和技术来选择性富集翻译后修饰产物。近年来,智能聚合物基材料通过外部物理、化学或生物刺激可逆地改变其结构和功能,实现对磷酸化肽和糖肽高度可控的吸附和脱附,进而衍生开发出一系列新颖的富集方法,极大地吸引研究者们的兴趣。一方面,智能聚合物基材料的响应变化包括材料疏水性的增加或减少、形状和形貌的改变、表面电荷的重新分布以及亲和配体的暴露或隐藏等特性。这些特性使得目标物和智能聚合物基材料之间的亲和力可以通过简单改变外部条件(如温度、pH值、溶剂极性和生物分子等)实现更可控和更智能的精细调节。另一方面,智能聚合物基材料为集成功能模块提供了便捷的可扩展平台,例如特定的识别组件,显著提高了目标物质的分离选择性。智能聚合物基材料在分离方面展现出巨大的潜力,这为蛋白质翻译后修饰产物的分析和研究带来了希望。围绕上述主题,该文依据Web of Science近20年来近50篇代表性文献,概述了智能聚合物基材料在磷酸化肽和糖肽分离及富集中的发展方向。     

半导体光催化研究进展与展望

评述了目前半导体光催化在国内外的研究概况,并对存在的问题和未来的发展动向进行简要分析.列举了近30年来关于光催化研究的部分成果,内容涉及光催化剂的制备(包括新催化剂的开发, TiO2、 ZnO、 CdS等光催化剂的各种改性或修饰)、光催化作用机理研究、光催化技术的工程化、光催化技术的各种应用研究和产品开发等等从基础到应用研究的各个方面.总体上来看,半导体光催化基本上是一个没有选择性的化学过程,所以再进行大量的不同反应物的光催化活性的评价研究意义已不是很显著,认为未来的半导体光催化研究应该集中在机理的深刻认识、光响应范围宽和量子效率高的催化剂制备、半导体光催化技术工程化及新型光催化产品开发方面.     

线状铜电极在磷酸溶液中电流混沌振荡的同步行为

研究了恒电位下两个铜线电极在磷酸溶液中的电流混沌振荡行为,通过恒定不同的电位数值,改变单个电极的电流振荡混沌行为,研究了不同混沌间的相互作用.调整线电极间的距离,研究了电极间距对电流振荡行为的影响.实验中两电极的振荡间呈现了复杂的耦合作用,耦合后的频率与耦合前电极原有的频率不同.两电极的混沌电流振荡中呈现出同步、准周期同步和反相同步等现象.电极距离一定时,振荡波形差别很大的两电极的电流容易呈现反相同步和准周期同步,波形差别不大时容易产生同步.强的耦合导致电极间电流振荡的同步,电极距离的加大,电极间电流振荡难以产生同步.对耦合作用机制也进行了探讨.     

转基因产品分析方法的研究进展

简要介绍了转基因产品的发展历程、优缺点以及对转基因产品进行检测分析的迫切性,着重综述了近期基于DNA、蛋白质、生物传感器以及联用技术检测转基因产品的分析方法,最后对转基因产品的分析方法进行了展望.     

Synthesis of polymer–inorganic patchy microcapsules with tunable patches

We introduce a facile and versatile approach for the formation of ball-like polymer–inorganic patchy microcapsules with a tunable shell by combining sol–gel chemistry of silica precursor and phase separation between the polymer and the precursor. Firstly, chloroform-in-water emulsion droplets containing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), silica precursor [tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)] and co-surfactant sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT or AOT) were prepared by shaking the mixture by hand. Due to the added AOT, water molecules diffuse into the chloroform droplets, and the tiny water droplets would coalesce gradually, triggering the formation of double emulsion droplets. Upon further solvent evaporation, the concentration of the polymer and the silica precursor in the oil shell of the double emulsions increases, leading to the phase separation between the polymer and the precursors (and partially formed silica through the hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS). Because of the confined geometry of the oil shell in the double emulsions, polymeric disc-like structures, stabilized by AOT, were dispersed in the silica precursors. Meanwhile, the silica precursor hydrolyzed and condensed when brought in contact with the aqueous solution, ultimately leading to the formation of a mineralized shell around the polymer domains and the hybrid patchy microcapsules. Effect of synthesis conditions, such as the amount of TEOS, AOT, and PMMA used, the pH value, and solvent evaporation rate on interfacial behavior of the solvent/water; and the morphology of the patchy microcapsules were investigated. Patchy microcapsules with tunable patch size and shape can be generated through tailoring the experimental parameters. Our study indicates that the hybrid patchy microcapsules can be formed by taking advantage of the sol–gel chemistry and the phase separation process, and the underlying generality of the synthesis procedure allows for a variety of applications, including drug storage, coatings, delivery, catalysis, and smart building blocks in self-assembling systems.     

Monitoring of pesticide residues in Riyadh dates by SFE,MSE, SFC,and GC techniques

In the present work, simple and rapid extraction and analysis techniques of insecticide (OCPs, OPPs, pyrethroids), fungicide, acaricide, and herbicide residues in three cultivars’ of date fruits viz., Khalas, Sukkari, Nabout Seif and their seeds have been applied. The date cultivars were collected from eight local markets of Riyadh, KSA. The extraction of pesticide residues from the three varieties of date samples was conducted by rapid and new extraction techniques, Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and Microwave Solvent Extraction (MSE). The analysis was performed, without clean-up, by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) and Gas Chromatography (GC) using different detectors. The results showed that the SFE, MSE, SFC and GC techniques are clearly faster, more sensitive and more cost effective than conventional methods. The recovery efficiency of SFE and MSE was 99% and 97%, respectively. The recoveries, MDL (Minimum Detection Limit) and repeatability achieved in this study meet the standards set for tolerance level monitoring of these pesticides. The mean levels of some tested residues of pyrethroids, herbicides, and fungicides in dates and their seeds are below the MRL (Maximum Residue Level). However, lindane (BHC gamma isomer), dieldrin, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and all tested acaricide residues in date fruit samples exceeded the MRLs indicating a hazardous trend in the date palm cultivation. The data also showed a higher concentration of OP dimethoate in the date seeds, which is sometimes, used as animal feed. The present results provide important information on the current contamination status of the date fruits in Riyadh markets and point to the action needed for controlling the excessive application of pesticides. This study is the first monitoring and screening of pesticide residues of 6 groups in Saudi Arabian dates.